SABOi llANJlll

Enlarged E•1111n w th a •1111n11res1 ng

Chanter on Sa•asa, Foot-Notes and

lllossan
 S:inskrit Study Made Easy Series
A Reformed Series of Four Illustrated S,anskr t Readerac
Vl1th 0 ram ma ti cal Con\·t~rsat ion at Exercises,
Glossary etc.,
For a Pleasant & Quick Study of San··krit.
•

Mo· · \\., d· !y used throughout I · ·~ dia ar:.d Foreign Couutrl.,a

Viz Cey t\\D !o Siam Bangkot ~ Germany. Ital ~ Australia,
Caltfornia. San Fra . . ... : 1sc0 etc.
1

AND SELECTED BY TJIE E~ BASSY OF INDIA

and T.· .~ e M;·n,str)' of Educat1 {.n tJn.d ,.,<.c ~~entific
Resear( :. v..1 Govt. of Jn :lia fo · Prese ,·a1ion to
Forei....'t'n Stud ~~nr s r.Jf Sttn"k ·:t
'
 FOREWORD

'~: ~: ~: ijsr[ffi: ~ ~ ~ ~'

q(d!Sf<.'5 ..
&t{T~-·q"-¥{

Such is the Greatness of the ij~ ~liT which is also

known as the '~ +rllil' the language of the Gods. Tho
script (~) in which Sanskrit words are written is called
·~mft'
The system of Sanskrit Grammar is the centre of ao
jmportant and interesting subject for the study of the
Ancient Vedic and Modero Sanskrit literatures. It is also
the standard of Accuracy and the basis to produce sweet
and precious expressions and win ar~~ prizes as m<ir·
'i~l(!GJ offered to his Court Pandits.
This book ~'"~~~ \&'ill be a very simple and
valuable Text for the proper study of the ~;a- portion
including 310<flf, ~11f«ll'1i\UJ' etc. The fa-~ portion, verb
system, is likewise separately dealt with in a very
analytical form in the '=l!~'Pl'§fU book.
The Special Features of th is Edition are (1) the
Simplified arrangement of the ~'l'ri:r~ur'{, (2) the addi-
t ion of apt illustrations in . Slokas for examples of various
voices, (3) the inclus ion of a very interesting chapter oa
~fflll'6\llT 8iving apt illustration in charmin~ Slokas and
also in ifT'f<.f for all the 5 'lRfS aod (4) the adding of the
method of 'art'6T~m' - Analysis of Sloka and sentence.
It is earnestly hoped that the production of such
Simple and interesting Text Boeks will be a good serTice
for the most easy and pleasant study of Sanskrit and ~s
quickly as any other languages of the World.
Kalpathi, Palghat-3.
~<t-R:-~~: L. Anantha Rama Sastri,
~SN'IT 17-3-61 Vyakarana Siromani
 {t&:(w.stf<CT fir~~11foNir (CONTENTS)
:Rem:
Foreword •••
g.il "d 5t<li ~ Ii:J. •••

, !l'«ll~'fl-ln troduction •••

~ ~Sf~q1: or fcm'qilf: Cases •• •

~ Cf~Tii51-0R': ~~Zi-Saoskrit Alphabet

fcr<Nlf<li ~: ... , 0-

"I\ Sflfr-n; ~lfl(Ofli_ atwf ITOOT):if ~

.
•• •

••• '\~

\ ~'q((UT ~~ fcr:nrr: ... •••• 'I'-\-'-\"

( 'I) SIS!~ ~~ morq_ ...
.
'\~

( ~) af'i\Rl lit~ Sf.fi(Ufi{_ ••• ~ 'I

! \) ~..Q Of~~! ~(GI~ ....

,..,.
('o ;· ~"*' ~ st'fi(11Ji{_ ••• ~'I

('-\) ~Pd ~R?w

(') li~ °'~'fi~I
51'6(GT'J, • • •
51~0fil •. . ""'"·,·
" · • q '41~51'6\UUJ,-Pronouns ... '-\'-"'
(; ~ ~~ 5116~11,-Numerals ... "\-'\
.
('1) qqT ~T: ••• .,. "{
{'\) q~ \ti((l: . ••• •• •
..,...
'{\) ijf1fl~ \ti<;'.!: . ... 't
~ ~~~~: •••• • •• ~"-'Io'>
•

(t) a{*i!;a ~ ,.,..

('\) &f~~ tit~
51Cfi(Ul1l ...
Sfcfi(Gl't, ... , .....
. ( \) &j'5(;Q ~QC\fd1 Silfl(Oil( ... \~
 .
~16G\it&1lii wt1t11~Et1"i !U1C61

(") ~·.:ff sraw ~or+!:_ • ••

(''\) ~~;(f ooraw !lltil:ur~ ••• ~o"\

{ ~ ) ~·'d $'fittQ Si'fi~l+{ ••• "l 0 \t

te-~~ ~or~-Conjugation of verbs 'jo~-<t~.'\

( <) !-l«I iq"<n-I:itroduction ••• 'i o~

(';/.) Q~ : -rfl'l'~ --~t:rrr~: •• •

(~) ~"!<! <TC(:-~T~I~: •• • q• ~"

•

()~) 8t"llf <TOT:~:~: •••

~~~-q~-Voic::s •••
• ••
( ~) ~i;;ifu: ... • ••
( ".) ci~CT~ftl: ••• .. .
( ~) ~;r1~::01:TI:J'l~: ·-tJ~fil-~1r • ••

(¥) ~<fi~i~: •.. • ••

( '-'.) U'lle<i~: •• • •• •
~TifiT~!t!!-Analysis • •• • ••
er~~>i~uri:r_- lndeclinables
51~r<r.r1-1ntrnductioo •••

(~) gc:i ..a-, (v) Rfe"1, ('-\) ai%<\lk!, • •• ,....,

( ~) ;;>;::;:;r• ( "J ~~iffif <liO<f~Tfir ,.... 'flf\t
(<=} qitr, (') ~cl'll"t'ctilr<rOlf~, ••• '1¥~

( 'l • ) '3i"~f.\' 'if.I fif ~~il'i R ••• '\'If\

~ l.c, ~C::T~<til'l!I :-Glossary ••• 'l~ 'W'
 INTRODU·CTION
- ·• 0 ·-
•

The words of Sankrit Language are classified!

nnder two main groups.
1: '§4~' or ~Tllq({'{ i.e. having the 'gq_' or fcrm'li·
Termination • Declioables.
· e. g. ui:r:, ~'n, ~ etc.
2. • rn.iij' ' or f.t>qt~
having the fa~ or ~~~
Terminatio~s of verbs e, g. +rc1fa-, ~ etc.

Those words which cannot be declined or conju-·

gated are termed as Jndeclinables or aro~s
e. g. ?l~r. ~t, aro etc.
Adverbs, Prepositions or Prefixes and Coujunctioos-
are grouped under ;itqq-.

' gtl~ ' Sabdas are grouped under the following:

four classes.

U'I':, ~, ~ ,,
~-""' ~' ~
'IUiC(I: Pronouns «:
4. qq1 td'<I: f Cardinals ~ , {, sft!Qr
'',,.
l (Numerals)
 Int rod uct ion
The above groupi; ;ire deciinl'd to '> how ·} Clend~.r
or ~W (2) Nu1::Ler or q:q'if and (3) Case or ~~ri•1i .
There are three Genders (1) ~fas<' u : int :ffesl).
(2) Feminine ("1R-sJ) and ·Neuter (~~~::nrei)
There arc T hree Numbers or if"iif.
I. Singular ~q :q;r Showing On..:

2. D ·;al f~.;:r.r Showing 1 wo

.
3. P lural <r[<J"f.T Showing mor{' tli::1; ·rwo.
There ct.re Eight cases or ~'-!': . : id·,, · cparate
Table with 5l<lQ41S and Meanings on Page 8. (::: ;c.; shov.
the relation of the ~~ to die governing word:;,
There are 13 vowels - 11-.f: or ~lT: T he \',~·rd :: ,~ ;id :ng
in Of<f: are cal led OT~r:
There are 33 consonants&\?: or c::q'";t'\ ,i•T. 'i he: wore'&
ending in ~: :\re called &~rat:.
The dee en -:ion of Sabdas are dealt t: re i-c the
above order. Where there 1s an om is•.ivn of \VO ~d s
ending in some letters it is to be noted that no ~'abda
exists in that Cful;
Verbs are formed out of Roots (~n~) and arc
conjugated to show Number, Person and Tense or m::ods.
Details arc given on Page 108.
 'ITT:' ~'l'1l: 61' Ft\'.!~;~:.:.: Cases (Ei~~·t in Naniber).
Sanskrit ' nQ'
~") ' ' ~i'':r"'T'
Englh. h Nan1es. . '1 ·1 •
l\1..:au in gs.
Nsmes \Ca&e endings)

R'taifr Nominative {(. al'r <sl~ Subj;:.;t (in a Srntence)

d'~~­ f Nominative of i an ~( [ 0 adJre SS a per SOD
sr~m ( address or Vocative ) e.. ~(,l
- t or thing) ~I Ob ! ~
.fir.ff'~T
. A~.::u ~ativc ~B' ~ ~~ ,£·~

"' '~
~0'.-Jject
(_ verb)
(ot a transitive
i
0
• ) (Sense c f Preposition) ""
~~T Iustru1nental ~r +4T fu~ ( By. \ri1h, Byn1eans of ·~
:q~m Dative l( +~r
•
•
~!l,1
-.
~fo, For, ~
••
'Q'~ift Ablative ~~ '+!4l +'l~ From, Ot!t of, Than.
l ()f, ArJoog,
~tr Genitive ~Tf:l'
"'
~1~ Cil'T~ ( B·!longing tO'
~'?
'
Lo<:ative r
ct
alrtt' e:-.:.."') ill. OD , At, Arnong
~~ ~~lltti'Tr{ (Case Endings,) <sr;a ~ll'f lotl: \1'f.TU: f~~:rf: ~1«Jf;i.1 II
 ~
II C{Of,.,..¥fte-1 H
The Sanskrit Alphabet Consists of 46 :trctter~
( 13 \ 7 Gwels and 33 Consonants.)
3l~: (W-T~) Vow2ls l 3. =
~... ~.... e-~-~~ ~-~-m
·~j1 "Ii, ~ 1 ~, -:::, '' -, ~, ?It, ~' ~' f~: ~ 1 , •I

t ) :1t .,! and w or.!

of the above the 5 'iowels :-.. ..:,:) ~,, ~-' ~ ~

~~«~: (Sb:.:.r.: VO\Vels) :ind the s YOWc!iS ~i, ~. '3;i ~ 't, '?t,
arr anc! '.lTI :.re ~(.,:rf: (Lo1~g VO\Vels) ii
-·-··· .·
~'-:i

~ '
~. l -~. -"".!•·1~ !.
...
':>
•
-·
••
•"
:::r ••
:,t•
·-t
..·~.... ' v;r'
'•;o,
"' ..... •
(\ ·~ ;::""'' "l •)
•
,•tr !':tl&.t~L
l .

.-~ ~
\ ..·( Li :~JUlll or
·~. I ~- Dental S::m;. V0 w e 1-.;
'\.. CT.~ •.
Oent:il and TJabir.i
Pal:ltal
I .ingual {I)°

Oer.t:i l S1bdan1:;
,,
·~ ·
, ... Aspirate
':"he la~.t three :elt.!rs of each of the first five grou9s
or q:rf: t()gether with the semi \ owels ::.nd the aspi:ate
arc culled So'J1i Coi'!St>nt:111ts f-+JG)
\ .... The rest are cail¢d Hard ¢ •

·C OYl$Onants. (If.if{)
Besides the ab~1ve 46 letters there arc. r;;o ';l.;.O!'e
sounds known c.s 31~\: (...:..) f<rni! {s) U
•
 ~~:-The usage of cases.
-·o·-
• •

The following Slokas sbo\v the usage of all cases :r.

'11:f, liClJT and ~ Sabdas in ~<ii'RWf.

~. 'uir ~:-
!Nin -iro+r: ~at ~~m·r11at
mn-~ -<tli f.rm tfiT rW!:
~ -\Jltat ~tRt ~™~
~
:q~ -'1+fl<:f Cfilq ;:r+r: I
q-~4f -<Tlffil ~r.rftr ~~
'ffl'T -'1m:<:r ~ ~
mr+ft -'1it ~=m«cc~~r +ftl"Q if·
~} _.,~T+r ! ?-rif.rr~: II
3£~

~. '~~~:-
~ <~ iri +.1<r,.,.~: ~ ;:rm:~riqt
tttllwtl+i~31~ MM~~(: <fltllll'l ~~ ;:r+r: I
~~ ~~ :st•1re:~ '1jfrol~q ~$~~
~ +tAti<+.t~<?;(S~ +1•1~~ t PT~ ;:rir:11
~. '~ ~~:-
~ itftr: ~ ~, ~itt ~~' ~ ~ I
ii gU: ~'ft~<~~:, 'lkt<M gU ipr, qm:gU Ill
 II ~M3t~ II
'' ~ '1l{: ~l4.1$(iltAt~ ~~~:t::itlq ;{if! ll
~ ;;i:J: ~~Wu 6std\lq ~ ~ ~~-m rJifi ~: I
·-Prayer
Cf~ ij'l*til tmNsrftfm T
~i1a: ~ ~ 'fl&Jtq~'JU II
~reJ\(l'il~llf '{ 3TNl(iq q{~~ I
t~;i ;;q lf!fi\Ui ~ ~ trtfUr~ Wilt! ll
~ ,...idf fm:: ~ ~f ~~tl(RM! I
ij'~l~ ~ ~ q1f01'1~ Wilt: II
~l'it~B'I ~q ~1'1150\stWl~IZ'S~l:JT I
~~ ~;i ~~ 'fffiir~ .Wf'I! l\
qFftfifilt q\~R 4ll~t{6filt q'd::>-s:f lei{ I
t:;: ,... • ~ " "
'flftill"i e\~ifit~ ~ !fu1~1S~ . . ;if'"""'1'1:'.T"T4""''{ 11
q: ~ m~1+'tff' ~ ~ (l~iffttbl I
rn: (i~it\011(l_ ~ ~ ~tl+&tz:s'{ 11
,. cno~llffiqfu=- The right understanding of the words
and their meaniogs ; er::~=(•) salute.
~. 01~11i:q=having obtained; f<~=entire,
\. flA::-words; a11:=darkness; fil\T:removed.
v. 01~1'1'=lgnorance ; ~\"Slltir=brush ; -a;;ftrci5d=opeoed.
'--· sfij'!f4'{::qt!Vrf.t 'I(~~ and qas!S.
~. m:-always; q::Victory; qp...auspicious,
 Study of ~ef;~~ is essential and
·is very inter.esting too

....
~'{ ~-
. . ~ .
~~- 0 <:fmtlf m~ I ~i:s:a.t~ 3l~?ilfWf
~

