Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Lecture 3
5th October 2016
Contents – Lecture 3
• Bending/ Flexure
– Section analysis, singly and doubly reinforced
– Tension reinforcement, As
– neutral axis depth limit & K’
– Compression reinforcement, As2
In EC2 there are no equations to determine As, tension steel, and As2,
compression steel, for a given ultimate moment, M, on a section.
d Remember this
from last week?
As Fs
εs
fck λ η
fck ≤ 50 MPa 50 < fck ≤ 90 MPa 50 0.8 1
λ 0.8 = 0.8 – (fck – 50)/400 55 0.79 0.98
60 0.78 0.95
η 1.0 = 1,0 – (fck – 50)/200 70 0.75 0.9
80 0.73 0.85
90 0.7 0.8
fcd = αcc fck /γc = 0.85 fck /1.5
For fck ≤ 50 MPa failure concrete strain, εcu, = 0.0035
Now z = d - 0.4 x M
∴ x = 2.5(d - z)
∴ M = 0.453 fck b 2.5(d - z) z
= 1.1333 (fck b z d - fck b z2)
Let K = M / (fck b d 2)
M fckbdz fckbz 2
K= = 1.1333 -
fckbd 2
fckbd
2
fckbd 2
(K may be considered as the normalised bending resistance)
Quadratic formula
.
Traditionally z/d was
limited to 0.95 max to
avoid issues with the
quality of ‘covercrete’.
∴ xu ≤ d (δ - 0.4)
Design Flowchart
The following flowchart outlines the design procedure for rectangular
beams with concrete classes up to C50/60 and grade 500 reinforcement
Carry out analysis to determine design moments (M)
0.70 0.120
No compression steel Compression steel needed -
needed – singly reinforced doubly reinforced
M
Calculate tension steel required from: As =
fyd z
The minimum area of reinforcement for beams and slabs is given by:
0.26 fctm bt d
As,min ≥ ≥ 0.0013 bt d
fyk
Worked Example 1
= 50
d = h – cnom - Ølink - 0.5Ø
= 500 – 30 - 10 – 16
= 444 mm = 444
K ' = 0.168 δ K’
M 1.00 0.208
K= 2
bd f ck 0.95 0.195
0.90 0.182
370 × 10 6 0.85 0.168
=
300 × 444 2 × 30 0.80 0.153
= 0.209 > K ' 0.75 0.137
z=
d
2
[
1 + 1 − 3.53K ' ]
=
444
2
[
1 + 1 − 3.53 × 0.168 ]
= 363 mm
Worked Example 1
M ' = bd 2fck (K − K ' )
= 300 × 444 2 × 30 × (0.209 − 0.168 ) × 10 −6
= 72.7 kNm
M'
As 2 =
f yd (d − d 2 )
72.7 x 10 6
=
435 × (444 – 50)
= 424 mm2
M −M'
As = + As 2
f yd z
(370 − 72.7) × 10 6
= + 424
435 × 363
= 2307 mm2
Poll Q1:
Design reinforcement strength, fyd
For H type bar reinforcement what is fyd?
a. 435 MPa
b. 460 MPa
c. 476 MPa
d. 500 MPa
a. 150 mm
b. 250 mm
c. 300 mm
d. 450 mm
Shear in Beams
Shear in Beams
EC2: Cl 6.2.3 Concise: 7.3
Shear design is different from BS8110. EC2 uses the variable strut
method to check a member with shear reinforcement.
Definitions:
VEd - Applied shear force. For predominately UDL, shear may be checked
at d from face of support
α ½z N M
d θ z = 0.9d
V ½z V
Ftd
s tension chord
shear reinforcement
Equ 6.8
A
VRd, s = sw z f ywd cot θ
s
Eurocode 2 vs BS8110:
Shear
Safer
Shear
reinforcement Eurocode 2:
density
BS8110: VR = VC + VS VRmax
Asfyd/s
Minimum links
Shear Strength, VR
Min curtailment
for 45o strut Vhigh s Vlow
z d z d
θ
x x
z d z d
θ
x x
1 ≤ cot θ ≤ 2,5
Basic equations
shear reinforcement control – Exp (6.8) where:
VRd,s = Asw z fywd cot θ /s fywd = fyk/1.15
ν1 = ν = 0.6(1-fck/250)
αcw = 1.0
concrete strut control – Exp (6.9)
VRd,max = αcwz bw ν1 fcd /(cotθ + tanθ) = 0.5 z bw ν1 fcd sin 2θ
Suitable shear links are found from equation 6.8: vRd ,max values, MPa, for
Asw /s = vEdbw/( fywd cot θ) cot θ = 1.0 and 2.5
d d
av av
Beam Example 1
8m
Shear stress:
vEd = VEd/(bw 0.9d) = 705 x 103/(450 x 0.9 x 934)
= 1.68 MPa vRd, cot θ vRd, cot θ
= =
vRdcot θ = 2.5 = 3.64 MPa fck 2.5 1.0
Assume that:
fck = 30 MPa and
fyd = 500/1.15 = 435 MPa
Calculate θ
v Ed
θ = 0.5 sin − 1
0 . 20 fck (1 − f ck / 250 )
4.96
θ = 0.5 sin − 1
( )
0.20 x 30 1- 30 / 250
= 35.0°
∴ cot θ = 1.43
Asw/s = vEd bw/(fywd cot θ )
Asw/s = 4.96 x 140 /(435 x 1.43)
Asw/s = 1.12 mm
Try H10 links with 2 legs.
Asw = 157 mm2
s < 157 /1.12 = 140 mm
⇒ provide H10 links at 125 mm spacing
8m
300
Exp (6.10)
Remember
this from the
first week?
Or
Concise
Table 15.5
Φ Area,
mm mm2
8 50
10 78.5
12 113
16 201
20 314
25 491
32 804
Working space
End of Lecture 3