Introduction to

Deep Foundations
Introduction to Deep Foundations
Introduction
Types of Deep Foundations
1. Piles – Structural Members used to build pile foundations,
2. Drilled Shafts (Piers) – Drill Cylindrical Hole and insert
reinforcing & fill with concrete
3. Caissons – Prefabricated box or cylinder sunk into ground and
filled with concrete

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations
When to Use Deep Foundations
1. Upper soils are weak, structural loads are high;
Required spread footings are too large
2. Upper Soils are subject to scour or undermining
3. Foundation must penetrate through water
4. Need large uplift capacity
5. Need large lateral load capacity

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations
TYPES OF PILES
BASED ON CONSTRUCTION METHOD
1. Driven or displacement Piles,
2. Bored or replacement (Cast-in-situ) Piles, and
3. Driven and cast-in-situ Piles.

Precast
Precast Prestressed

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations
BASED ON LOAD TRANSMISSION AND
FUNCTIONAL BEHAVIOR
1. End bearing Piles (Point bearing Piles)
2. Friction Piles (cohesion Piles )
3. Combined end bearing and friction Piles

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations

Wf

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations
BASED ON TYQE OF MATERIALS USED
1. Timber
2. Concrete (Precast or cast-in-situ)
3. Steel (H-section, Tube, X-section)
4. Composite Piles.

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations
Load Transfer Mechanism
Qu Qu Load
Q1 Q2 Qm Q
Q1 Q2 Qm

Qs
Wf

Qt Qt

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations
If the load Q at the ground surface is gradually
increased, maximum frictional resistance along the
pile shaft will be fully mobilized when the relative
displacement between the soil and the pile is about 5
to 10 mm, irrespective of the pile size and length L

the maximum point resistance will not be mobilized

until the tip of the pile has moved about 10 to 25% of
the pile width (or diameter). (The lower limit applies
to driven piles and the upper limit to bored piles).

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations
Estimating Pile Capacity
Downward Load Capacity

Upward Load Capacity F = Factor of safety

Downward 2.0 – 3.5
Upward 3.0 – 6.0
Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)
Introduction to Deep Foundations

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations
Estimating Toe Bearing
Unit toe bearing resistance, q´t
q´t in Sands
Piles: Vesic’s method

Ir is between (10 – 400) low

values mean punching or
local shear failure and high
values mean general shear
failure
Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)
Introduction to Deep Foundations

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations
Estimating skin (side) friction
Unit side friction resistance, fs

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations

Dr = Relative Density of the sand expressed in decimal form

Z = depth to the midpoint of soil layer (ft, m)

Subject to maximum value of fs of 4000 psf (190 kPa)
If N60<15 then multiply above by N60/15
Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)
Introduction to Deep Foundations

= 0.18 + 0.65 (0.70) = 0.64

190 kPa

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations

Qa

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations

Lower end of these ranges are for soft N.C soils

Upper end of these ranges are for Lightly O.C soils

See figure in next slide

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations

su 25kPa
1.0 0.5
50kPa

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)
Introduction to Deep Foundations

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)

Introduction to Deep Foundations

Asst. Prof. Khalid Aljanabi (Ph.D.)