~~~o~+i._ ll
~-t"~~tctf ttt ~1~ ! ~lt~l\r~ ~ ~~1~ ! i
~ma:: e-q!lllt~'l o~mc1cr~+R !t!
-·--
------ - - -- - - - ··.. . . . --
~. ~~~Gramma r :, ~)~=to tie;
~
~1=Ek:ph :io~ . ,
~~~~=Lotus stern fibr~,

~:. o'JOtl:even then; tro=Study; ~"ftt : =re l:i.t i V CS;

~: =dogs ; ~q;~:entire; ~~=bit;
i:ft'iil=once; ~<en..=or dure.
~. ~~~:Good voice; ~~Ni=clear letters ;
~:=qualiilci:-.tions,

aJ~ll{itf In:.truction.
~msir~•1<1"<t q"d~re'li(f ~ii{<Ji ;i-~fSllll I
~1<6'(01q?eloqueut in Grammar, <1c1=may becomes
FOR NOTES
FOR NOTES
 II m<t"W~ll
., . fitaq1 f.:t~a al~a'( *
ll ~~~ft ll

tJNl{O'l ~ Pcr+wr:
~~ ~ mllT1l_
~. attfll(l;:a: ~~: '\flt' ~: (Rama.)
~~fu>: t{CflCI :q"141\ m:q'q"1'{_ q~q"tf"i~
~
!t~+rr \T+i: \Illl \Tit{:
«. 3N1{( t: \T+i {~ t: ~•m:
&df~r Ullt
afa~t
\(lll{_
m* •
~l{T+"1:JT
' ltr.l
~
\(ll:
ff •
~ \T+rf~ \flU+1TI' ~~:
•
q~ \T~ \T+n+'7.IT ~~:
'{gf \T~ \l'lt1T: ~:1~1011~·

~ '~ \T~: ~
~ ~' &ti~, fucf, ~ ~:
* In <Rft<rT~"'<4"
and 'lift ilg<i'<t<f the letter ~ will
be generally, changed to ~when 1t comes after \_, "..or "
c,f.:~, 5trt.r, etc,,
ee Panini's ~~ tfi ar: ~'lr.fci1: II
~\ . ~P;;ill{f~
~ ~fr~·~~· ' [l' r.::'
, . I
~ ' - " I
~~: ("lishnu)
}T. "'
~\: ~:~"t ~<:r:
• ' "
':it .... ~ "' <'l "~
~. ~. <!. <!. ~ ~i ~~:
,....
ra. ~
" ~ ~Fi
~ ' 1l..

~. ~m
.....
m~:!ff ""
="'T~'
~ ..
•
~. ~ ""
&:n:+trr '"'
~r~+zr:
,....
•
q. ~~: "
~~+~ ~+<:J•
... Q.t: ' •

q, ~~: ~~: ~UGW{

~ ,....,
~. ~ ~t:"" ~
q;~ ~ft, ~' ~R, ~f?r, ~trR!' ~:

~ . ~'fil\lra: ~~:* 'm' ~r<:>G>: (Master, Husband}

~. '«ft' tf(f(f!
•
~. ~. ~ tre'T ~ 'Rlir:
,....,
rn:. qeft ~
~· tffir+trt qf~:·
~. tffir+trt. '-Tftr+~!
*qfu and ~~ are irregular bases ·in \"lil(l"'d I . The
words i:rfa", however is declined like~ when it stands a1
t be end of a compound,
Yiz ~qRI, ~l'lfitr··l{.<ffif, ~
 ~;:;fr({ ~ ijf~l{Of ~l;d\I :
~"
't. ~: qfij+-1;Jf m-+"7-f:
'{. ~! ~: qffi';>fl'(
...
ij'. 'i<:ll I ~: ~
==" . ....

~ . ~Cfif{lrrj : ~~: '("(Rct ' ~IOG> : (F r iend)

~
Sf. ij'm ~i~ (i(Cf(it:
•
ij'. Sf. ~lt~ ~ ij\qltll ~ (i(Cl l~:
~
ft. m.qr:ni:_ ~rrrr "
m.elf.l
a:;. ~~):rT ~ilf ~ftCfN:
~. ~·q
... " .
ij((Cf•"7.ff "
(t({Cf+ti !
't. ~:
" .
ij((Cl+r.tT "
~RCl+<:r:

". ("((~~: ~~: mcll;rff{

•
~
ij'. «<~ttT ~:

~. 31:fif{frrj: ~: '~' ~: (Teacher)

Sf. ~: ~ g\~:
•
~. sr. t~ t~ ~~:
ft:. ~ ~ ~
•
(l. ®'Jll ~"ttf ~:
•
~. ~ ~+tfi ~¥tft
S-2
 ~~ ~~q~
•
q. ~: ~·;;rr ~<r:
v
':r. '"'
Wf! ~1: !Wlllq, .
-1

~-
ij. ~ ~::fl! ~
q:~ ey;~, ~~' ~~, ~3 ~'"'CT~:

~ . ~~{Rf: ~~W: * ' C::rf[ ' ~: (Giver )

~
~. zyn ~ril 1i,r ((l('.1 '':
~~t~r
•
~. sr. ~ ?\fa: t~R:
• ~
"
rn:. ~(Cf(~ ~ijRJ ~
• "
6'• • ~~ ~ni+i.IT ((ti!N:
' •
-:q'. ~ ~+'lt 1:J<f:+1.{:
•
'{. ~~: ~ -
-{(J+1.{l ~:

1l. ~lf!! a.m: a:«{um{_

" ~:
~.
"'d''
Q;4 ~' 'tflC!, ~ ~all: I Wft<!~~S~c:tltq II
((l(!l

..... ... ________ ________

* Nouns derived from roots with the affix (! such
as lffl:• ~ etc. are to be declined like~ l They form
their feminines by the addition of ~st~q ' t '. ~sft, 'IDft',
"'~etc.
 ~a ~~ ijNRUf ~IQ3.I: ~~

1.9 • ~q:.l{l'"<l: ~~: 'ft«t' ~~: (Father)

·sr. "
Ttret " ~
fqq(I Mm::
•
~ ~. ~ ftRr: ~" ~
f!fq~J ~ fqrj(!
" ~
.rn:.
" "
fqq('{_ T<fij(l ~
~. "
Tffi f~-qf f~:
..... •
~.
"~
Tl:ffl' T~(ff "
fqqo+l;f:
..... •
't. rrm:
" P«t+'1:IT "
fq~+l;f:

·q. trm:
" f?cir: "T~•
..... "
It. Tt«ll( f(cit: ~
q;ii' ~' :j[flWr, ~' ~~!!,
c:.
~ ~~I: I '~t ~I~
Ei3"tai~::q~, '"illftl{_' '~If(' ~fcr Wt~~ ~~: II

<,;, itifif~~: ~~: * '~' ~~:::: (Wealth)

~

sr. \T: (I~ ~<t: .

• • ~
~ !:f. "~ (T: '&: (IG'T ~ w:J:
rn:.
" ·'
rr.TT \p:r:
W-Tt{
• ,...
;;. \T<tl U+"!fT (Ir-1:
- - "' • •
l ::q. WT (f+~T ~+({:
•
3 q, \Pl! (f+~ \rq:
. - ... .. ··-
r,
* ·~' ~~: ';ij' ~.::~~ ~!~isfq ~:I ~fJr ij
S~IU<i~<til II
 ...
~o ~laa\i:t§if ~fq
•

w:r: oo: ~T'.fl'{

"'·
~. "
~tftf ~: 1]ij
•

~. ~tfil~l;:Cf : ~f": 'iif' ':iii<{: (Bul!)

~ ~

31'. . in: iwfT • t(~ :

•
ij' Sf. t ifr: t rw.rt ~ i-{fq:
ft:. ~ II{(~ iir:
({. ~ ~ i!Tfu:
:q. ~ iU+"1.lt ITI+<l:
tr. m: iit+tri'
,,
rn+<l:
'(. m:,...,
f(tff: •tql4(_
ij'. inq irer): mg;
~ o, ~~: ~~: '~' (Moon) ~OC:.:::
~
31'. ~: ~ ~~r
•
« Sf. {~: { "a1'4r ~ ~rcr:
~. ;a11!.(~ ~ ;~(ct:
~,...,

(l. ;e1'41 "<--si+Qf ;mnt:

~
~
:er. ~ 161'+<r:
'I'. 11e1cr: ~+t(f ~T+i.r:
;e1cr: ;e1cft:
"·
{I. ;amf.t ~:
~~
~11
~

~ af'lt~ ~ S!Cf'S(Ulir_ ll
 at'Jl.-a ~~ S!Ch\01+(
. - .o:-
~ ~ . 13iti'.fil(l;a: W~: '\~' ~Jo~: (Lakshmi)
~. w ~ oo:
•
-\{ sr. ~\it ~~ {w:
ft. '~ w •
Ult:
({. i:irn '(+tl+1JT ,l{lflt:
~
•
:q'. 'ilFt ~)it+irr ~:
.q . •
'i{ll{t: ~1+1IT 'i{{+"t{:
,-. (¥4(lf (: ~: (¥41011~

·«. (ii(tfl ~ wit: (irtij

~ it~I, ~' ~tff, ~f ~~: I '&t+cfl' ''34ifil'
·
4
amr' ~~= i3\~cti'tCJ; ~ ~in ij&:if!Ef"'lst"l~i'.fiiM~
"~ at"SI'' '~ i3Titi'' - ,~- ~' ~ ~: ti

~ \ . 2(Cfi1<1;:a: ijft~:. 'irt~' ~: tIntellect)

iffif: ¥4tft ¥4(1tt:
~mfT t il\=ltt:
lRf1' l{lft:
1. 'ift·~ aAil<l::O: r.<::r: <f fifva I
2. All abstract nouns (+-r!i!f~l•itt:) ending in fa- i.e.,
d, ~, irftf, etc. arc to be declined like ~ u
"
 ~laid;ii§4~~
lffir+aj'
- ~'* lffir+zj
~ ,... .
¥{{'QI! - t1Q :, i(fd+lll'
-r. f(~l: - ir~:, if~:
'1€'0414('" +RO-, ~:
. ~ ~ra, ~~, ~ ~:
~ ~. ~Cfil(l::a: ~: '~' ~I~: (River)
~. ;rm
•
~. Sf. ~~ . ~ rtm
rn:. ~ ~~i
~~ ~:·
~n.trt ~t+~:
~: • ~~~ W{~f~":tf!
~: ~fl{_
"·
~.
~:

Wl'Ql'( o:mt: ;{~

~ fflt, crruft, ~, ~cfi, qj;;ft', ~ ~~: I ~4+ft
a<'T, ~' ~:r;a:1~r ~ SM~iffl=qtj ~~:, ~:, a;:;il: ~
ijf4'ii~ ~I
*~~Words ending in ' ~' i.~., itfu, ~~, ~
etc., have t.wo forms in the Singular . of ~' ~
qt and t1Hlft.
 ~\it"'d &11~ ijJtfROf ~~I: ~~

~·~. ~6: ~T~: ',,ft, ~: (Lakshmi)

sr. m: p~ ~:
• ~ " ~
~. sr. ~ ~r: t~-FIT ~ P.~:
"' " ~
~. p~ N<n ~:
(i. "'
r~trt m•trt ~:
:q'. ~ - N~, ~r~r.rt m+~:
tr. "'
T~~f: "' . ~fr+<rr.
- m:, "
~!P.tr!

f~<rt:- ~:, ~: m1Jfl1{, f~<1 ''-l

"·
ij'. N~l~-~~ m-: ~1':
~ ~' ~. +iT J1Wlll: Ii

~Lt,, ~a: ~*: '~' ~: (Woman)

"' ~.
31'. ~1 l~tfT "'
~ti!
•
ij'. 31'. ~m ~ m<it ~ fW;r:
&:. . "' ~ rwr:, ~r:"
~·'
(ijtfl "'
(l. ""
l~q"( ~T+tit ~:
:q°.
•
~. ~"tff '~:
tr. fWrr: ~ ~r·~:
lf. fWrr: ~: ~
~. ~ ~:
- "'l!
~~ ~~~~

~ ~· ~Cfll{I~: 00~~: '~' ~t~: (Cow)

!f. ~~: ~ ~:
•
\I. SJ. ~ ~') ~~ ~~:
.....
m:. "'
~
"'
~ ~
~. "'
~r ~-itt ~:
:q. * ~;:~ -m, ~+"tft ~({:
t{, ~;:trr: - ~~:, ~({f' ~({:
'{. ~;qr: - ~;if:' ~): ~~
~. q;::m{-~ ~: ~
•
~CT ~' ~' ~~' ~ ~1.i: II

~ 13, .~ r<Rt: ~: 'tf'{' ~: (Bride)

~
SJ. q'tl_: ~'lf t{~:

~q~f
•
\I. SJ. ~~. ~ cr~;r:
.....
T[. q~ 00 er~ .
~. q'O~
-
~({T
•
~:
:q,
~ •
qv.( ~({T . er~:
q. t{'O;rf! tf'r{+"(ff• ~"tf:
* Note that the ~~ words ending in '3' i. e., ~.
~'~.etc., also have two forms in the Singular of ~,
q:ij;ft. ~ and ~ like '~'cm:r~ n
 a:f'lt;ij ~R~ ij(~(~ur ~to:.tt: ~'-\

ti. ~~: q~: tt'~

~. tr'-ertl(_ tT~: tt'i:!
•
o:cr 'ii'{ , sa~ st~: 11

~ c. iu.fil(I~: ~IT~: '~' ~: (Earth) I

~
~. -q·,. ~T ~:
•
-~ 31. ~ ~.: ~~t ~ ~:
~
rn:.
"'
~ ~T Wf!
•
~. @
~
~~+<IT 41.nl!
:q'. w-r - ~' ~"Qi ~l-11!
'
•
q, w.rr: - ij~:' ~:+<:ff
•
~"1:{:
'
tf. ~: - w.r:,
.....
~): ~itl'.{_-i~
ij'. i~I'.{_- if.f, ~: ~
•
~ ~,~~: I I
°' °'
~~ . :f\cplfr;a: ~1~: '~' * ~: (Sister)
~.
•
~. 3{.
~~«I
t ~era: ~ -
~C(ij '~'
~ t
~ctij(\!

~ct«I~:
~. ~q(ilQ( ~~ ~~:
•
~. ~~· ~~+"lfT ~fl~!
* The words tel~, ~tcr. ru
and q.fl~ being them.
selves feminine do oot taketbe feminine termination l ·
:Sec foot-notes on page 18.
~s. ~l<ii&'iri~
... •
:q. ~ ~itij+~ ~~~+"'Q':
•
tf. ~~: ~~-:qr ~i:t~+1:f:
q'. ~: ~: ~f{'Jl(i(_
ij. mm ~C1W: ~iilij!J

sr••
«. sr.
ti;:.
q:.
:q. i{l(ji"qt
4

q', fli~+7..{t

"·
~.
~!
inm
i{(~U((f(_

~IQ:! i
. ~4 GIB!, ~~'
"" ri+~ ~
~ ~. ~iifil{I~: ~11~: '\' ~<Ii((: (Wea.Ith)
~W>fi4tl_
~ ~. eTictil{I~: ~~: 'if'r' ~: (Cow)
~ ,m-, ~1<£((Ci\l_
~ 'rm 1
~ICG;: (Sky)
~ ~. eTil:iil'lfra: 001'~: '~' ~~: (Bo!lit)
,~, ~]i((CIC(_
~~~;:a~ ~I~
 - · 0.. .-
~ ~ . ~tfi1<1;:0: iij~etiR>~·: ' ~ t ~: (Fruit)
~ 'h~lfwf
~~ t 'h~(f;t·
~ lfi~(M°:
~ aftfif{fr~ '~' ~ciXCIQ_ I
~ SJI;;, cr.J, ~, ~ ~: :1

• r--
~I.\ . ~Ch! {I~: ;;~~R'SW: '~ t ~: (Water}·
sr. Cl1R ct1Run . €fl~~!
•
~. ~.
r-.
*t m-t trrft t enftul1 ~ ~1\lPit
rn:. crrft t11~n Cll~fill
,.... • r,"
q:. qlRull ~l!(+tff Clfl\Pl!'
:q, ~ crtft+<ri ~<r:
,....
tf. tl"fRU{! q~ C11R~:
enfuif: q{~:
"·
~. ~IRfilr . ~:
tt1{to114(
CllR!

* The neuter
words ending in ~' ~ and · °"' hav~
two forms in the *41\ll'f SZ'litl ~'tl•~ot n
 ~a{+t&e4M\

~a_. ~Cfil<I~: ~~<ti~i: '~' ~: (Curd)

~. ~ - ~' · ~
~
•
31. t <:.~-t ef4, ~ ef~ ~~
ii:. ~N;ft ~
.q::. ~N-·~ " "
~:

~N+ttt
~"11t
~:
~jf:

~\9. ~Cfif<t~: i\~eq;~*: '~' ~: (Pure) ·

'if. ~ ~ ~ff.{
~ 31. ~ ~ - ~ ~' ~ ~M'1t t ~.
:ft. ~ . ~ ~
·q:. ~ ~ ~:
·:q. ·~ -~, ~Pt+J<ti ~Pt+tt:
*The adjectives (neuter) ending in ~' \3' and "I; have
two forms in the Singular of :;rgqf, CNiit, ~ and ~Rift and
U, lra;fi f(CC'<C'f; one form being the masculine form. of
nouns ending in the respectiYe letters (cf. ~, g~, ii~ etc.)
 ~'5\'"d 'l~<:fiW;* ij(\:lf~O( ~IOC::I: \ ~.

"· ~N~: - ~:, ~qf ~:

'f. ~M\:f: - ~:, ~Mtit:-~:, af.ft;fl¥J:.
~. ~- ~' ~:-~):, ~
~al~, ~ ~:

~~. :3Cfil{ l'"d: WCfi~: 'i:t~' ~: (Honey)·

~ ~ l{~
t +1~-t~, ~ i:t~ ~ l{~
~ ~ l{~
~ iQl+i:rr
. l{'~:
"

~ ~~ ir-l+"'tl':
~: ~qt . ~"'t(':
~: ~: ~
• it~: ~
~ ~' ~' ~' ~ ~: I

~ ~ . ;gCfiR~ : if~Cfif$f: '~' ~: (Hes. vy)

sr. ~ ~ ~·
•
'-' Sf. t~-t~, t~ tP
ft. ~ ~ ~
~. ~ ~+qf -~
·:q.
·q. ~:, -~:, ~-trt ~~:
q. ~: - ~):, ~: - ~1:, ~II~
~. P - ~u, ~:-~1:, ~
•
ti:Cf ~' 'l?;!, 'l~, ~ ~lf: I

~ O . %411{Jr(I; ~6~i': ,~, ~f~;

(That which gives)
· ~. (\~ ~1a_ofT ~
~ 3i. ~ ~: - { ~, ~ ~oft ~ ~~urr
ft. ~ ~1q:ofT ~eyirr
•
~l(f:U( I - <::l'I (, ~l~+<rr ~lqJ~!
•
~ - ~, ~T([+(;fl" . &.l(!+q:
•
C:.(fJ}JT:- ~:' ~([+<IT

~T([Ol:- ~:, ~:~it:,

~'Or-~' ~:~rit:,
t{4 ~' lP!, Cf«<! ~:
~ Q!fil{Rl r:, ~C61<1..ar: anq;1<1rar:,
alltlif~Jf'(lla.'.I ~OC\T: ~ fq~..ij 11
~ at~;a o:t~fe~.s.:p:fi(OI~
ll ~ ~~~Sf€fi~ II
 -·o·-
• •

~ ~. 'qt:fil{I~: ~~: ,~,, *~: (Cloud)

~
·sr. \lf~ iif~ij"ql iif~ij44:
•
··i j Sf.
.....
t ~ag~ ~ ~~w-t1
~
~ -stea=ct:
f[. iil~f!=tf'( iife~=til \lf~:
•
iilef!1+i:rr e-a'""rJlf:
1;;-if

~~<rt ~~f!J+-q:
•
:Jtaf!:q: iif~~J+1Jf iii eaJ+i:r:
:&1af!:q: ~: iifeij=ctl~
iilegM ~: iilaf!§
~ ~tr-tr ' ij~ ~:.

~ ~. ~t:fiIWa: ~: 'tt~ *~: (Merchant)

lJ. ~
~. sr. l~
.
*The final ~ or '\is cbange_d to ~ when followed
by a hard consonant or by nothing and q_ when followed
soft consonant.
~~ ~f&a:Ji~~
" ~ " !
rn:. ft fU1-:1 ¥{ (fTOl'5tT q(Ul'if
(t. qfQ(~{ "
trrar;+<rr . qfcrrf1~
:q, err~ efoi;s+aj "
qf!llr+~

q'. "
C{(!J[~:
"
i:t"lOT;+qr . "
qf1JP+"1:1
,....
qr~:
".
~.
C{(IJNT:
" "
C{fO{™
" ..
qf~t:
"
q{CJN{'(1:

q{G'" f"@:

ict~ ~ ~f"....1Si ~·
' · , .
.... '

~ ~ . :s'f'fiRJra': ~~: ''Tq! ~OG:: (1\:ing)

~

'T~T
''~...
~. ~Fit:
...
•
~. S{.
~ '~ ~ \im ~ ·~J~:
,.... .....
~

m:. ''~~ mr ~f-=t: .

