CHAPTER-01

INTRODUCTION

1.1 ROAD:–

“A road is a route or on way land between two places. Which

Has been paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by
Some conveyance, including a cart horse, or motor vehicle”.

Roads consist of one or more sometimes two, roadways each with one
or more lines and also associated sidewalk and road verges. Roads that
Available for use by the available for use by the public reffered as
public roads or highway

1.2 PURPOSE OF ROAD:– The road has the following purpose:-

 for the purpose of communication between two states

Villages and towns
 Road is generally used for any type of transportation.
 for connecting villages to towns and towns to villages very
Easily and quickly.
 For going anywhere through road easily and quickly.
 For economic development of any country.

1.3 SCOPE:-

The road pavement are generally constructed on small embankments,

Slightly above the general ground level wherever possible, in order to
Avoid the difficult drainage and maintenance problems. The term road
or roadway thus constructed in therefore termed ‘highway’ and the
Science and technology dealing with the road engineering is generally
Called ‘highway’ engineering
In nutshell, it may be said that highway engineering deals with the
Vsrious phase like devlepment, planning, aligment, highway
geometric design and location, Highway traffic operation and its
control, materials, pavement design, construction and maintenance
economic consideration, finance and administration.

SCOPES OF HIGHWAY

PHASES DETAILS
Development, Planning, Historical Background, Basis for planning

&Location Master Plans, Engg. Surveys, Alignment

Highway design, Road's Geometry & their Design, Rigid

Geometrics & & Flexible Pavements, Design Factors

Structure and Thickness Design Overlay

1.4 TYPES OF ROAD:- The roads are classified into following

basis:-
a) Traffic Volume
b) Load Transported & Tonnage
c) Location and Function

 Traffic Volume:- Based on the traffic volume, the roads are

classified as heavy,medium and light traffic roads.These terms are
relative so the limits under each class shoud be clearly defined and
expressed as vehicles per day.

 Load Transported & Tonnage:- It is also relative and the road

may be classified as class 1 ,2 etc.and the limits may be expressed
as tonnes per day.

 Location and Function : The classification based on location and

function into following five categories :-
1. National Highways (NH)
2. State Highways (SH)
3. Major District Roads (MDR)
4. Other District Roads (ODR)
5. Village Roads (VR)

 National Highways (NH):- are main highways running through

the length breadth of India, connencting major ports foreign
highways capitals of large states and the large industrial and tourist
centres including roads required for strategic moments for the
defence of India.

 State Highways (HS):- These types of roads are connecting with

the national highways of adjacent states, district headquarters and
important cities within the state and serving as the main from
traffic to and from district roads.

 Major District Roads (MDR):- are important roads within a

district serving areas of production and market and connecting
those with each other or with the main other highways of district.

 Other District Roads (ODR):- are roads serving rural areas of

production and providing them with outlet to market centres taluk
head quarter block developement headquarters or other main roads.

 Village Roads (VR):- are connecting villages or group of villages

with each other to the nearest road of a higher category

1.5 ESTIMATION: - “Estimation is the scientific

way of working out the approximate cast of
an engineering project before the execution
of the work.”
 It is the totally different from calculation of the exact cost after
completion of the project.
 Estimation requires a thorough knowledge of the construction
procedure and cost
 of materials and labour in addition to the skill , experience , for
side and a good judgement.
 For a good estimate the , actual cost of the proposed work after
completion should not differ by more than 5 – 10 % from
approximate cost estimate provided there are no unusual ,
unforeseen circumstances .

1.6 NEED OF ESTIMATION:-

 It helps to work out the approximate cost of the project in order to

decide its feasibility with respect to cost and to ensure the
financial resource, it the proposal is approved.

 It is used for framing the tenders for the work and to check
contractors work during and after the execution for the purpose of
making payment to the contractor.