•
~. l'.l~I 'T~+<rr "
~·~~:
•
•
::sr. l:~ '~~-i:rr ~~+q-:
"' •
'{. ~: ,.'S~(,Jf ~R"+1.f:
·- "'
~Tit:
"·
ij'.
~:

Wf oo: 'Tmtl
~ij
•
~ es:t1{, q~, ~~~.... ~:

-
 c:i'=hl<l ..<:f: ~Rsi-: ' ~' ~: (Wind)

~ ~ +(~d:
~~ ~ +{~df { +{~d:
•
~ ~.
,.... ...,,
~

.rn:. +r~ +rm i<~a-:

•
+lt~I
•
~~~'
•
+1~4:~
~:
·"«. +((jRJ ~r: +(~ij
~ ~~' ~~~' '~~a:_, ffi'I[('(, ~: I
1
~, ~' ~' ~~:; ll&r~, &llJl<l_, ~Tl'lt:(.,
~1eq_, ~~~~II

1 The Present Participles of tf~~~Q'~ roots of the 3rd

-conjugation ~<\ct, ~it., f~ etc.
And
2
the present participles of the 2nd c.:>njug·ation ~18'1:,

~Sf~, etc. are declined like ~ II

All other Participles of the Present and the l"'utwc
·~~in the masculine 11 ...u~, flil!&qct-, e~. are to be
.declined lik~ q:q~ ~<>~: 11 (Vide page 34.)
S-3
~ '-\. i3Cfil(fi'ij: ~: *' ~' ~: (One who oooks)
~
q~~' q~~:

t~ . ~ qfl:

~ ' ~' ~IOC(Cf<i,

tfcr •I*'@?!_, ~1filu4i=t_, ~' ~~' ~?!_, ~'
~,~~~~: II

.
~ t_. dCfil\l'"ij: ~~: * '~' ~: (Intelligent) ;
.
$(. ~ ~~ ~:
•
~ $(. t qfir.t. t~ff ~ ~ir~i
rn:. lft¥4;ij'( ~ ..~1 ~:
~ ,~, ~<l
. ·- . ...

~ !~, ~"lilld:., ildct((, ~·•er<(, ~' ~'

~' ~ ~: I ''1~<(' ~~~Cf II

$ q"i(tf: I ~'ifo{ I tt(lii(, ~ ~fct'lfl ilffq (llfil(l~\I: ~

~l{l~l lR~; i. e. q:cfrt'!'t, tft'Rft', ir(dt ~I tt<!~~lt
""~rflt u
 i[~ij ~ ijMf\OI ~~I : ~ t\

~\9. difil{I~: ~~: '~' ~: (Grea.t)

JI. it(("{ ~ l{{lkl:
«Sf. t ~ t~ ~ i((IR\:
rn:. l{(lkl'l ~l~f ~:
Wr ' ~' ~t~C(q<l:_

~ ~. ((ifil{(;:a: ~: 'ij'\' ~: (Friend)

31'.
•
~ mi ~:
\{JI. t~ ~mi {~:
ft:. ~« mi • ~:
(!• uw ti~f:ttf p:
•
=if. . ~ ij('f>\tf U('f!-4:
q'. ~: ti,'«'4t t«'«tf:
~:
"· ~:
~:
ij(i(I'(
\{.
- ti(~

~ ~' ~ll*ilfcti{, - ~:

--
 \~ ~~~'(

l'\ . . .:[{(rd:~: 1 '~' ~~: (Young ma.n)

sr. ~ ~ ~<t'.IWI:

~~~ t
•
ij' sr. t~ ~Cllwt:
fl:. ~qi;('( ~• 1ff!
({. ~ ~f.IT ~:
•
:;:r. ~ ~(ff ~~:
q'. ~: ~<rt ~+i4:

~:
"·«. ~:
{Fr ~:
\~I'{_
~

'I?~ . 'fflJ{Jrij: ~: '+tl:I+{' ~! (~~:)

2
+tl:IC(f +t~CI 1.U 'l\itC( I;{:
•
•
'J. sr. t +tl:lil'l t +tl:lct1.U t 'll:ltl(W{:
ft:. +{qC(li\'( +tl:ICf 1.U ~:
({. +ti:flilt 'll:ICI+~ '1\itilflr:
•
~ +tl:N+~

+t~: . +tl:lf.(+qf
1
~ ~~~ ~t '~ffi':' ~fa' ;ffit~le<('IC( ~<rq_ I '~'
~(~.....
"4~ II
.
'"«~el( given undet
2
Note the difference between
.
the 36th 184(. · (Page 34) and itf;fCf'( 1 ' 9'{:
 \? ~. ;rem~: ~~: ''lN'{' ~1~: (Road)
~
31. q;:m: ~T q;:~1;r:

~
•
sr. ~~r: t q;:~r~'T ;.~.
~ .. .
rn:.
" q~~ q;:~T
~
tN!
~
" .
qm.(ff " "
llM'lll!
<l·
=q. q~ "
WI+~
. "
qN'+1:{!
" •
q. ~: 'lN+QT 'fN'+"tr:
'f. q~: tNT: fP.Ttl{
«. qN ~: N!!
'f
~ +rf~~~:

\?'-\. %Rt..o: ~: *'~ft-{: ~l<iia;: (Elephant)

~1 ihRon ~:
~~ t ~~air ~ cmur:
.
*Q,Q'~<it: ~t~I: i«ll'tll, ~ilt(l~I lT<f~-lfiRvft, ~1Vtor1
~II
«lo ~raia:it~~

ft:. ~ ~ ~:-
(I..• ~ ~ft+tri' iihRfu:·
=q, ~ ~ Cffu.<r:-
q'. ~: ~ ~<r:
If, cmll'f: 'hRon: l:hftulll(,
{t. <6RfU1
~~'~'~'~:
• • ~Ron:

\l~. ~ICfil{l;>ij: ~: '~ ~: (People)

Sf,
·~ mo- fem:·
•
{f Sf. tm_ tmTr t~:
ft:, ~ m:rr Fero:
~· mn ~<rt ~~P:c:·
""
:q, mr ~<rt m+-q:-
.....
q'. mr: ~<rt f«.+qt
'f. ~: mn: · ~
u. ftrfu ~: ~

•The ending ~of root-nouns is changed to ~ or ~ ,.

tif~ or ~etc, But the ~or ~' ~and ~~is changed
to~ or'!.. i.e.,~ or~;~ or (t'{_; ~or ~II
 t~ ~ ('f ttt1<or ~r~r: 'I? t

'1?'9. ~lctil(i"fl: ~: ' ll°l(~f' ~: (Snch like)

"'
SJ. *m:~ ~ d l(?i'.I:
~ Sf. ~ ij(~, ~mm t lll 'l?l'.I:
fl. <tl't0t$Jij• ~ dl't?i.1!
(l. dlt~tt ij1<t0fl+r:
:q'. ~ <lliJ+<ft
fl. ijftey: d('lJ+<r:
<f It!i:I: dl'l~ll(
61{~ mn:it: lll'l~

~ ~ ' 'fl'l~ ' ~l'i:~' at~l'i:~' ~({\([_ ~

~Cfl{~, e(?.l'i:~ W~: II

'I?<:. '4Cfil(l"fl: ~: ' ~' ~: (Enemy)

3(. ~ ~ f[-q-:
•
~SJ. ~~ ~raft t~:
~- ~ fro ~:
<r· ~ ~ ~:
:q. AA ~"?;ff ~<t:
* ~ ft'sl~f ' m~~'t, ~ ' ~t<itf.r ~•far 1 ~ ra~r:
~· 'trlW:' ~f{, et<iii(l;al: ~ 51!i<N(<'a I ~ ~ fEsr~j
' dlt=tll, ~' ~ <ifi~ ..~~tro @ftfOr II
<6'~ ~I a(+t6"i1l~'l'..

q. m: ~-qf ~~:
m: ~: "
t4"11'(
'"·
~. mtt f[tfl! ~
~ (("15'{ m-a~ ~:
'"' ' ""'
~~. ijq'ij((;a: ~~: ' ~' ~laie{: (~)
~. erm: ~ ~·
' .
•
~ !(. ~~: t~ ~~:
ft:. ~ ~cM ~:
'( [. ~ ~ ~:
·:q-. ~ ~ ~:
1{. m: ~;qt ~"<(':
11. ~: ~: ~
~. ~ ~: ~
•
~ "'f{'ft!' ' ij'i'1~ ' ~~:

"'0 . l(iCfi[([;:"{i: ~~*:

~- ~* -
~ 31. ~ ~~tf't'.
• l(d~ifitT: lU~1: ~'Sl4i 'W:i(ft ~&:(. ~(l~I: ~~
1

~tri ~ 111·~4<( ~'l. II •

 &:~a ~ ijiEl l{Of ~~I: ~~

u:. ~~it'l'{ ~r ~:
~

~. ~ ~irt ~:
~. ·~ ~'ttf ~~:
q'. ~: wm.~ ~~:
~. ~4ij: ~: ~ttl'ti'{
-ij'. ~ ~: '"'
~ti~

t;ci ~~' ~~~ ~:

3(•
•
·\{ 3(.

rn:.
•
~. " I
ICl~ "'
{~(i(iff

~. ~ RQt1i
•
q'. ~: "'
liit(i(ifl "
ICl§,"iN:
" ~~: Ff~
·"·
~.
Tq'{:
tqN ~: "
('4(~

~ ~~' ~Pt~~' ~~' ~~ ~~:

- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - .
>i< ~g:affm Qfflt f'Gl'tl¥( ~U"'rffi ~'ff.« I <:NT-~~.
~
~'3-£\"'°· i3"~tt't, ~tft. ~~, ~r~ 11
 'd ~ ~lsa\"l~~~-

I.\~. 6Cfil~lr'd: ~~: '~{{_' ~: (l\la.n)

~llil
~ . ~:
•
31. ~
•
v. 31 t g*l: t ~ifllif
. ~
~~:
~inm
• •
ft. ~~16~ ~:
• • •
Q:. ~ ~ @t:
• • •
=tr. ~
•
~irr
• •
~"l(:
•
q'. ~: ~<IT ~:
•

"·
•
~: #f: ~e1q:_
•
ij', ~ ~: ~
 ~~. &:CfiRRt: ~: '~~' ~: (One who liclts)
"
1'. ~ raft
~:
•
~ 31. t~ t~ ~~:
~
•
"
m:. ~ ~:
q:. ~ ~'tff ~:
:;:;r. ~ ~·~ ~:
q'. ~: ~-qr ~:
'~. ~: ~: ~
~. AA ~: ~
~~' ~~:
"'\ '"'
l I tjij ~;o(t ~ Sl'fi(OI( II

~ ~~d ~ Slef;(Oli:JI
~~! ~ ~1~1: ~ (ctil(~I ~kt I
-~ wti{\~t~tl~ ~ I ~ ~r ~l(l;:af ;f ~tt~ ~
;a'1~t: ~Mt\~~I ~ ~otfT: l ~ft:-
~~. "'4ctil<I~: ~: 't("f'f_' ~~: (Speech)
~~ ' ttiff!'i' (Page 81) ~(

--
 l.\S.. \itq;({l"d: ~: '~' ~~: (Ga.rla.nd}
~ ' qt~ ' (Page 31) ~laii{CfCl

l.\'3, Cltfil{l"d: ~~: '~' ~: (River)

~i- · ' ~' (Page 33) ~~Cl
~~,~~:

l.\c. c=;q;f{l"d: ~: '~ ~: (Autumn sea.ion)

~~ 't!it<l' (Page 35) ~a;a:qq:_

S(•
•
~ S(.
. ft:.
<I·
:;:r.

"· ~'Ait:

~
"·
~- ~
~ ~' ~, ~ Sl'ld"I: I ~sN ~q~
'~Nf{' ~"~~iM ~: II
 ~ o, "'ICfi)(("'d: ~: *'ij''\lr.t' ~: (Boundary)
~ ''~' (Page lj6) ~raa:ci(

s_ ~ qCfil(l"'d: ~: '3W! ~: (Water)

(~ il~t4:CCifl;:a: Always Plural)
~:, ~ ~:, i31tf:, ~:, ~~:, ~it: 31q1~, 3'Cij (t.

a_~. "!Cfil'((C:O: ~: '~~' ~: (Direction)

3{. ~ ~ tfit~:
t~tf{ t~ ~ tfitlt:
~ $t+r:
~ .qf;lt:
•
:q, qit ~
•
If. •t~: •11~iqr
'(. EQ;ij: ~: $i~lif.
{{. qftt ~: $f<ij
*Tho words ~:, 1(1¥40( etc. formed by the addition
of~ do not take. the feminine termination t though they
end in 'I. Those words are however optionally declined
like feminine words ending in an ;
i,o., ~. ~, idtin:, etc.
~~ ~'~"~
a_~. ~Cfil~: ~: 'flr\'
~: (Speech)
" ~ "
31. ift: TIRT M:
ij
•
31. ~ m: ~fit\?
....~
~ fm::
" " l<ll{I "
tm::
T[. ~
<l· f1r\l .rr+-lll tfml:
:q, M itf+tii ~<f:
I'\ (>

·q. "
~: itT+trr tft+ir:
'f, "
tm:: flro: "l~l{I'{

tt. Ftft ftro: ir'cl

•
~ct m,, ~ s:i~:
Q_\l, i!!Cfil(lr<l: ~: '~ ~: (Heaven)
31, .•m: wrr ~:
~ ;:;ir: ~~
•
~ 31. ~~:
ft:. "
l~~ ~ ~:
•
<{. ~" ID-1.lT ~·:
"' • '::>

.:q. AA g+"1:1T
•
m:~:
..:,

.q. ~: . ~
.... ~+"l{:

'{. ~: ~: "
f~
~ AA ~): !!
~Note the othet mode of declension-22nd ;u;(\:
 ii~ t~ ~I~ 1{01 ~led>!: ~~

~'-\, ~Cfi!(t~: ~~:* ' R~l' ~: (Night)

rTf:c.r l "
::; 1-=''li' Fr.I! ' (Page 40) ~taa:cttt
~~~:

~a_. ~ICfiJ~J;:a: t~: ' R?il' ~: (Direction)

~W;w 'ait~' (Page 41) ~ea;ciq_

~ '9. qtfil(l;:<'T: ~~: ' Slli'l ~: (Rainy Season)

~~ ' ~ ' (Page 41) ~laa:C!<l
~ f~'l: ~:

~~ . (itfil(I~: f?ft~: ' lfttl' ~: (Light)

~
3(. m: llll'tl mlt:
•
~ sr. ~ m: t~ t lll'«:
~

T'(. +lll't'( +nm ~:

• "
~. +tl«I ~ ~:
•
~. ~ +r~iu m+i:r:
•
q. lffif: ~l+"f1 lll+"t:r!
imtt:
"·«· lll'«!
~ mm:
~(ijl'(

+tt~
* et~;J. atif 'ftfflt ' ~sfq. lfa-a I {t!'T~~<l ~fll\ II
S-4
 &_ ~. (i<fil(l;:(f: @RJw: ' ~IRll'(' ~: <Blessing)
lt. am.ft: 3llf~ 311~tt:
~ 3(. i. ~: t 3llfutn ~ 3'{(~('1:
ft:. 311~"'l ~•Rltfi 311ftN:
~. 31(~'(1 311~~ 31M\ffr.
~. 311~~ . 3ITTft+<ii 31t~ft:t4:
q, 3ll~'I: 3lt~ftwi 311~iq:
,. 311~'(! 3lt~tfi": 3TT~
~. 3lrfm° 311Rltft: 3{(ijl'!
.
•

\.9 o. tttfil(l;:o: ~Wf:' aq1'1~ ' ~: (Shoe)

Jt. 3q1'1( aq1"'(1
" \W1'1~::
:\f ~. t aq1"'( t aq1"1(\ ~ aq1'1{:
· ft:. aq1'1('( aq1"l(i aq1'1(:
{· ~qf"l(I aq1"'~ aq1;:cf.IJ
~. \3q1"'t :aq1"lf:4i aq1;:c~:
~. aq-flit(: aq t"l=l"?tf :aq1;:c'A'4:
~. aq1"l(: aq1"f?I: aq1;'f(l(
~. (!q1"'f( \!q14iif: aq1"'~
ll ~(a~•~ st~~ll( ll
' '
 Sl~ ~#a w:t~t1f?.Pk?w srcr,(Ut+!_
,~ ~. "i'4Cfil{lr(i: -=i~~CfiWlS1·: 'ij~li' ~: (Eloquent)

~. ~I~ ~ ~
\f. 31. t ijf.tl~ ~~ t ijetlf;t
ft. ijttl~ Wlt=iifr ~
~ ' ~~ii ' ~16?{'=411_
'9':{. :5\qil{lr((; -=!~{{CfiR;~·: '~' ~: (Blood)

11. 31~ ~ 3l~f4

•
'«· 31. t ~~ t~ t 3l~f?>:si
ft:. 31~ • ~~~
~~ ' q{Qf~ ' ~~C4~
'9~. (lCfil~;:a: ~~~: '~'Id' *~: (World)
'

'!{. ~ ~ ~·1fkl
~. 31. ~~ t~ t ~··~
ft. ~ ~ ::it•tAI
~ ' ~' ~l;((C4~
~ ~IWl, ~1act~, §"4Cl, ~, {irtkI_, ~,
~G:et, ~' ~'~:II
* mccrar:, Ef(<f;:ar:, ~f~-a.n~-~f<;:-'fl<fl~ m~~ f.1111"1:
~T~ifll:, (i. e. of 5th, 7th, 8th and 9th coajugations ;t
~c(I' ~~:t~<t~ f~"Q'ill: ~'&l'iflT:, i!~, 'l'lli!, Sl'la'~:
~ •i\ttil' ~ ~: II
~~ ~'~~"'r~
\S~ . aCfil{f<ij; ~~tt<hWi*: ' ~ ~ ~I~: (Giving)
3f. ~ ~ ~- ~~
lf. ST. ~~ ~~ ~ ~<\Rt-~ ~~
ft:. ~ ~ ~~- ~
~ , ~,~~
1
11.ir ~'~'st~, =if<hlttct_, ~' at1Jlct_, ~: n
--

1
~~~: (~cql~~U.: Cl'(!ijll..d~ll•) f.tgqifl: ~~::
' Fij..-a:_' 5U{ij"~ ~ ttlf 4.Vlft: II
...,ttt

~: ~ eAiT{~llf ~~ f.r6Q'"1: ~151"'61:

,
(Present Participles) ~ f.IEliill .\1'31"'6tllf (Future participles)
~.m~~ll
 ~ $~ ·~lifl(O[ ~il(l: '\\

;~ ~' ~s ~' f\ctl~, ~ S{lldtt: II

~: '(}rea.t}
'
'f~I~
~ +t~IH
tf(liRI

'9«_. ;iCfil(I;<({: ~«~: ' il'l+t(' ~: (Name)

Sf, il'Tli ;rmT-wt1i:r;ft, i(lmf;{
~.st. ~ q-r~-{ i(l~, ~ ;rmr-~ ;nir.t'f, ~ il'Titrf;f
fl. i(Tt{ wrrm- ;rriR\', ;r1it1f;r
~ ' ~l'itW{ ' ~lasa;c!fl
~ qp{'1_, ~' ~ sw;aq: II
 ~ o. WfCfll(frij: ~~CfiR.f: ' ~91_' ~: (Action)
!(. d ~ ~
n
~·
• ..... C'
~. JI. ~ ~44'1
ft:. q;~ft ~
~ ' ~1~;r ' ~(~q~
. ~ ~ ' ~"{,, ~. (1<q;i:_ ~:
·---
~ ~. Wfi:61{1~: ;:i~C6~~: '~~~' ~i~~: (Da:r)
!f. ~: ~- ~~), 3f~
•
~.!f. ij_ ~:
~ ""~ ~fa•-
~ ""~ ~~·ft, . .~. . ~11mr.;
""
ft:. ~: ~~- ~(-fr~ ~~:mr
(l. 3llt( ~·~· ~:-
. ~. ~i ~~ ~~1{~
't. at;: 31~-qf· ~1.f:
q. .~: ~: ~&;:fl{_
~. ~~' atit: ~
(Meritorious:
~uftf.f
~ ~'Tf.i·
guft,f.r
sr. err: cnU qm:
"' .
ij•. ~· "'
!'\' "'~ ti"i't ~ cmr ~ r.rr~
,....

ft. •
tTI: ~m qrft
"' ..
~
'( 'f'~' ~I~<!_

.,....
3{. ---~~--·
(i- ~~ ~ (IR-r.J
• ~ ~,..,_
"
~· ~·. • (I '(;.~ ~Q~ ~ mifu
"~.
<.;:, • ' ;...

ij({~f
.,....
r ijf~;, ~ltl~
""' "' . •
~~

<:'-\. tfq;l~RT: ;i~~itt>R?~·: '~' ~: (Very lustrous)

· ~~ ~
~~ ~~
ijkq~ ~
3(. lfcl: +t~~r
<'\ ."
-q;irm
. !J.
ij'. "~ l{;:J: ~ 11~«1
... .
~ 11~rm
"
"
T[. l{C{: ir.t~'t ~;rifu
~ ' ~~ ' ~<Sa;qC{_ I !:!;ii° ijq~, <1~~' 5'~:
tr~, ~~~, ~a<:J: ~<lERTr i?.TN ~ ~9 II
<'.'9. ~l~Ri : "1'~~~: '~~' ~~: (Oblation)
" " fT"
S{. ;rf.t" ~Tffi ~flt
("

.Q. •
• "'~~~
" ff (\•""
ij'. !f, "
"'~ ~f~: '~ ~ftf
"
1{. "
~~: {~ "'"
~Tf'f
(>

a:.
~
"
{f.fCIT "
{~tTT
I;
{NN:
:;:r. ~m " " <:'
~+~T ((tt+ir:
q. "
~(€1'{: { f.r...:'ql(> " <:'
~J-:t+ir:
q. ~: ~ffi: "
~~
~. ""
((t{(q &.M-TI: ~
~ ~' ~~' uRI~, ~:
<:(;. ~!flt{fe=a: Wf~!fl~: 'er~' ~~~: (Body)
!{. er~: ~ '"
~J'l
•
~. !f.
.....
g: ~: {~
..... ."(~
ft:. ~: ~ ~
 q~:
(>

~· q~ ;;r~·~
('

er~
I>
·:q. ~1lf w<r:
(> ('

tr. ttWJ: q~+<:it ~<{:

·q-. Cf~: ~: et~

«· ~ ~: ~
•
~q a:fl~' ~' ~' ~:
 l 'bere are 35 Pr0nouns which are classified under
th' foHowing 6 kinds : -·
1, Personal- 1 aF,ii~. (1), ~&!?~ (You), ~(Your lloi;,our)>
~ (One's own) -.
2. Relative-lf~ (wh0 ), :s·(l'r5 ;;.iair- ~ !IBT~rs.

3. Int~rrognt ive--~ {Who)

4. Demonstrative-~~ (l.11), f<fi:r (All), ~ (another),

~ITT: (either of two)• ~o\ (Other). CCi(l (Other),
e<r (Other), ~ii (IIalf), 3 U~ (t\11). fUtf"(All), a<\ (That)
~(This), 3{~~ (That). «f<i_ (Thal), ~~~(This)

- -- ----------
1, There is no vocative case for Personal Pronouns.
2. There is another word ~="lli.'fit" which is not a
Fronouo. It is cleclined like ;:t+f~.
3. ~ when it rncanss •All' is a Pronoun. But Q't
when it means 'Equal' is not a Pronoun and is declined
like. ~u:r~r"~.
4. ~~-at~~ ~~-~ta- ~~r r.~:tr'{ ~:­
• ~t{! ffi'~ ~ )qijf.fre ~) ~I
1

'3l~ ~ (\"~ q~ W'ltl~I({_ II

~~ is used when a p~rson or thing is near at
hand,
 5. Numeral- 1 ~ (one),
a11<r (Both).
6. Directloc::.1 - i~ (Eastern), ~ (Other), af<R'
(Western), ~~ (Southern), ~ (Northern), a;:r( (Other);
eN~ (Inferior), ~~,( (Outtr)

g-.:r~
and <gq;:r are ' >l«t-<,'1S whicL ctn bs affixed tc:
~, ~c;:• aL<l. (f~.• Ex. <ha\ (""·ho 01 \'\'hie!: vf two\,
/ 1
~;;.
(who, or which of many)~ (who or \Ybich c-f twc) <jff;l '

(V>'ho or which of' mony) m (That one of tv.•o) (f(f4i '

(TtJ<:t one oi mony)

~Qi\ is used ~'lien a person or thin~ is ::cenrer sti:l.

aR~ is used °"'hen a person or tt ing is ut a dist&ace..

~ is used when a person 0 1 thing is nb~ent.

\t'f:, ~-~~~ ~(:i'l1if ~l..~Sltf7,~ l:l'.C'i!l 1

Q.cfir~ ~M :q- q~i} ~~ ij~T l

~1~ Wi~sR ~~1<ti :q ~a ~i
I. The various meanings of i:t<fi are:-
. ~ one, 131~ little, !Nlif chief-eminent, 511!1if foremost,.
~ sole-only, Ul"Cff{Ot common. Qltl~ same, ~(.Olil The-
11umber one-
 ·~ 0 ~l~i'!§'icfl;:[\
~~. ~wa: ~~: '~' ~: (All)
~
('
·sr. ij'C{: ~ ""'
•
=~. 31'. ~~ ('
~ ijq"l ~«1T
('

·ft. ~ ~ «~
C'
• -'r
~- ~ ijC((+(ff Wl!
~
C'
• -~
~. (tf.11+'1:JT w:t+<:r:
''I'.
('

ijC(~ij(q_
C'
ij'@"tfl'
• -·
W{+<:J:
·q'.
('
('{q~lf ~: -·
iJA~q If{

·«. .
(' "
ijC((~JA: ~: -·
~
~ ~' ~-"Sai'!!Ol(4l.flrd, ({(;fi~, t{Cfld&f, 31;:({, arr~,
~' ~, ;rq, ~'l ij~f :
- .('
~~. affCfil~I~: ~:
....
'«q{' ~~: (All)
~
('
·31. .
....
w.r.... ....
~:
• ('
~. 31. ~~ { ijq ~ ij'ql!
. .. .
.ft:, ~
('

~ oo: C'

(' ('
• ('"

·~· ijq~(
(' ~
ij<:f l+tll (iC(((~:

~-qt
('
·~. ijq~q ijC((+<r:
,-. ~:
('
Qctt+tll •
«ctii4:
~:
(' ('
"f. QqW(: ('tct1«1¥(
Q~Wf ~:
('
;U. (iqfij
~~'War'~:
 ~ ~ . ~u.:~: ."lj\1CfiRst: ' ~ ! ~I~.: (All)
~. ij~i:l. ~ ~tar
•
ij'. Sf. "~ \fq (' "& ijt('.... 'g: \t€ilf0[ ('"'

f[. . ri~ ~· ~far

~~ W~, ~o(, @l ~I~: I ~~ SI f(Cfia~~ ,.
aR~ , ~a~ , ~a<~ ~~ ~~Cfi~~, @cft~CflCl=qif,.
~ (Vocative Singular) :q- ~ II

«. ~ . ~CfiT{Rf:
('
~~: ',~' ~: (Eastern)
'""'
~
('
3f, ~·• ~-~:
•
ij'. 3{. ~~ ~ tcff
... ' ~:
'~ icr-~ ('

(' ('
"'
n;:. '{;~ \cff 'tt~ Ii_
...,.
~
~

<r· \tTUf \Cf!

...,.
(' ~ ('
•
:!if.
q.
\ct~'4
tt,&~16'-~;
\.:Ct¥'ll
~~
(' . ~:
...,.
~·"if:
~:
('
'f, \ct~'l ~~.
~:
('~ ,. ""'
ij. '{~ q;i:-'{tl, ~
.
~ t(BCl•ff~ ' ~ ' ~:

~~: '~' ~: ~ ~ ~iilct_I

~~ ~'~aq:
·.~ ~ .

.
~ ~. at'4l1<1t:(f: WCfi~~: ' ~' ~l&d\ : (Eastern)

'3f• ~ '{tllfQr
• 3(.
: ~.

;ft.

at'4il<I~: '~ ' ~: ~ m:q.q;u;:a: (Both)

~\9. ·~fu ~~. ·~~ ~~. *~

~
·11. ~ \3~ i?~
•
:\{. ~- {~ ~ '3it { ~it
~
ft:. a+rr ~ ~~
• • •
\3+{l+'1IT ~QT
-
(J.
-~.
\3+fl+<IT
\i¥{1+<rr• '3lll+<ff
•
~i:rr
•

• •
1(. mu+<rr ~-trt "3+ff+trr
.,.. ~: ~' -a~qr:
"'«· ~ ~: a+~:
 ~ o o. \iflltl(I~: ~: •'\3¥1q' ~: (Both)
~~m
l(iM.,.if'i\ if~q:q;iii.

"!I'. :Sl{tt: ~
•
~. 5(. t~~: ~m
ft. '3ll~'l ~
-~. ~ m:
~. ~~ ~:
:q. ~ ~:
,. - ~ti'
~
~. ~~ ~

~ o~. ~o: ~: '~'~:I ~~lii{Cf~I

~g·l1
.
~ o ~ ~Cfi1~:i;a: ~CfireSj': '\?+A' ~:
~r~if1"1"1-@dt~1ij ~9; '~'~!&(<!~I
~~I "l~IN ~ ;nM 1

* The word 3'~·zr (io. all genders) is not used in dual

~or II
a_~ ~f;a:'l§t~T~

~ o·~.• ~Cfil{(..~: ~:: '~ 1 ~~: (He, tha,t }.

~
Sf, \{: ijr ~
·~
ft;:. qt Wi_
~. ~ m+<rr
• ~
ij:
~. ffi:~ at+~
"'ij'+1.f!
•
q. ~ma:_ ~+~ ij+<r:
".
ij.
~~
~lfl
'"" !
ij<ff
~:
'"'
aqr
~
•

~ '~~~:

z o ~. ffi~: ~q.: '~ t ~!Cid;: (~he, that)

~. m ij q{!
rn:.
" ~~ ij
•
m:
~ 'ijtfl ijf+'ll'T mf~:
~ •
~. ij~tf 'm+'lfl' ij'f+1.f:
•
q'. ~<r{: m+<rr m.-q:
".
ij'.
~tr(:

~~ ~: .
~: ~(liq:_
~Tij
~ '~' ~Cid;:

~ 0 ~. (€fll(T~: "l~CfiRi§i·: ' ~' ~lal({: (That)

Sf. ~ · ij ~
m:. ~ ij <nf.r
~~.I ' ~ t ' ~.:t.' ~: l
 ('
~q "'flii :tlii(l: fl."'
~o~. a\€fil~rrij: ~~: '~'~: (This)
~. ~: ~ ~
ft. l(~...l(~, l(ffi--~, t(rj 11:-l(;u;{

<l· ~~-~ l((f(+1fl'• ~:

~ •
~. '«f~'{ l((fl+"tfT ~(f:
l((f (+'tfl'•
•
q'. tmlffit_ ~:
~. l(<f~ ~:, t(c:riT:, l(d't('
~. ~ir-{ ~:, t(;rlr: l(~ ""

•
~ o'>S. ~{Rf:' ijft~[': . 't(~' ~: (This)
':$1. ~ '
l(~

ft. ~(,-l(efl'( ' ~~' l(ijl!-{(e{(:

-~. ~lf r-l('ll1t ~~ '«tlflr:

':q'. tm~ ~l+tti
·tf. ~~: ~ ~qr+(f:

..... l({f~~·: ~:~;rft:, ~161'(

:{{. l(q~tfl'( t(~!"'t(9{~:, l({f l{J
*The optional forms of ~i?\ and ~{'{. viz, ~if'(,
·.Q;~if etc., are to be used when there is a{<'"1~~. i.e .• when
their proper forms have already been used in a previous
.clause; ~ ol!l<ti(CJT'N1Cf'{ (H e has studied Grammar), Q;ir
·9~S'£li l~ (Teach him gr<\{{_, (p ;osody) etc. at'~~ means
.the subsequent mention of a thing already m!ationed,
 e. s.. ~l<iit{it-
~ o ~. ({Cfll{lr(I: ~~~ct;~: ' ~a~' ~1~: ( This)
31. ~ ~ ~R
m:. ~ -~ ~-~t ~ij'[Ff-~~
~~

~ o~. ~Cfil{I~ : ~~: '<:F{' ~16((: (Who)

~
sr. ~: 'lT %
~
m:. ~ 1.fT tfF{
.::
"' ~ •
q;. (f tfl+(ff 1:f!
•
:q, ~~ tf{+"tfl' ir+'l:
•
q. ~im{_ ~+(ff it+~:
".
~.
t{~Q

t4M9l
~:
~:
~~
~
~ ~d{(l_' 4difc( ~

~~ 0. ({Cfil((r(i: ~: '~' ~<iiC{: (Who)•

.
sr. ~ % ~:

m:. ~ it '
~:
•
. {· t{tft t{(+"f I ~:
~ •
:q. tf~tf tf (+tf1 t{(+tf t
•
Cf. tf~t{(: ~"1;ff t{(+t{:.
Sf. ~ "'tr
"' .......
rn:.
" «<l_ ti tflf;{
~ g~ I l~~ ll~' <{Qij~ ~T

•
~. ~~( ~+~ "
~¥{((l{!
• • •
:q, ~~-a, ~<:{f ·qf ~it+~-er:
•
~{+<:ff
q', ~ ~
•
'i. ~~-~, ~w:-crt, ~l{f.ii-C('!

ij'. "
~r:r ~'): ~~
1 The two Sabdas · ~{~, and 4di!~ become ~Rr
in Nominative, Voc4tive and Accusative Singulars.
•The Oplional shorter forms of~ and at~ viz., cqy•
iff, 'f:, ij- and if'T, .ft, if:, ~ are never used at the begining
of a sentence or of a foot ('fl~) of a '9't<i, nor can they b~
used immediately before particles :q, ~, ~T~ ~ and ~ u
~<= ~il~~'l\

~ ~ ~. ~tnl{l'"d: '~~q~'
"'-
~: ~ ~~ @lf"i{il.'Ct: (I)
~. 31l~ 3lltl I'( q~
~

ft, mi{-llTt ~f.n1{_-;:rT t ~m1'._-'i:

• "
<r· w:n 3lltti+<U ~'411+{:
• ~ •
~. imt(lr 3l Iq- I+-iJT-TlTt ~-'{:
•
q, mctT+~ 3{~fld\
~ •
'f. f{f{-lft 31ti:tift:-;:r'lt ~i{f.ti-;r:

~. itf1:r 31(qqr! ~iflij

~ ~ ~. i:t"fil{l;:a: ~: * '~' ~: (Who~)

~

'!I. q:;: ~ ~
~

ft:. ~ qiT ~
• ~

~. ~· qq+"-qf ~:
•
::q. ~~ qq+~ ~:
•
q'. ~ma: qq+'1'.f1' ~"ti'!
~: ~
"·
~.
q:;~q

q:;ft+i( ~: ~
~ Cl'kt{' Cfidil '~

* Indefinite pronouns are formed by the addition of

~' '<l"f or 8lfq- to the various cases of this word in all
the genders e.g. lifi~l'l, ~ff, <6tsf't, iti'f~, lfill"i"'t'if !tid,
~~'~etc.
 ~$wr ~r~r: ~~
~ ~'-\. f!Cfil{lro: ~~: '~' ~: (Who?)
3(, $1 ~ ~:
f[. ~ ~ ~:
~. ~tfl
~
~ "
tfilt~:
~. ~~q ~<rt cr.p.<f:
q'. ~~qr: ~T+ttf cm+i:r:
'l. ~~q1: ~: ~(ij'4(
«. ~~ ~: ~Tij
~ tfR={{, Cf)ijJ{ ~

~ ~ G.· irctir{t;ij: ~~ijCflre·~·: '~' ~: (What?)

!i. ~ ~ ~f;r
f[. ~4( ~ ~
~ ~ I ~ *Cfid{~, tfR={&l~ ~

~ ~ '-'· iitfil{f;ij: ~~: '~ t ~: (This)

~
::~ ~
3(.
ft:. (~¥(-«(;{¥(_ t
•
(~l~-l(;fl(
~. ;-~tl, 3IT+tfl'
•
~:
~. 3ff+11T ~:
•
~. 3TI:~ 3lt+tfl' ~:
31wrif:~:,
"·«. 31~q

ami1~ .· ~:~:,
~
~!
The ~ ~..~1s Cfid(C( and q;a-&r~. become Cfiiluc:d in
Nominative Vocative and Accusative Singulars,
 ~ ~ ~. ilCfif{Fo: oo~~: '~~' ~~: (T his)

~. ~~ ~ ~:

rn:.
" ~ifll{_-~l'{_' ~-~,
•
~m·-~·
~ . .
~· 3T;:r:f{~1:ft' 3TI+tff ~:
:q,
~
•
m:lf 3Tt+"tff 3TI+tt:
•
q, m:trr: 3{f+qf 3Tt+lf:
q, m'.(ff! 3lwtit':-q;~>it:, 3Tf1JPl
~. 3TI:1.TP( ~it:-q;;{~:' 31~

,....
'3£. ~q(Ff

.r"n:. ~it1A-t1;;uR

~ \ o. ijCfil<I~: ~re*: ' ~<:>~ ' ~r~ : (This)

!t. ~ 31{ ~
ft. ~ .
~ 3T{9{
•
~· ~Uwtl ~'lif 31lftfu:
~
:q'. 3{ijti{
~ ~"li:
 ~ '
ijq'ilif ~~[ :
'.3'
l(f. 31~1&_ 3litWi ~:
'llf. 3'fijl'i;q ~: 3f'ilq1'{
~. ~~ ~: ati1T9:

~ ~ ~. ~Cfil(Rf: ~*: ~' ~: (She)

~
'
·31. 3'.ffiT ~ ~:
"
11:· ~ 3ll{ ~:
~.
:q.
3lijttl
~
~
•
•
.:
3'{~ ~'1n' ~-ir:
.q, 31ijiitf 1: 31l{+<ft ~-ir:
,. 31~: ~: 31¥ftl'l
·~. 31ij641~ ~: ~

~ ~ ~ . ~Cfil'( I~: ~~Cf'l~*: '3l~fl.... ' ~: (T ha.t)