 From quantity of different items of work calculated in detailed

estimation, resources are allocated to different activities of the
project and ultimately their duration and whole planning and
scheduling of the project is carried out.
 CHAPTER-02

PAVEMENT

PAVMENT: - There are mainly two types of pavement:-

2.1 rigid pavements

2.2 flexible pavements

2.1 rigid pavement :– rigid pavement are those which posses note
Worthy flexural strength and flexural rigidity.
The stresses are not transferred from grain to grain to the lower layers
as in the ease of flexible pavement layers. The rigid pavement is of
Portland cement concrete either plain, reinforced or pressurised
concrete. The plain cement concrete slab are expected to take a about
40kg per square cm flexural stress the rigid pavement has the slab
action and is capable of transmitting the wheel load stresses through a
wider area below the main point of difference in the structural
behaviour are rigid pavement are compared to that the flexible is that
the critical condition of the stress in rigid pavement occurring in the
slab due to wheel load and the temperature change whereas in the
flexible pavement it is the distribution of compressive stress.

2.2 FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT – flexible pavement are those which are

surfaced with bituminous materials.
Those can be either in the form of pavement surface treatment (such as
bituminous surface treatment (BST) generally use on higher volume
roads.)
 These type of pavement are called “flexible” since the total pavement
structure “bend” or “deflect” due to traffic loads

A flexible pavement structure is generally composed of several

layers material which can accommodate this “flexing”

A flexible pavement mainly consist of following layer.

Natural sub grade

1 compacted sub-grade
2 sud-base course
3 base course
4 prime coat
5 binder course
6 tack course
7 surface course
8 seal coat

tack coat seal coat prime coat

surface course (25-50 mm)

binder course (50-100 mm)
base course (100-300 mm)
sub-base course (100-300 mm)
compacted subgrade (150-300 mm)

TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

`
  SUB-GRADE – the top soil or subgrade is a layer of natural soil prepared to receive
the stress from the layer's above.It is essential that at no time soil subgrade is over
stressed. It should be compacted to the desirable density , near the OMC.

 SUB-BASE COURSE – The sub-base course is the layer of material beneath the
base course & the primary function are to provide structural support improve
from the subgrade in the pavement structure if the base course is open graded ,
then the sub-base course with more fine can serve as a filler between sub grade
and the base course as a base course is not always needed or used.

 BASE COURSE - The base course is the layer of material immediately

beneath the surface of binder and it provides additional loads distribution and
contributes to the sub-surface drainage it may be composed of crushed stone,
crushed as slag , and other untreated or established materials.

 BINDER COURSE - This layer provides the bulk of the asphalt concrete
structure. Its chief purpose is to distributed load to the base course.The binder
course generally consists of aggregates having less asphalt and does not require
quality as high as the surface course, so replacing a part of the surface course
by the binder course result in more economical design.

 SURFACE COURSE – The surface course is a layer directly in contact with

traffic loads and generally contains super quality materials.They are usually
constructed dense graded asphalt concrete .

 PRIME COAT - The prime coat is an application of low viscous cutback

to an absorbent surface like granular bases on which binder layer is placed.
It provides bonding between two layers.

 TACK COAT - Tack Coat is a very light application asphalt, usually asphalt
emulsion diluted with water. It provides proper bonding between two layers
of binder course and must be thin , uniformly cover the entire surface and set
very fast .

 SEAL COAT - Seal Coat is a thin surface treatment used to waterproof the
surface and to provide skid resistence.

ADVANTAGE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS

  The construction cost of flexible pavements is less then the rigid
pavements.
 It has healing power.
 The design , construction and maintainance is easier as compared to
rigid pavements.
 The maintainance cost of flexible pavements is less then the rigid
pavements.

CARRIAGE WAY OR WIDTH OF PAVEMENTS

The width of a pavement or carriage way depends on the width of a traffic lane and
the number of lanes.The lane width of is determined on the basis of the width of the vehicles
and the minimum side when the side clearance is increased their is an increase in operating
speed of vehicle and an increase in capacity of traffic lane. A width of 3.75 m is considered
desirable for the road having single lane for vehicle of maximum width 2.44 m.

TWO LANE PAVEMENTS

The pavements having two or more lanes width of 3.5 m lane is considerd sufficient.
The maximum width of vehicles as per IRC specification IS 2.5 m .If a single lane of carriage
way of width 3.75 m would be obtained.
The number of lanes required in a highway depends on the predict traffic volume and the design
traffic.