·31. ~: ~ •
ft. a-{~: ~ 3lt(~
~ ~~

~ ~ ~. ({Cfil(I~: ~~: '~((' ~: (Other}

!f. ~ ~ ~:
~ ~ ' ~' ~a(<l<S:,
·~ . ~~!'tiit\

'~' ~: ~~~ ~rtiF(t;=a: (Other)"

~~~,~~q_

octil<t~: if~Cf. ~: ' ~' ~~: (other)1

' ~ ' ~l~CIQ_

~
+{C{.-d(

~ ' ~itij_' ~~~

_., ._._
~ ~ '-\. '~' ~<SG:: ~ ~Cfll'<!~ : (Thee}
"· ~ ~C{<:tff +ttl<:tft
m-- ' ~ , ~(~Cl((
(tCfil<I~: if~ifiRJ'*: '~' ~: (Thee}:
"· ~ ~ ~ccf;a.
. ~ '~, ~l~d:_
\t U« (1q"{t~I~ stefi(Oll( U
- ·• 0 ·
• -

~'U·~if si"":i~" ~ s:&<i\'<fi~: "1' ~ 'f'4'+tS~et: ; ~"'

¥1'11"1. q:;;ufij, ~Cfd\° ~f{\--~~ II
 e3i41~~1: (Numerals)
atcnl{l;:a:* '~ ' ~:-f4~cm""4'1'1 ..(t: (One)
Z~G.. ~ ~~.~. ~ ~~~. ~-

" .
m:.
~:
I ~
~
q:. '
q:~;s
'""
--1(~-~'i

~mq_

"· ~'l ~~t: '(~~

ij. ~'ii~~~ ~~~ ~~lf.l

~ir{Ol{IB~llcl~~ ~ ffi_~:q~-if~;ei:qY\ '31N ~Cf: I
OG:T '31~ ' tl~ ' ~I«!\~({_ ~ I!

'rn:' ~:-m ~:q~r..a: (Two)

~q;r~lrC\:
z~ ~ . ~m z~ mirll{ z~ z. ~~
0
•

sr. it ~
f[.
- ---- ----··- - - - - --
*I:{~ when means ' one' is declined o nly in tilt"
Singular; but in other senses it is declined in t he D u:t!
and Plural also.
 {I+~
. :q, •
,,;~1
[l+~
•
q', ~~ ~ttt
~. rn: rn:
«. rit: rn:

rn:. ~
~. ~: ~:
,....
~. T?Jl'Q': "
m1.T:
q, ra+11: m<i:
q. Ei<illl(I'( ?{ 'Q'(Uft'(

ij, ~ ~
~: '~ t ~: ~ Cl~"f'il;:a: (Four)
,~'\.Mas · 'I~~ . Feminine ,~~.Neuter
::q~1~: ~: :q~rft
oq((t.t:
~dtif4:
:qa~+'<i:
 ('
~+<:r: :qij'!+(f:
('

~umi:. ~6~11'(
('

~ :qij~
' tt~~' i:r~ll: ' ;:reta:~t'\' .qq~~r:
('... ~~I:; ba.ve
8 a.me declension in all Genders a.nd in Plural only.
~ {<=.tf~~ (;i1v:{1:) ~ ~ ~.~ ('fi;:ij':) ~ ~ 0 .ijf{'f: (~•~ :)
- I •
51. q~
~ ml
ft. q~ 'R
'
~

·~·
"
q~: ~Rl: ~:
~. q~+i:r: ~+tr: m{l-<:f!
q. q~+i:r: ~i:r: ij~+~:

·q, '
q~·~ni: lfUU((~ ij~(~I~
.ij. q~ ~ mt«
~ ~ ~. ~Cfil{l;a: '31\!"{' ~~: (Eight)-~ ~~~ Wtil_
~ ~ (~q-~) fW1:i ~ (~t~{;:a'l)
SJ. 3lf! ~
ft. ~l! 3l!T
~. 31Wt: 31Wl!
:q. .
I
 ~t!(;f P(_

~~It!

* '~ ~ '"1ci~~'~' ~: ~r;a:r: 'fla~ ~'~1' it

M~~~l~<t:-Numerals 20 and above
mire-:, fe;r~1~, :qi;q1R~1q_, ~~, m:, ~:,.
'3f~ftf<f :, ~: ~ ~R>~·r: 1 ~~, :q~1f{~, q~1~f<t
~• ~: CICfll<l;a1:, i31r~ ~9'il<l;aT: ~fa" M"~: I ~
trerr m:
~IB, fq~qo1aqr ITTT~~ :q I M~f{O(~
~ l{Cfli.f"''A~ct , ('.{~ ' mrra: ~u:, ~~
f4~1Slfd41 ~ g; ~'1'-~~ a:rftt ~: I ~~ '~Cfl1ori
~ fci~1cft, 'lJC!i ~: fci~1a4:' ~~rm: 1 ~ ~r<Far;:rr 'i:rra'
~&::.etq_, ijtnfWffiWTT ' ~R~' ~G?-J~ :q wrrfOT ~~Ol{I~ 11.
~a ~-~-~-~a ~~r: ~m;a-"1~~~:,
cti'!~roa:: ~Ch1<1;am~: 1 ~~l;ffajq f.i~qo1a(fr ~
~'t!"f~CT, ~-' Wr ~T:' '~~ ~:' ~ffl: I
~~w.rctln ~ g; f~=tt"f-~CJ~ a:rN ~ctcr:, <tin 'ncrr
~ ~,' '~Cfi!Oif mfOT ~~fcrr '-~K II
~ '!?=(. ~TWCI: '~IB' ~10::.:-R~'l§)""l"'Cl"'lF<f: (How ma.ny)
Sa.me in all Genders
tfire, ~re, Ciiru~:, m+'?.l:
tiiM+<r: €fi~~1~ tiiffl!!
. ll ~ ~<'4~~1~~t: II
* Refer to pages 79 and 80.
 3t,. ~tl'~&i\1:-(0rdinals)
~ IJ~. atCf>t{f;>ij: ~~: '!Nll' ~: (First)
~. !Nl{: ~r m-st~¥41:
~ 31. ~ 31~ ~ !Nl{f t ~-~ ~:
~ ' Utt ' ~((ii((C(d:_
~4 ~{+r-awr-aN'-<lifcr~-~-rn:~-?lli-~a<t :qg~~: II
.
~ ~ \?. \;f'ICf>l{l;:'.(t: ~lp;i": ' !N1{T ' ~ca:: (First)
31. 31~T 3Nlt° ~:
~lfl~ ' \JD ' ~ciq_ 1 ~ '~+rr ' an~sfif II

~ \? '-\. atCf>1<1..a: Wi~Cfirei": ' sr~it ' ~~: (First)

31. 31~it~ sr~lt' ~inf;{ ·
~~~ ' tn~ ' ~OG;CI~ I ' ~~ ' ~l~St~Cl II
:q. *ftJ1q~~-ftftq1q ' OOft 4 '+"1fl &«t~·~:
·· ftilq ~ lffi{_-~~fr~ , ft:6rrr~.1:ff R:Jl~+t{:
"· mftwr ftmqilt:
~. fMtq~qW{-~~' ftffi4i(t: ftJl q '"'''
OO=ftq~
t{Ci '~' ~:

~ ~'-'. '311'fiJ{F(f: ~~: ' fut'l<.n' ~: (Second)

'\+«' ~~ 1 ~ ~w-ff-q-?.Fft-w~arii(fi­
~ -ft~q~q- f[~q1~ ; mftq~1.fr; -rn:~ftqr~: ;
fufttt~trr: - B:~PTT:, &.dlt1~1.f1~ -OOimtm(- ~~
~ f61~q: I ~ ~~sfq II

~ ~~. '31Ctil{I~: ~~«Cfi~~·: '&<ftq' ~: (Second}

3f. rufiq'{ mtt~ fi<ftq rR
~. 31 t mil~ t~ t fuftq1f;c
tt. mn~ ~ 00f1q1f.f
~ ~I ~ '~~ ' ~~: II
1
~-~qla:4: ~I: ~SN-~ 'UIJ' ~~C4Q..;.
~ ' ~ ' ~~; ~ ' ~ ' ~l;;:;C:f!ij' SWo41: II
*ft~l'1<r and tra1<r (in all genders) are optionally
declined like «<f in the Dative. Ablative Gentitive and
· Locative Singulars • Refer to page 79.'
 ~ ~ q~"ffr: ~itl~IO?..r:, ~ f;;csq;;rr: ~­
Sftlllll~I: ~1r:r ~IOC::l!tl, R;tj.~sfq ~~-
~ill~IOC::I: (Cardinals) ~it4~t~T:
" (Ordinals)
Mas. Fem. Neuter. Mas. Fem. Neut.er.
z ((qi: ~ l\cm\1 *~: Sf~ ~
~ [t -.g; a
'"'2
m-"'
d_c(tq ; ffi.a141 ~~~
~ ~= Rr~: ~tur3 ®"~: ~~ <rdlef4f\.
If:q~.. :qg;~ ~
~ "'1~41<: "'Id~: 'il~rR4 ~ [fm: ~~ gUt14f\
lI~·. g<fr ~
~~ q~: q~ q~li4f\

~~ trn: ttITT ~
\3 mr"' ~a'i: m ~8tf+(

~~, ~ ~f!'f : ~!lft ~f!ii'f\

~~ • '1C!Jt: ~1 "'lct+i'l_
~o ~ ~l+i: ~ ~l+i'f\

* ~"Jit'l~C(t: (i.s .•) ~OT1t~~1-e1s lfro~ ~' f[, f5£,

~ and 'i'{._ are irregulary formed; q~;i:, ~H'l, .,-1''{,
'.ind ~~they are formed by dropping the final "t, and
<1.ddiog ;{.
I, 2, 3, 4-Refer to pages 73 and 74.
~o ~raid!l~+J\
.~ill~l;((I : ~illt~l(i)({I: (Ordina.ls)
(Cardinals) ¥"~ fl.s.;c ~' ¥( ~
1
~~ ~Cfil~I 1{Cfil~l : t(CfilG:~ft l!.Cfi~~l'l_
~~ ~ i:(ld\~I: ~ roa:~r+J\ •'

'
~ ~ 'l~ct~I ~~d\~I: ~)<WT ~Ta:~
~m
(' ('

z~ ~~ ~~ : =qg~

~ 1-\ qQC{~T qQ?._~I : ~a:m q?ad\~lll,

~~ ~ ~: £JlGm tfl~~
~" ~ct~! 68~1 : mra:m ijij(!\~I'

~~ 3'~~ ~!!!Id\~: awa:m ~~+!\

f'1ctct~l
2
· ;rcta;~I: ~~ W!C1C{~I~ )
I
~ '<. ~
~Cfi1;ifci~: l{cffl'1mt: Q}b)'1Mm ({Mere~
l~~~: ·t!;CN~: l{<hl~M~ l{<hl~fci~1~
l~~: ~em: ~m ~Cffl+{_
<._o ~:3 fq~: fqm WT~
fcl~fcffi'lf: mrffiaift f4~RK!~
~ z ~~fa: t(tfiM~T: ~m. q;efem'l.
~~~~~~~--- -~~~--~~ I

1. Th,e ordinals from 1("61~~ to if~~'l. are foimed •

by dropping the final <J.. i. e. Q;'liTC\U etc.
2. The 9th compound numeral l 19, 29, 39, etc. may
also ~made up by prefixing ~ (11:iF.+6r.f), ~'ll' (Q.<'fifcl+i!)
or o;;(=less by one to the higher.
3. See foot-notes on Page 81.
~i!l~i~I: '3iil~~~I: (Ordinals)
(Ca.rdina.ls) ~ f&l~r'( ~
~~ 111fc1~1fd: *~~: !liM~ft ro~
1

~ ~ ?l~fci~rRt: ?l~M~: ~~ 'll-Ofci~r~

~~ :qgmrra: ~mi: ~mrr :qg;fct~1+1_
, "' q~fci~1ra: q?afc1~: q~Mm qiijfci~t'\
~ s. tt~fc1~fa: li~: ~~m q~f4~1'\
~ \9 ~0fc1~fd: ~~: ~~1 ~~
~ ~ i:Sf!1~~re: ~e1fc1~r: i31~~ afl!IM~I'{
*The ordinals from ~U~ aod above have twe>
forms; The first form is by adding Q•T in.v ariably; e.g .•
~:ttfaail, N~'{'(ir, qfterir., etc.
The second form is : -
(a) By dropping fa' of ~~m, group and forming it$
Compounds e.g., fem, ~~, etc.
(b) By dropping (!'.. of f.irqH{., =<(c<ftR~ and ~l~'t<t:.
groups ; m;, ... ~~ and q:e 1~r .
(c) By chan~ing the final ~ to ar of ~f£ upt<>
"'"~""'..""CJfu: e.g., t;iitlf'l, ~'li~!ffi, etc.
1

Note that the following 4 cardinals !iii:, «Hft'r, ar~

and ..4fd have only the first form, e.g., q~ir, ~Rldait,
ai~Afad'f and "l<ffdd'f n
•In the compounds of q111q1 ..~1s (12,: 22, 23, 24 etc).
ft, ~and~, are changed to [I, 'Pf: an1 arm necessarily
before ~qf"{ , fq-~R! and ~tr. and optionally b~!or«t
...(tflfl:\t<l. , q~t~I(!, 'i~. Wfa and <tCffcr. Before armre they
remain unchanged.
S--6
<: ~ ~l~~wt4i~
~~l~l<ild;I: ~~~1;a:r: (Ordina.Is)
{Cardinals) @:I fur1.ff+{. ~
~ ~ ifqf-:mffi: ~P-r~: ffim ~~
~o f~fl f~: f;im ~
~ ~ ~~Cl ~Cf$!~: l'{cfifufr ~qf~~
~- ~ ~r~ ~~~: ID~'T ~~
~ ~ ~ll™~l(l ~~: ~llffif~ft -~I~
~ ~ :qg;f€ilmr_ ~~: :q~m ~~~
~ u.. m~ 11~f?t~: ~f;im q~~~'\
~ ~ q~~~1ij_ ff~~: i;r~f-im ~~
~ ~ ~~ m~: ija~w «a~~~
-~ <'.'. awf;RTQ., \;\'Ef~~: 6ffiff,zjt atl!J~
~~ ~~~CI.. m~: ~m if~f~~
~o :q~.•HR~ :q~1fur ~IITTTI :q-~IR~I~
~~ ~:er~~ Q;q1:qffiR~1: <{tfioq(~HR~ft ~<=ir'l~I~
~<_ ~1:q~1R~I~ ID"ff-llR~l: ~Rr~fffi ID~rR~
W:il~rR~ W;q~rff~: ~~f<m ~<crITT~
~ ~ ~!tl~IR~l(l ~~ffi: ?Pl~~rfW 71lf~~I~
$:q~ffi~1~ ~:q~~Ifffi: f?r~~";l1Rm f;I-q,~~TR~
~ ~ ~~~ ~&T"~Tf{~: :q~~~f(m :q~~~
~u.. ~~(qr~ · 4'?d:c:r(C(Tf(~: q~:c:r(qJf{m q~"RcnfuR.
<J a,, -q~:q(qlR~
q~(ei1ITT1: "f~:c:r<~1fffit ~~=i:i~I~
~'9 ~a:c:r~r~~ ~a:c:r<~1fW: tr~::rrnm ~a=ci~~~
 .....
~~-~~~: ~l

~ill~faiGJ: iji"i:i4~faii:(I: (Ordina.ls)

(Cardinals) if« ~ii:, l1fl'~
~ ~ ote-q~rR~ ~:q~f"R:u: '5f~IR~iT ~1;ctJITTr'i.
an!1::q~1R~ 3Te:l"C4~W: \5i!f'RC1fRlW i3lt!l'qecf fR~
~t<. ;:iCl=ct(qJITTJ~ '1C!"'l~ITTr: ;:ict=q~ifRm ;i~=ct~1R~ri:t\
·'-\o Q!i.il:Ut'l. q~ro: ~m · ~~
•..., ~ ~Cfi4?J1~r<'l. ~q~1~r: ~~m Q}flq~~ri\
-~~ ~1q!i.i1~111_ aN~t~r: il14!1.i1m ID'1~1~1+f\
~ffi"C{_ m:q~r:u: ~~) fu:r~l~l+f\
'I.\~ ~:q!i.i1~r<'l. 'fll:~ro: ~:wrm ~:cr!i.i1~t'\
~~m<I.. ~~r:u: ~~ ~m~
'I.\~ ~:q~r~ra:_ ~:4~ro: :q~CNrm :qg:4m~
'-\'-\ ~q~~ ~q~ra: q~q!i.il~ft q~q?J l~I+f\
·'-\ ~ f.J~?ilro<I, tt~~m: ff~4!1.iI~ft "~!i.i'T:u+f\
·'-\'9 ~84?ill~<'l ~ITT~l~I: ijffCf~if ij84~1~14\
·'-\<: \3fl!WI~t<'l. \ifeq~1:u: af1!4~rm aff!4!1.i1~14\
i:Stf!l4~~ \ift'.!14~ra: ~rciiarat an!T4!1.il~I'\
·'"' ~ "fc14!1.i1~1q_ '1C{4!1.il~: o:rCJ4!1.i1m ttqtl~r~
~o "tfra: ffraair: trm~r mi{+\
.s_ ~ ~'f.ffffi: ~Cfi~: t(Ciiq !ft l(Cfil't l!fi\
-~ '( ~fu: g:lttf!: ~ g:1q!W\
~rn: ~: m:w @qf!'J\
-~ ~ :;m:lifu: ~:~: ~ll:W ~:~
~~: ~: f3fw Rtte'(
('.~ ~I Ci><{ii&itiU~
.....
~ill~l~I: ~'it4~1aia\1: (Ordinals)
(Ca.rdina.ls) ~ ful'ttll( ~
G.~ ~:m: :qg;:'fl!: :qg:w ~:~
G.~ q~qfe: q~Ef I!: q~Eft11 ~~
G.G. ~ra: tR.tn!: Efltf et Ef{_tf f!Ji\
"' "'
eat:tlft l!l\
~

a.. \9 mNrl: mt'tn!: l("f 1:p~

G. ~ Gil!t<ffi: i31ll!tt I!: '3T~ afl!!ti~

Gim'4f!: ~l!!ltt I!!: ~'flft \:Si l!!It'f~

G. ~ ;:ictt'ff!: ~qEf I!: '1Cfti !ft ~t'ff!Ji\
\90 ~: {ffifua;t: ea ream eafcr~
"' ~ ~8Rt:
t(Cfieaa: t!;:Cfim ~mfff'I,
\9~ ~1(18Rr: ~1'88d: g:1eaa1 ~fmfatr_
~ ..~: f@aa: @:eaa1 @~Hid~
... .
\9~ ~:mi.~· ~:eaa: ~:(ffiat ~~ : ffffill!,
f;.('lafd: f,{ijijd: f?teaar ~wa,
·~ ~ :qg:~: :qg:wa: ~:~ ~ : eaa~
'9'"' q~eafd: q~eaa: criaeffif'l ~~~acR:.

"G. maRt:
"\
tfat8G:
., 'R.~
.... t:t ~<a acrJ,.
'-IBWfcr:
\9\9 i!.'t8'88d: ~(ffiat ~~crl,.

"~ at~aRt: i31eeaa: ~ijC{(l'f ~tfij"~

at l!(ij8 fd: Gll!!(ij(l(l; 6tl!!teaat 6tf!f1(18d'(
.
\9Q.. Wfcf~: "lCl('l8d: itCfijffi'ft '1Cl68~
~ 0 GttJTre: ~~ftRtait: ~fcrcr4t l31·~ fda'l'I..
~ ~ ~Cfit~fd: l(Ctlt~fta: l(Cf;l~at l(ifil~ftd'(
~~I~la{I: '"'
~il4~16d\t: (Ordinals)
(Cardinals) ~f« ~ ~
~~ amlftt: ~met: ~ftcft ~~ftd+J\
~~ ~~ftfd: ~1ct: ~mat 5"~
~ ~ :qg;<zjl fd: "
"Clg{~ll({: ~~ :qg<zjl~
~'"\ <r.a~: q~(~Tid: irn~ "
q~ I~lld+I\
~~ q1SWRt: 'fGm: E!IS~flat ~~
~" ija1~nra: ~: ij(if~ficft ij8 (~ftd'i,.
~~ atei~fcf: ~mta: ~e1~dl ~l~ftd+J\
~~ "fq~flIB: ;:i~u~fta: ~1~na1 "
tjq l~lld'i,.
~o .m: ~fa~: ifcffcrijlft ~~
~~ t(Cfi'1<4ffi: ~Cfi'1'4d: ~~qijt
~~ t;\l"fC{ fd : @:l'ieta: al'1i:fa1 9:1'1etdi:(
~efcr: @'19d: fa<tcia1 ~d'(
~' ~~'1Clfd : ~~'1Cld: ~~'iC!al ~t-0'1Cld+J\
~ra: ~era: · f?l<tci~ f?t'"ICld'i,.
·~~ :qg;~: . ~~: ~~
('

~ ~ 'fUIJfcrRr: qoo1ctd: t(OU(C{ffl '{OU(Cfd'i_

~" ~il3'1ct fd: ~0"1Cld: ~'1Cfd+J\
"1\ ~ ~1!'19fd: . ~!'11.td: ~IMctd'(

af l!l"'ii:f fd: '3l'l!l~: ~T'ictd+J\

~ ~ '19"19fd: wtct"1Cld: ii1Ci"ICld'{_
"1Cf"f'.1 fdair: i(CMCf
•
fddlf'(
 '"'-
~~'it l~led;I: ~~~ct~I~: (Ordinals)
(Cardinals). .~
" ~q(~ ~
~00 )~~ ~1aai:r: ~m ~iaaii,

~ooo ij~l?\'l\ ("{~~dff: ij~\'f ai:t1 ~t30('1'~

,0000 \;l~d'l\ ~~: ~~ ~~dq't,

~00000 ~-~~; ~~t{: ~~ ~~aii,

~000000 ~'l\ ~cr;r: ~ain S{~d€f't'l\

tooooooo cm~: cfir~: ~Rai:ti qi)~

*The ordinals from mr and above. are formed only

by adciing air e.g., ~oai:r, ~ii.~oir, <iiflGa'I' etc.
The other cardinals above <iiR: are:-
~ ~ • r. d ~
81~, ~, ~, ir&l~~. ~~, ~~1"1, an q~1q ! ar-a-, +i'-~

Each of these is ten times as great as the rreceding,

Refer to the following slokas : -

~Cl1-FW-~ ~~~l~Cf-~~-st~ct-~: if.ll~: I

;;i~a:it<*r ~-R\Cl~-~yq<q-~~~~ II
~~I~ ~ q{l~fiifd ~uITTm: ~: r
• (' ::t' .
~ill'l{I: ~"flo:rf e<:t~~ ~T: ~: II

'' ~ ('l~'t1(-('littq~1~1: ''

'' WJ ~~~ ~\UtiJ: ''
31, ~qlef;~:

~ ~~~lf.fiq!
~~:ti~~
~~'IBi'

31. .

•
ij'. sr.

:ct.
- ----------- .. ·············-····--·- ·-.. - -
*The word \if{T opuonally a5 ~ um~ the forms 0f
~before the vowt.I term inations.
~'{-'<ll{T~T ~fl. QRQ"{~tll' ~fo qrfirrf.rir&~: I
 ~~&illi~
• " ('
IWi\it\1(\ "
f~\it
{' .
\!+(ff f;{~~•"'tt
~~~ij':
" (' R~.aBtt:
(' ..
m{~1:1'
"'
~~:
(' "·{' m t~~l
l<l1-51\!
'
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•
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vii. one Present Tanse, 3 kinds of Pa.st Tense
a.nd ~ kinds of Future Tense
TENSES.
Name Sanskrit English Example
('
1. ~ C{d'il'f: Present ~
'
J
Pa.st Tense,
f Imperfeet
Past Tense, J
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f Aorist
J
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Perfeet
First
f Future ~
Second
f Future J ~~

* Besides tho 10 wil(IS there is one more fft(-

 ::q~(\: st€fit(~~T:-Four Moods
1. ~ '31Iijf Imperative ~Cl§.
2. AA~ fqw: Potential ~
3. i3tl~ft~ ~; Benedictive ~f<l

4• ::::1:2:
~4"
~ Mi~if<tqfu:
~: 5
t Conditional '27"1~
91~1~""1\~
•
~ ~ ,.... ....~
~ ~t'( %€fi~lfffq <?Jthl~.~q- ~·~ tzq~ ~~~<n:
(Persona.I Term~na.tions) +tttRf I ~?cl ~: ijf;:({-
Sf~(it:f: Third Person used with ~: etc.
'i'EZl'l~: Seoond Person ,,
;;:Jtj'i~: First Person ,, ~'i\

~art ~ ~ ct"i:t~Wr ~~ I
~ q'q"f'f\ Singular
m: q;\f"f+I\ Dua.I
~ q!Ct"i'f\ Plural Sl~aft~~
,~~ttSl~lflfr ~~ 'Rre' ~'!)~~ I RI~ '~..
~, '311~:tq<;:4{' tjij t ~ ~: I
~~ ~+"lf:
q\~?tq(\~q ~t ij 'tlld::(: 'q(~~qfa\~:t ~~'l)J;f;:d l
viz, ~ This is used only in Vedas, and is hence
termed ••The Vedic Subjunctive''. These technical names
are given in the following <6tftc1;1-
~ ~~-~ ~~-~ ~-~~(('I'll I
f<if:41fii<c1~ ~Jr~ ~~-~"" ~f.\tqfa n
 ~~0 ~¥13'1~ .

~ atl~~q(ircr, a- '3TR~ttf4~:' ~""q4 I

~~~~itN ~~~, ~ '~~q~~:' (~..-.q~u
'tro:~~ '3TR~~ (~Qr<lij ~ I ~
:ft-q=q;:ure.ffit &'TI ~ 't\N-amoo ~ ~+rcrre 1
~ q~q ~<i)iu~ (For another) ~ q ~
:q(~~q(~; ~ ij 3m'fi{: a-q~;((1.f (For Self) ~
"3U~it~q~ st<i'l~ott~ ~ 0~Cl~ l ~ ~:
m-q(~~q(i.(, wr: q~~-3tR~(\4( I
~ ij ~ oq~~m ~ 'il@:q~ I q(~q~,
:am~~ Rm st~s:Jiij' ~ctQ: II
~ifil(f:. '«(~~~:' (Conjugational Tenses
and Moods}, '~~:' (Non-Conjuga.tional
Tenses and Moods) ~ ~ ~: I ~ ~'
~' wRlfu~ ~ ~~1<: «l~\illdifit: I ~ ~' 31N.
~'«'1: I (1l~l41m ~ ~ltt_Wif 31~~1ttf ~ ~
fctifi(Oll(~i:
. Si~QI: ~1.(t11q~ I ~m ~ '~' ~
. ·3i,sttf44~-~+at+~ I. (~) ,~, ~ ~:, (~) '~
~ fitwlSl~tt:, (~) 'Rf' ~ ~qS(€q~: 11
Nifi<OIS(~QU ~~Nf4t: I ~ ~('liijfq 141®
~ ~ R11;q ~: . 1 . ~ .ft:;-
•
 ~~-
~~lJ:
llt'
4i ~
~

ffi
sp.pf: ~:

~: ate{(~: '3'C{ fa - atfu

~ - a - ~
§; fij-~-
·~: ~Ft:
~ - a ~
~: R<t1R: ~ ~ ta a c{t04fd ~
·q!FJ¥f: ~= ij ~ fcf a ~ ij~.
~: ~: ~ \3f Rr a- ~ ~
~a'*= · ~: ~ if fcf a ~ ~
61t!if: wrrfct: a;r_ '1 ta a aif!fa ~
~it= ~ifr~= ifft ;ii ta a · ~fti ~~
ey.f¥f: ~= ~ · ~ ta a 'ifl«ra
~<~
atl~~,~~ <i5411"ls ~Cfi(Olf.cfl_t:u,1 «~it "flM I
~ it::catrt ~RIC(: '~: ' (e- +~ i. e. with (, the
.augment). ~qi! ' ~:. ' (~ + ~ ... i. e. without th~
augment t J) ¢41-l[ qr~; ~ , atd: .. Ndf, ..fiscqtft+.
~ \llit: g~•S.NqW • ~ 't' (~~·~· ~· "4!·
taltF ~' ~: t'.f'ihl9~4itc41<ft '.:' t&attl~ I
For detailed study refor to ~l~'lllt Book
 (' • • •......:4 ' ~ ::nmo
m'~ ld~f '1T ~€fil((Ult ~~·~· -iil"flff;ff: ~~~'1'11! It
(Persona. I Terminations)

~?:• (cIBi:rT;rT~Cfi: Present Tense)

Sf. ~· fu (f: ~ij ~ ~

+r. ~· fu ~: ~
\;. ~· fir tr: tt: ~ ~~ ~
" :)
(~~ aroroa~~ Imperfect (Past) Tense

3t· ~.. ~ ~ 3l;i: a ~'il 31;:-q

+f. ~· ~ ~ ~ ~.rr: f'4Ti{ ~~
~. ~- ~ q ~ ~ tfl~ ~
~ (W~~i: >rr~rrr~r.o:) Impera.tive Mood.

31~ qff{_
ij ~tr

art+r It
WN~ (AAqJ~~~~:) Potentia.l Mood.

sr. ~. ~ {«T~ ~: ~ {q1a1~ ~

ir. ,;. ~: ~ ~ ~r: ~ ~~~
~. ~· . ~ ~ ~~ ~ t:m: ~
 ijltfQ'l~t: $!\'ll"ll! ~\:-~
· ~. ~ (~ifAT~Cfi:) Preeent Tense.
~~~+]\ m:q~~+J\ q~qif"1''l.

1J~+l~~f{:
"'
~Rf ~: ~Cl~
"
+ICll«
"
~qrr~ ~1er: +1ci 1q:
~. ~ ("l~-a-.,~~~~-r4Cfi:) Imperfect (Past) Tense .
•
>r. ~ 3l+Iet1T
ff. at+{tf! .~ 3i+f.f~
•
'G'. 3{+ft( mF-TFI ~

~. ~~ (~~rW:~MCfi:) Imperative Mood.

•
~-+rq~; lltl<fl
lf.{-+(q~; ~ij
,....
~Cl 11"1 ~tt' ~~
~. ~M-~ (wmttr~4Cli:) Potentia.I Mood·
~ +RITT ~:
+A: ~(f ~
+Air ~ ~lJ

S-8
 31114N•tl~: st~~1: ~ -~
~, ~ (0fi1'4actiffct1Slid'.~Cfi:) First Future Tense.
~ ~

sr. 11ftla1 lli'?te1~1 +tftta1\:

11. ~m llMdl~: llf4a1w
o. ~Ra1~ ~a1~q: +{Ndt41:
~. ~ (~fcllSll~Cfi:) Second Future Tense.
sr. +tftlc;t1f<tllAtqa: +rf4it1~
ir. +rRtqfu' m'Ctttt~: llM!itl~
~. +rftltqtfu ~Mttf(iif: ltfcitRftll:
~ (~ ~t14fwr ~ ~.41l4i i31PA\il ~)
Conditional Mood.
sr. ~ anlf.tit1af 3flf~
ir. ~i+rf?lttt: ~~ ~
ij, ~ 3l+rf.tlitllq ~
~ . ~ (ll_dl'l~a;:iq~~M.ql~:) Perfect (Past) Tense.
3(. ~ ~: . ~:
......
"· ~~let~ ~: ~
l. il'~q q~ ~
" .
'-\. (~ ~l?J~tti:) Aorist (Past) Tense.
31. 3T~FI: ~ ~
•
l{, ~: ·~ ~
•
~. ~q ~ ~
 ~Sitfi<D(l{_ i·t,,
~- ~~ (~l~fi<~:) Benediotive Maod.
31'. +{~ 4{q(~<tl'( ~~
t{. ~: l{tf 1~~ ~·~«
::g'. ~ ~~ IBf l{~l~q
' ~' eff~l?1~ (to bow} ~'l''fiQifi:~iM'qe:,'t
("tl~l~: Sf<::QQ{: 'q~e{f\t-ll
z• ~ Present T6nse.
~ ~ q.~
~ ~~ ~i:.f
a-. ~ qrC::ltf~
;r.:~
~- ~-Imperfect (P&st} Tense .
•
!f. a{C{ ;:(\({ -344.......~ 31t1 ff..-=~
3''4;:((m-: ~ti~.~~ ~r~~~:rq
~ ~'4~·~~ ~;"(~!~·
~. ~-Imperative Mood.
q;:(\ij('{ . ~llI, ~r(l(q'
'
q~q 9..'~if{
~4 ~~~
~. WNWs·'g·--Poteatia.! Mood.
~
"' ~RTIT(
~.n: ~~
~ ill~~
 ~ ~
~: ~~:~-·-~
~. ~-First Future Tensa.
sr. "
et'~~{ et ~ -.:II~~ ef~~
..G.~@~:
qfk:<ltit q·~-~1(l1~ ttK<l'~
et~ etl;t!.ft(~ttl ~~~~
'(. ~ Second Future Tense.
31. ~~ q~'
,.....
~r:~~
+r. " '('\
tf l~fit4 (fl~t1l~-4'' q~""t~~
\;'. ef~
. tW~rtT~ Cl'~~t'-i~

3'{.

it.
a-.

;r,
a-. .
'-\. ~-Aorist (Past) Tense.
~~ 3"f1:l~lf(<ll~ ~~
~4K3r: . ~FG:'il~ 3Nf;:i\~
" "
3Nl~N " "
31Cllw-a:~ttl& " "
3NT;;~~~
 ~. ;:.qr~tlfJJ~-:3&nt3d iutive Moc:!
~ Q,
sr. "' A.
~;'iii
" ,...
~~1·q1~.,~. -..i;rk~'f....
•(""""~
~~ffit: q~~t~~ ~~
~f~i:r.v tlK('s~~ . :;.-~tft~
~r:ir~crr: ~: (2nd Conjuggtion)
~ ~
~jqr-i.{qi: ' ~ ~ ~: (To be )-q{~i{~
~ . ~~-Present Tense.
~;;{~ "'=
ij(~
......
+i. ~~
-
-::... ~~:
\. ~.;i;~-Irn rA 1'fl:0t (P~!:!t) Tense.
"
3lr:.mr. an~ ~~1(1~
"
~nB"t: ~r~~. ~
3TRil{_ m~~ ~~
'
~· ~·1~-Irupera.tiv8 Mood.
~~-~ra:_, ~rff'{ iFz;
"
~r~-~<J~ ~ ~' ~ij
-
~. "
~-~-1~ ~1.liti ~m+t

'i1. ~M·~~-Potentl<~l Mood.

3l. ~<fI~ ~tfi(fn{_ ~9;:
if. ~"rt: ~!1'R~ ~ij
~. ~ ~{q ~tm{
' e'<'l' GlctT: ~ci~~ ~q::;iG ' +l' "'Tr:i'T: rzcr ~qrfar ~~ II
 ~

ai~ititot: (F{ftq: 8th (Conjugation)

~IJTl~qi:-' ii' ~lg: (T o do) ~q{t-q'{~q@IM·
~. ~ Pre~ent Tense.
~. ~Uffl ~: ~
~
if. ~'4..111:{ ~4: ~4
~. ~ ~: ~:
~. ~-lmperfec.:t {Pa.st) Tense.
'
~. 3'.{~~111:_ ~tFJ:
{'
31.
ir. ~: 3l~~ ('I
3l~~ ('

~. 31tli~~ ~4
31.......... 3'.f@it
~ - ~2:-Imperative ~J'ood .
'
·~t!dl(l, tWl'{\
+{. ~ - ~t!&I~ ' .~m:{
~. ... {i:4~1fiir .
'ii...... Cfi\C{lq
~{' - AA~- Potential ~food .
!(.
.
· ~
' "
~t{f~llJ:. ~:
{'

(' (' ('I

it. ~: 1jtf l(f~ ~ttra

' {' {' ('
~. ~tt l'{ · ~ tt1CT ~tll'I
-
'-\. ~ First Future Tense.
(' ~~ ('I

sr. m
. {'
Cfi1:fi'1
('
Cfiijf(:
('

it. Clidtffi CfiijlW: Cfi'a~

Cfidl~
(' {'
~. Efi(\ (~q: i:fi<lt~ll:
 G.. <?tl -Second Future Tense.
"'
"· cr.~R! ~Rtt1a: ~f(tiqPlf
ir. ~qffi '~: ~~~
~. ~Rtqtflr r.flfi:tittt~: r.fi~tl Iii:
i,s . ~-Conditional
..._ Mood .

31. ~ifiR:11~d\ ~r.fiRtil.f a1&J.. ar~f{Gq<

ir. ~({tq: ~qi~~ ~Q.RT
~. 3Wil~'-1¥{" . "
~::fil{\qlc:f " ~<t-1-~
ai·-~"""'l(--
l:. ~-Perfect (Pa.st} Tense.
31. 'T4'til\ . ~: ~:
<'
~. 'Tj-t.fi~ ~: :qSfi'

~ . ~-Aorist (Pa.st) Tense.

'\

3l. 3tttil'lld\ ~ftilf!t'( 3tftiri:

ir. ~: 3tttil&'( 3tq)i!
. (" <' -S
~. 3'~(q'(_ 3tq)lf4 ~I~
~ o . ~~~Benedictive Mood. ·
~. ~ fitiql~\11( fstiitt«:
"· ~: m~1~a, ~iii~
~. . mq~ frtiq1~cr &ttil4t
 ~~il~~'j\
'~'~:-~~~~
~ • ~ Present Tense.
('.._

~ @61~

~ ~~·
--~
~
~- ~-Imperfect (Past) Tense.
"' ('
3l@~ij . 3T@"";r~

3l@~?l{: ~~~l{·
~ ,.... .
\.1. ~1iN ~llf6:
~. ~~.-Imperative Mood.
r• ~

!I. 1iWI~ @::f l<:ll~ ?!fl~

('
l{. ~T~ ~~~~
~. qi~~ tt.~etr~·

!I.
ir.
\3".

I'~
31. !;fiij l(f
i(. qimmit
\!. !;fi~,~~
 fa'-.s;ijSl<:fi<O(+\ ~~ t
~. ~ Seoond Future Tense.
3(. ~~' ~f(t46 ~~
ir. (fi~'l~ ~~ ~
a-. ~«~ ~R~ttt{ ~~
\!}. '~i~-Couditiona.! Mood.
•
,... "' ,...
31. ~~ ~1\ii4ij('l_ S<tf,T\1'4~
,...
lt. ~: ~ ~~(·S,tSqeci:i4(.
'
a-. 3Wifui~ ~€fi~ql~~ 3l~ft&tt iit&·
<:. ~.... P13rf5ot (Past) 'l'ense.
3(. - ~ ~Sfil~ ~
if. ~ ~Sfil~ "ii'J)tt~
'

a-. ~"' ,~4{ ~~~

~ . ~-Aorist
.... {Past) Tense.
.
3'. 3lij{1 3l'tjqRITT{_ ~~f'.iq
.
i{. . ~: ~'#j'ff~ '3tt~'4¥(
,...
13'. ~
~ o. at1~f%..,.
a{fjfSC{ (&:
Benedictive Mood.
3l" .
${. ~ t'f1q1~dl¥( i"ft1,;'{_
~: ii.fl q (~ijl¥( "
i{. ~~:flt
~. ~ ii-tletf( 1;<ft~({
' ua ffle1rd5(€fi\Olf( ll
 The various ·voicee a.re apt ly ~ l1u.st·rated ill
t.he following sloka.s : -
1Um f?f~r~~·
3
~T~it.-5CT ?;.s:ttfr-1.
4
~14'1lrlfTffuir qfr~·:
6\ril"ar ©++Itfi~~
" r--
·~ra GfT ~ r~ ~~~7.ffit.
8
Wi-~Bftr lfR'Tfi·
ll~'hr1~fq +{~{~:
~i#*lt\f.r tj-~~·
i ~~ni:~r~1: ~·~
0

11
rr ~.=frT.f~SRUf! ~?[
The Corresponding vo;c<: :> in tht!. above Sl:.>k <J.:> are
mentioned here under :-·
..
-1 {.rorr fq'(T~a - afc6ir<o
~
<ii&~
_
,.. ••• sim~:
2. U11) ~'l'US<?ifC:-TMmt:, - 'il''fil=i'S '1i0;'{ 5nlft!:
8. Ul1~ri{l a:~m4 q~~ir;:ft<r<rn:. - fi['l>;f'll
4. <rflor <Ciffr: ~q1f~cn {T-- <!"Ii
"
co-=i~i:r
- »
.
~&:-<
'"'
C!i'ffUf
~:
l.ltrllT:
5. ~lff<f*1r ~
6. uitor ~~Cfillf~• fsr~~if• SiTl'fiJ:
- - ft~
-
•
~
~

S(l(fiT:

<iilT~ S1~1'r:
,.,
•• f(l . •• .••• «~'l'f T)
( :if'al1fT <f - ~Cfif(qi
(•
<6frf( ~~
8. (W'lH'iN ···• • •• tfl'<rcfif( ) - •
~iT'ii ~ft: 51ifrr~
9. :{i111;rfQ- +!~"~: .... . lff."1+rll'i'il'il - fG;"birt. ~f{ ~~
10. !'tf"'11~r: ... .... fow.ffl +!'iii ~4rur ll<it<r~
..
11. arftuir ~ ;r ~?r - ~r~ ~f:
12. aA"
~:. ~ ;;ft~ ... - ~iW ~~
~~~ij
;fr:ffi
qp:ffl
~~~ .
~<ra
~
~
~
~~
~it4€t .
~
~~a
 . "'
@<TI' ~if'W-IT
(' ~ """ ~~ (' .
~: ~P.lc:[1 'ii S?l! tj~~:6f\~Tqrqi'
~rRq ~'l ~c:r ~qr~ ~~ I 1:f·~T _ ; ~J]\~
'&{_,,q
.
<,...;.l;f ~'
"
~1:f'tf+{~:
' ~
• t{{~q: '
,, .....
~:q~· ~;r
~rfff I ~1:£ ~+tl•l~Q" ' ~Rt': ' ~fu ~~f I ~~:
If~ I <r4t-

" fqi;J~:
ij'iJT'l"'l'lft...,...l~Tn.rq "" " ~:
" q~~iiq: II
(~) mfu: (~) ijf@~f~: <~) ~c:r~~~:
(~) l(tfi~fqifu: (~) Y'\lij~Rt:-ef. f II
~. 7)"<!_~!
(Formation of wordfl from roots with primary
e.ffixes) ·
tl<Sl~tttt1: ~~ Fr~"r~~ I m!tur ;rr~~t4.(tt
~ ~~ ~cqq1ett ~~ i~&J~I: I
4tmt~iffer ~~tttc:rP{_ ~trollff+l~ftr ...en I
.~·~~lil,...... 1:fT ~. m. ~.. 3f'JTftlt:<i~~ II
~'11.tt ~Rr ~'mf: I ~lfrd ~ ~l: I
~~ zyr ~1'1~ I
~*4d ~ ~"I I
- - - - --- - - - - - - - ·.. --- ----
*~
is the general term for any group formation
in Sanskrit requir1ng
.
explanation.
.
 ~. \icyij~~:
(Formation of derivative bases from nouns by
Secondary affixes)
~m t~Sf~ttirr: ~•t!•<TI" Fr<"lftRr ~r a~q--
Sl~t«ttl: ~ ~ I <NT--
itl~fifl~~ qr 1f~~ ~ ~~: I
~ .::;~ ,... . -~ . ,... (' ,...
q ~ ttl~~ r.r~ ~tt1 (\f~1ul)r~r~: 11

ir.ff: ~q 1:21rFi ~==~'fl:

~: ~q~uR ~i:if'.i:=a'l1R;(tll1: (ar1P..~r:)
~: aT4<41Fr ~ff:~: (~: )
~ Oltf~ ~r~ =a:rm:N:

~. e~t?:lki~a~ffl:
~
m Q4l fem 1
«?T'"<ll: (Desidera.tives) Examples:-
~-~fq~Rt=~~ 1 ~- i1~fit~~'"""nti1~mr
~-~fil~ru=mrm 1 ~-~~;;~ftr=~ 1
t{-~lt~Ri=~~ 1 ijl-~1ijfl\~Ri-~ma- t
3(111_-~l~~@fu=~ I ftt'-~·~fi{~?§Rf=~1'ffif I
2. f01&ir6I: (Ca.usa.ls). Examples :-
~ ~l~tf Rt I iti{: tlitttRi I ~ -iif;t(tf Rt I
t'l 'l~ttfa I g:;f: f.116tfRt l ~ ((1q404R\ I·
 ~.;s· ..aT: (Frequenta.tives )
(ln this ~ the terminat ion ~ !s added and the
.root takes 3ITC<i~'i~ tern1iaations only)

~
~1-~Rt~:r~rr
,.... '""
+1€1Rt =•I
~1'{-3lld~((Cl ~~tf =~ ll
tst-~rn~•~rr ~~ = ~m1
;;F(-3Tfd~14~ ..z~lf R1 = ~~'i~~ II
(.{~@~l;Cff: (Freq uentati ves)
(In this Clffl t he te rmination ~ is d ropped and the
root takes q~~ terminations only) ·

<r: q~~ qy ~~~I~ ~~ I

mM~ ft;n~~ <f*~ ~<rm !fi: II
~Rl~'1 ~~ ~ q1~1:1ffi I ~CJi\, 6ifd~~..
~ = Wfa I ~re~r~'l Cfltlfcr = :qcf;{Tffi ~ICW: II
5. Wff'l\:l Ritt: (Denomina.ti ves)

Si~lll: eN: '11iNl~lfUt

~. ~~ ~ ~l'=i{:i:t: ~ = g«t+tfffl I
~: all~i{:i:t: ~ra = ~~•RfRI tt
 ~ 3Tl+.f~ru .-- ~~(~qw ,,
~ 311+.f(RF ~t~· ,
~GUI: ~tr 31-,. ,.l=tf.. .,(lr"'"'71 = "' I!
~lffi

~i ~ 3ff-imr= ~r:ra
,... ...
,
~{: ...
~· ~-r:q {ri-Tij -= ~~t'!fil '
fil&: {tiatRmr = f'8i!l'~d II
itf~: ~Rf =~~;:111.Tf.fi z.st~m t
,..... "
~: +f~'.ft'ij = ~~ttll\1, ~l~U I
~

~. ~ . tfiO'~_qf\1, ~-~qfij, ~~~, ~~ ll

~ ~wt;rrir-~IQr.t: I 31 ..q :-q ~:l i~·~"il1 It

~- ~~:
.

~tt1itf{{ ir~r;rt
~~ " if
mro-
~ «~t<J.. I
~. ~
r
. "'
11:11!\~I '{(~ ... l('!\t ijl l~t~I (t{1<1 ~ ·1}

:irriir :q fcffir :q=futU 1 e<tra<ft :q (f"1fd9~-~~ 1

WW1r :q ~~=~ I m :q « :q~ I
~ :q Wcf!Q=mcfr II
S-9 ·
 ~. ijft(tf~: Compounds
(Formation of a compound word by the:
Composition of several words)
.:........ ., ,... Rt
,1ro1 tfittm: ~'f«{ 3lmlo:t~I ~I ~: I
f;t?<41M~tt~t.O~;r ia•t~t~~;r :q ~~ 11
"
dS11em ij~~: «~ ~'=lr~tr: 1
~ :q if~~: ~1Jlf(~ijl fu:n 11
~sfq fm-'4(' ij'<its04tft+41'4't f[-.-:JI lRT: I
ijqf ~: ~'flijf"ij !INR ~tfliQij~ 11
1. <R~ ij'l£Tij:-3l!ftl-<1: &
2. ~~~~tr ijl{m:-esftil-l: 7
3. ~~~ ~m«: eaf.l'=l: 7
4. {lg «fITTt:-~N'=l: 2
5. R ~qfij': ltm:. 2
6. ~o~tfTmtr ijffta:-f§:m: 2
-

i(()~:rij~ Pt~tt«~:-
•
~ !Elifl('f: - \:SI~ 6itl6:
~ (1itlij: - '31Mt<1 6itl«:
 1. m~ffij'~:-~:
i Kinds according to fq+tfui and the stb ~ 0 ,!J~'i:
(Negative)
~ ~:..
<Jl:~~'1tS~·~·:s~ ~'!IT({ +{
"fit Rn ii31ii6~:
~- ~
I
" ~ ~tf~Rr
~~~~r-tffi'iJ1 "' "' ~ (e.:Qfij: II
qf1i -Sij!
~ • S{i}lfr ij~~E(:

~~ ~s{q~~~q: ~~flit ~s~~ I

~l.i~=q~~s~tl ~Pits~~~: II
1 ~ ~
;:3~{: <:fifCl~~{ewl: I ~: co~~~"fiTlf: II

~. ftt'PlT m~q:
~t\C4l1RIT l{q~~ ~ ~~ ~;r: I
3l~S~)l~: ~ iFfij\ctit~aij 11
~:\CFl. q:~:\CIT6Rf: I ~ ~a:~~: I
aT;jr ~:=~~: I ~ ~ =$f1W'~ II
~· ~ ij~~~:
ittftlq~€f.i ~ itlfl'l\~~~t ~ fq:qrfTif!iT fit~nRtat_ I
~ (i('{QN iff~€1t~i ~qt qf,~{t ~ti
~~~~~~-·~~~~~~~~~

1. «irtm$01't<t1c11if<J~ ' fif!:!~<i'lCfll q_ ' (Analysis of a

Co~.npound
into it5 Component parts) ~fa $lT t e.g. 'd\11(:
1
~~ is the fct!l(Cf lettr of the ~'IT~ ' ~(C611f: I
 ~ ...., (' ('

¥'11"3~ ~:==~lffi1C!{: I +il&i C{~-i:.=ij1'~Cfi: I

f<f~r ~;!ar :=fq~IRjlJf: I qf:qf ~~Q. ::=efl~: u
r~

~. ~~~i q~:~St;:

il~ ~<:!~ ~~~ it1~ft! ~ ~~~: t

...
~ ~( 3!,flG~ ~·r~,')(~{\ff. ~<::/! fl
.
~: ~:=~:ffc?'i:· I :rf~ ij"~ =iim{q+f. I
~~ ~~C::f(i 1 wi~~ ~·~r~ :.:::~cs~JEi!{~. 1
~. q~'T ij~~:
~ ~ S{{tq Q1.f~q~! ~~- i
~Am~~: ~~C6. 3'{\~ i:tcrij~ ~~ 1~
~1~: +t~~+i_ I Oli!~l<i, +rTcr:=-~:
ij@Rl ~tffi :=ij\Clrcta:

~.
~-
....,
w- ~'(: ('
alNC6 'I-iii~: \ro<ft ~-~~-1-1_ <f(f: I

~~ ~qijf ~€4\-il~t(( 11
"" . i:{"'<fR_ ~~.~~I"'(
m: ~:={IJl!i~: I ~Cl~I ...... l
('

~~ 4i_(.'S~~ I ~t ~Cfl:=~t{ltCfi: II
\9. mt+ft ij~9j()tf:
Sll~4t'tift"t!<tlil\wi ~t11ti'ftli ij itl;fct: I
~.()qfl: ~ ~'"'~no:g-: ~ ~¥ ,,
 \

s...-:- ~ • (' ~
$.~~t ;a~1"1-~~C4!~ I ~l\~f qi.~rJ-l·1~ !
eff:~ ~~:=-~ll"(l'1@4i: I 5Fl" ~:=GJ"1'.~nu;g: i
~. ~ (f~.~fitr:
(' ('

~ f.i"!ii:~~: I 'i \3f-ia:~: I o:t ,~.f{:--3'~'iiJ~: t

~ ~ ~f~: l Of ~{fa ~=~ 1
- -
2. ~~-w.™~: ~aw~:
(llppositional Compounds)
/Iviembers
\
of ~T\7.f q~y~ have the same Case when
diss<.>iV!d)

~~n-r: eaRi-l: :i:r.rr~ ~~~Rt!·: ~! 1

~ ~~· .
<Ri·t41~(~'1~ ~ stl1:Tt~~{if1rot' :r.rt~"T.f l\
~· • ~_.::;,. ,...~ • ~ fq f:{" .
1qm \Cf,..~ 191&tt ijm~1-f3ft q 7 '!iltta1 ~ 1

~~~rrm;f q«t~~t ~~t;r;n ~~urr =ti' ll

. ~ ~

Z• fil~qO('{\~q'~ ~~~f~:
~l~i:G~IR ;rrtfari' Qiq;{t;cf.l 00 I
~tfl:ll;41~tttr1ij~ «c«·~~{! ~Pi~ II
·;ft~ :q mFi ~;:r,rF! =<i=4lef-1~~1f1 1
at~~ qre~=3f~cira: 1
~R1' :q mR mm =q"=~~{rre 11
 ~. tq~liqiSqa: ~mq:
.
~<r ~'l ¥flij1fi·~ qrtt ~ if;:f)~tti I
¥1\( tieiifi1 ~r
0
-i"101~ ~ ~ II
~~ a oi:f6Cflr~=ii2{~o46Cf.T: I
~. ~oTI~<l~ ~<l:
.
~ ~·ij•areffr;IT ~ m\j=~~-=r f{ 1
" ~
~<n'f~tljfq •&.~:
~ffi .
~·~ ~srq q:q: ti

'&ICll~ a ~~81~ = ~RfG~: I

~ ~ aQ.. 3'Srir ~ = +JT"iomcso1+i\ 1
-Af*.lci :q- mr_ qf:qa :q- = R~!Of"'l+i\ 11

~. \jq44(;i)*I~~ ~~:
~m~ ~q0 <lm: (i~ij': iifiN~:>\lf~: 1
" " "' (' .
~l'ifitJTQ if~~~ ~fqlJf ~T~trff'+P( It

~ ~m ~ = ~q&frn: I
Cfl<i<i: ~~U ~Cf = ~~~U: I
I'
U~: %Et~~= U~lif~: 11
(' I'
~. a-q;n;r ~'{~ ~l{~R'.<l!

ita(tfcl~"' mftr ~ q"Tofi ~R1tJ;=a,:~ 1

{J;etl~-:ft ~C\f a:~1~ m ~~·fl~\i ~ tl
~ {Cf rl~<(I ... ~a<{lfcc~<(I ~ Wr: ~ ~ = ~fd~((l I
~ ~ ~"'"ti'ktfd;cfi I ~ ~ ~~~l~<I I
. ('
~· ~wtl\tttt({ -'fi~'N·-1<-~:
('

d'lla~~fl«f: ~ Weo"Sqq~et: I
~ ~ o(' _::i ~
~: ('t~tar \<lk5fir~1ttt11 n
il'ff~f ~ ~: "" c.:i~I~'!~: I
~~ ~ cr&a: = ~q~a: J;
~ {Rf ilefttt I = ~Fit. I
(' ('
'9. ~'-"11........
l'{\tf~ ~'"TI~:
!:\, " ~ (' ~ ~ (' ~~&:.-..
·.q91itt1u1ee~f'ffi{~qttt.~q'1f t+t1..: I
'tl~~«fi;:: ~ lflcef q.'fiM61•1~: II
qrrro ~ ~~ = 11<ftq1ere~ 1
~~: ~ ooFI =~~RI
Cfi¥4'11 ~ ~~;q: = ~: I
;q~rif?t t:;<J ~: = ~~~Ra: 11
 ..:. . ~- " ~ ~~ .._
If ~• « 1•1.11 '"'~·~:"ii:~~: ~'-~"1 1 ~<1 1 i m ·~~11: ~1
~mfct«\~G~ Q'~ ~(~{i~~~J~~+tT ti
~~: ·~Ill' ~q'~Nl Fffl~f~~~ l
mf: ~lR': it;;· ~: == l:]~~P:: (~)
'[CJ; llj~: ~T ffi =:~~RT (&)
'[a: m\: ii~ ffiI..= ~'Q~~ (~~)
~- f('!C:: GI.~ ~f&::
::i1a1m~~fu'F{r~~wrm?JT~
~~ltt~ ~ ~ :jf~;:r I
~sfq cfr\~: ~ ~ ~it"~
~~. ~:qq~~·;f
.
~'~~! ~ ll
1. ~· : ~1}f: ~ ~: =!.1(81i~: I
c . ~

2. a-~: ~: ~ <.t~c:l = ~~: I

~
3. ~: Cf:{!: ~ ~: ·= ~~: I
4. * at: w: ({~ifiq_ ~: = '3~a~T{: 1·
~ ~

5. r:ftu: ~~: (If~ QT: =cW~~"<I; I

6. ~- ~~ . ~ ~: = iffl:i=l~: . I

~. ~~qr;: il~dl~:
;f\i\®~S:: ~ m~~t{11iG1-0 ~: I
~~ S(ij((;\(~ fj~(~ R~~{H!l~J I ~
;ft"°~ ;a{q~ ~: ~~ ~:=4\Jl~Cffel~: I
~itt(( ~~ ~~ ~ ~= = '3f1+t~cfldl"4(: l
~: ~: ~~: ~l: m =ta\Olfti..a:<M!i(I 11
~. ~~;.iji{qq~ ~~ 41~:
<fit;{~sfi:+t?1~ ~t~ ~(l~IM~t ~: !
~;q;:ij q~r: ;rr;n: ~~re\1: ~it
ir err ~ ea=~:
q~ qr ~?:- , qf = 'lsatfr:

~. (~'~)u=tt~~ il~enrn:
':> '

~!i';iOTTt Cfiru eff ~~t ~~f;rfd ~~QQT t

~~""1lT ~~~ ~~q~~r ~ II
~fl"fi 00 ~ W~ ~ = acra.':<li: I
~TC::~ll"fi U+i1~ ~ ~Rt a- = ~q:il~ll: ll

~- ~~q~ if~Eflll!
ijCfi~1: ij&_(l.-ar;n: «cti~r t 3lf?r ql:t~1:
~: ~€fR:-l it{1:fltf m:~ «~ijl{ ll
ct#IM: ~ ~ ~ = ijtfi®I: I
e~t~: ~ cRRt ~ =ij( ij'"d!Cl!: I
~ ~ m ~=ij(~~: (~:)II
 ~. fa:a1;:q\~ if~if\ft::
~g~~(l{\qllft'iiitl:tt ir1@s~i;il l
~~ (\·~~
~If\ ~I ~l\(ff 41 ~· ~... q +f~qit,,,.,<(,...( 11
'3tj{fAf~ ~T~ fcW~~~ ffi \3\'f{l!_r.fi I =
.a:~o11A1~ i~~,~ re.~n~a,:;(1{105 ffi = ef~ n
\9, 0ttRt~ ilil~~:
~tefer ~iH~ ~Tf!t!'il~~ ~ I
m1~lf"ltttq:4 ctt~~:tUTt ~ ~ II
·~ ~~ 'l~~ r ~ ~ SI~ = ql~ltrfcf I
·~~ fill!~~ S{~~q ~ ~ = 1 w at\ttm
-~ ~ *l(Cff ~ ~~ q~ = itl~nit~I I
4. mg lt¥1 le: fi:fci~:
~ ;tlitt~l~~~tli~f~fu It~ ~: I
~ ~~ ~ (\

~~l'(tf ttttl~lf(Clf ;:ijl41CU ~: II

z. %Cf;;;(lefi ~:
q~tta~1 mt ~ f31~1:f'lfi ;r ~ Ptt1a- l
:mr -t~•I~ ~ffi ~: ~ ~ 11
Q'ill"ii ctlf"ii ~Jff~I{: =q~ctll .I
Sllfluli $1Cfit"1i ~'11\rR: ::::: ~)cfit I
q~rilt ~t ~itl~R: = q~•T'=t~ I
 ~. ~::ttfiq=Aftft ftg:
-m ~:
~~ . W1 ~(\Sqf~~tt~N- ,
.
('~ ~ ...~
•1fqi"'tj ~ f.filif fu'(?~ +1'11 'f(U'fi~ ~t I
~~W~mr~cro: II
fi1u~sfq. Sf~W'l ij(ff Sll(\1~ fA'T~ ft II
quart i{J~i~ '3l!iil ~+IA:.= q1u11rg\: I
'"' ('
~8' :q- Cf %ttlta? == tl8ttll: 11

5. ~ ~i{Rf:-~:
(':q-' CfiR ~) fl:-~fa ~ ~« ~)
tt~'l'l ~!Wert~~~: ~qlf.:tf~r~: I
~ft: Fit rn:~r 'q: ~Rr WM~: 11
~ij(ijWltfl(ett: tt¥il~l~l~'4~~ I
~+<tj' q({1~-qi' ~ ~ ~: Ii
1. ~. rn:q~~d~~''"""":
tC ~ i4(' ~ ... ('\ ill ijf
~ ~ I . ~
IW1~QI ~ij((i:{OIT
C' n ~ ~
f!~l#it~ ~~ttT ~:titt&JllCl{ 4t'll II
..... .: .
·~~ {fC(O(a? = W{[C(oTI I ~~ "4~1~ == ij_~loq~
~a? PJfa? = {l'i'tltSO~
 :U6i.~·l~~
· ~. iit1iq(\~~..l RZ
qrq~~i~rvff +{~(\t ~'f'l~ '
~~ .... Cl' ..
~l+wfiit~!~~~ 'f~\..i~~~ <1 ~~: ~'
~ ::q ~~ a~~= ~'{t{l~~~r: 1
" (' ..:;...... ~ t;' ..::..
~~ ~~ EWi~ ... ,~qa:T = 't.n:it~cfifl'\t\!~: !I
2. ~. ·fu~~it!~R: ~.;@::
~lli ~~~~ ~ ~~~ <i't ~ 00 I
f;f 31i~ tfl~c~ g~ tr Th: :q)~"ftf.i ~:tffi II:
~"fc; :q 3'CUl ~· . ti~: ~~\:~f.-ij)mr+r_ I
~ :q ~:{~ :q ~: ~<:!l~f{: ::.: ~~:{cfl:{_ I
~ =ff ~'='o =-4 airr: =8~1QR: = eff"ffc{~
"' "'
~. ~q·(\ ~iff~ i .;'-:
~lst~itqc~ ~'l:lf ~-o~c:r +tF:~~ I
"' . .
3r~~"l"2~+P-(~~if 4:41~~ +!l~i; ~1i ~: Ii
~ ~ ~~~~ ql~a:T ~ ~~R: =~Tfl~~l4lti:+( I
~ W.1 :q \~?c'i ~aj ~+l!tlJ~.: = ~1~~~1' I

(' '·
.....
~...,~>'"ql'+t"'~':t~.,.,,~~q~.$o)~ ~ ~tf

;rml fcNT~ ~~ ~ ~+t I

~: q~1:t11sfq :q <r~ ~:
ijllQ<f1.t'Tmr.f~~ fg:u;r: Il
 ~~ ~<Sq1;f~

~ {!'Si'{ ~.q~ ~:q(~ ~~~Niiiiiit( I

~~~.n$~ ~- f.1~1tti1tti'l:q=~ ti
e.;~~fif~ ~rRt1tt"'fffi\:fi~~~1~ I
UiJGtj!! = ~;·liliilf~q~ I ~""t~ifr: ~ = 'i'Jt4~"CfWl'i_ l
~1~ ~:=~1q~ I ~~1a1 i @!~:=~
2. ~l'f'!;~q~fo~q1+ncf:
m~ ~ ~ ~stfu ;r ~~ttij I
~SR<NCfTS~l ~~ ~tffil ij' S(1: ii
~~ ~~:~ I ~l lififtf ~:~~ I
-·--
~ ij'l{ft{:
In this compound the oa.se endings of the
w ords (that it contains) are dropped.
E. iittlr f~o:=~>OJf-.<n: Here the ~a'rrr firf:!Ni (of PIT)
is drcpped.
Mostly al! ::ompounds will be ~~'ffi1.

In this compound the ca.ae endings a.re no'

dropped.. This va.riety may be seen rarely in &JI
compounds.
 ~l~&i11~

~~f.fiiJ ~fit~~~·~ ~R~~·l( I

ql~~f=di ~ :Jltt~tf ~~·~··1ij ~ ''
CfiO~f(?i: ~ ~:~~K"i: (~~:)
~~r ~~: -~Fl:i: (a~:)
~ ~fa {Rt ~~.... ('34q({ ~itl\l:)
qyq: ~: ~r:;fi~fui: (er~: )
aj;ac:fitd:_ ~ l'ld: :=aj';ai;fi{({f'1a: c~~:)

In this compound the fcn::r~ CJT<R cannot be given by

using the words actually compoun ded.
Ex. :q;:~ e?:~t:=:cr;:~«ffi 11: I The word ~~~ should
not be used in ~ Cfi<FI' 1 The meaning of ~'l' is
expressed by '6ffi 1
This variety is very rarely seen.

In this variety the words compo11nded o&n be

&leo used sepera.tely .
.
Ex, ~: ~:=<Nl~~'f: 1 Here the two words ~and'
~in compound can be used in fct~~T~ also.
 '
~~ ~~~

~l~l~t-Analysis
q~ - ~ err, ~~ ~..qlf~.fl"'lllf (Prose order\
~~ ®~G: ~4t'3toflew1~ ' ~ICfll~·aJT ' ~ ~ I
~ • ~ "'~ °'
1NT - ..... •1-~uqq (1'bfiT tflll~)fl~q"*f(;J I
Cll....
"' ~ ,,.,...;r i' ~ ~ ~
i$t(~: mt~T ~~ q1tfffili\+fm:l' II
(~~~lli~ICfllo4 4~100~:)
T he Analysis of the above Sloka is as foll0 \"1S : -
~
°' - ffl",qfqG:'3\
Q. ~
- Cfi: ? ~: ~ICfll ~aJT
' ~' ~~rj~ ' '3Tt ~ ' ~ ?r..cm:
effi' ? ~;{or: ~1Cfi1~r ' crr4cr!WttaU ' ~re '3rj('3\
'~ qrcrdlq{~~r q.:~' ifcr ~;q~:
~ qr~atcWt~ ? ~AA'f~tr a:rrco~a_n
' ;;j(~ld: furn ' ~ :;srj('3\
~: ~ ~) ? ~ fur'Ttr~~f?t~q~tf eflCfil~aJT
l~l~f4~ ~~ ' ~ ~tj(~
' Cf

~4 ~? ~~~('tO((i;fif~...~ 'qJ~l~tITacf~ ~' '3~(+{

'~ ~Wt ~ffl, WT~: fufU, ~~
ctf4f~qffiq~ ctr~,' va {i !_81: ~"<llf: I
1

The fallowing is a rare specimen Sloka giving.

Examples in all ~s with fct~111or and f;t~q-
mr: ~ 'it~((${~('$~ m~ ~lt(~ifi:
Jl'5f;:q1~ ~t11:q er'Rtn if~itra~~' «~~~dlwtt( l
~ (l~ ~~ ~ d~f ~ilfu'(~l 31l'S¥4
~ ~Rct~Sl~~f!'fi(((IJleeiXl!(Oi: II
 An Example for the ~1'6f1:.~'1 cf a ~en ter::~("-~) ::s
thus : -
' ~+rA: ~t+T: ~ ~f~i': qf.r~f~1' ~%z1 '{~ t
~ t11tt ~~&<n~ ~ ;pt~, ~rn 1 ~-~re,~:? ~
31~: ~~ I \j~t ' Ull!: ~ f ~ ' tt.~: :~l~I(~'
~ ~ ,..... ('
~. ''tit(. ' (~, ~, ~, •tf·~-) ~ 'Sf~: 'fi~ur:
~&tfil(m me iF7.ffi I ".Nf-ij"~ ~ Cl'l;:r;~
\nr: ' ;6 , w:r+i"Rr Y rjij !r.:a: ! afl\t{, ' ~""~'
efij I ~ ' ~or: ~ '
~. ' Cfi~! ' ' ~'R?tJ: ' ~Rf ~~ ' ~fi~'fOl'i~
311'"-tif;s.._~T ' I ~iTT-~~ O:~ ~ ' tfi~ ~: '
; . "? ~ ' <'p,,""-
~J+{: ~'"cR ;rm({ • ~ra thflM~Efo1~q ~•C6t~' 1
' ~f{;_'IT~ ' i:Tll: ~~ ;:riffil ~ ~fl\4( I
~. '~·~ ' ;;~, ~ ~~ ' Cfiq~~'fOI~~
~tctil~~r' <:r~· ~14~ uii: 'Cfftts:ti:(' ~~
.....::::.. C) ,..... (' ,..... ... ""
;J+t I~ • ~ tfi'll<:l~]f:{O(~l.f 3Tlt6t;s.._~T I , , ;fil,.,. 4,'""it.....
l if_
\tit: ' 'tl~~Ttmf4{' ~~ ;r'tftr ~ ~"ij\4( I
~. ' ~ ' ' ~t
Cfi~' ' ~: ' ~·ta: 3'(~:
'
fslitrl~~'(U(~'t ~l~m l tfm~~ Uit:
'fl~Jlqfij ~ ' ~ ' ;r~ ? ~ Slit: I ~
&tt1~~tto1~tt ~ I a:q~ ~f4:¥11:11. '1+C:
qf&Jlqki4( t~ '~ !ffil: ' ~ ~ I
(Adopted from ~~ &Q'l<ti(or 514~"61 Book)
 310~4 $1~(0['( lndeclinables,
~ 'ff\tiii ~~ - ct:ct'1filflt:q€fit ~~~
;rr~ a'rR 'arottt11A t (c:~~~ I
(stQ"fq is a. word which. ha.s no Gender, Ca.ss
.-0r Number a.nd which undergoes no oha.nge.)
. ·~~ « c.,....
--~'ffi-i- :ct' Q~( ,_,:!. •~it'!I (tCllij :ct' •ctll~
I
.
fl~ :ct'~~~ ~~II-~ l
~. al~qq:\'~1~~¥41 €1': ~S~otftft~if ~Ii: I
~QT-~Q'Wl•IQ( (Nea.r town), stf\:lt~'l (In the tree)
.JJ\"itiftit~ (In the middle of the way) eto.
~-Adjectives will become aloqQ' when used
:as Adverbs. ~m-' ~{: rrir.r~· ~tf'sr ~~ ~litl
fim~I{. (Adjective) I ~ q;q 'go:~ ~3fa' ' {(q!I"
fifitlrf~an:r,. (Adverb) 1 Henoe in the second
~entenoe 't!~~i( is OioQ"f~ 1
~- \i'IC..a!:lra~Q'ifiiNI ~riif~~oGQI f.t
'!~q;:d l
~~-1$1(81{. setting, ·;rJJ: a. salutation, ~~ hail,
~erns:r food offered to Gods, ~crqr food offered to
ftrets or Ma.nes. ~ ha.ppiness etc.

'\.
1
~n:1~fitq1a4044~ '-tfl!Vr~fl'TIJ. u
'· <rnf'@!fU(~~(4 ~~'1fif fi&qrflr~~ snft~~lffir
fir4~: II
S-10
 ~.. fa:s;astra\\•t~tfUr ~ ffitfiff.qe;~tr1 f.f-~
that exists, 91(~ tha.t does not exist, at~ It
411'i said, aff{it there wa.s, happened, ~l~ n
.

~. (t~t;o'ij1A ~0 '~tttFr ~4tf;f : -

(1) oR:f®t=atfic (Ha.ving the sense of the-
Ablative case) Hl~o: from the mother, l't~a: from.
the father, all~a': from the beginning, ~tl<t: from
the middle, ~Ci~o: from the Voioe.
(2) q-cq.:aif;r (By adding the termination ~}
~ is affixed in the sense of ' equally .with ' or
' like ' a~ equally with that ; etc.
(3) ~e.:a1fir-(By adding the termination~{{ )
afi?Cffl: little by Ii tt le. ct~: mostly. "f.IU:S~I: bit l)y
bit {Nt~'lf.I '

~. i({..a1f;t 3\otf~ f;JN~tf;t-

The Indeolina.ble Pa.et Participles-
•
(1) vqr;(l'ff°if-ir('ttr having gone. ~qr having:
done. ~~f ha. ving seen eto.
(2) ~q4 ..ffrf°if ~ is added instea.d of «n to ro.1t"
with prepositions-fttit(!t4 having gone out, 'Ei'E!S{q
having refined, ~~l.f ha.ving interviewed eto.
(3) §S'il"«IM- The Infinitive of purpose~
~lo go,~ to do, ri to see etc.
 ~C44S{Cf){UI'( ~ './ '-'

\9. 'El~ifU::t ~~ (Thel!e at~s are deri·red

from eil"flil~IOl:(S)
w;~: 1 <m.-tr~ when, ~ · where ~ as, <ref: whence,
since, because.
ffit-~T or o<\rorl;r. then, at that time, ~ there, om
affi: then, therefore.
~-~T'f11\ now, ~~ here:, ~;r_ thus, arcr: hence.
~Q:.-~ now, ar;r here, ~'fl\ thus, em: hence.
therefore.
ftit· ~r when? ~ or Eli where ? ii'fll bow? ~: why?
whence ?
~ ij~(\l or ~~ always, m everywhere, in all place~
~~ by all means, ~~·er: everywhere, on all sides.
ar~-~~~ in other times, atrtl?I' elsewhere, in another
place, ~~ otherwise in a different ~anner, atr;ird':
from elsewhere.
~-q:tti<\t once, once upon a time, ~ in one place,
~: from one place.

~~ there in the next world, aracr: from that place

or person.
t. The following words resembling ~(\~q-
are often
used as aro~f'i in the rcsepctive meanings as given
below : -
~Iii(: SP(Jtt
~~' ~4\ Meaning
~- ~ ~ ~(4'11({ because
~-
~-
-~ -~ -- hence
in ancient days
~--'RSI' in the next world. in another place, 'RC!': further
or beyond.
~-atQ(':f in another place, S{(R'fl in another manner,
a;rqu;: from another place.
~-~ in the preceeding part, previously, ~a: from
the previous place, in front of,
~~Sf in both places, ~~'fl in both ways, '3m«r:
from both sides.
'd'ft(~ subsequently, :att(a: from the north, a~~ to
the north.
~~-;:::f&rarcr: from the south, ~~ to the south.

~R once, fa.twice, ffl: thrice, ~: four times, q~'tiCif:

five times, ~~: six times, etc,
~r in one way f~T or~ in two ways, ~ or ~r in
three ways, ~ in four ways, qlif'ftT in five ways,
l'f(\ll or tiT~ in six ways, ~ttr, anNT, "fiNT, ~llT'ftl etc.

'(('6~: one by one, ~: two by two, by twos. tmT: :q~W:,

QlifU: llld\I: ~~\T: etc.

*By adding~= to any number, other than 1 to 4

similar QlUltiplcs are formed. c im ' also may be added
to numbers to form similar multiples as tt'li'Ci{~, · ~IQ(,
"1._'ll<'l. • ~Cf(i(; otc.
~to -day c@~: previous day
ai~t4 now-a-days ~~: the other or following
-:.
'3"lil at dawn day
.
'ci: to..morrow 6J;:;qa~~: on one of the two
~: day-after-to-morrow days
m: yesterday ~~: on another day
~

~~~~r<r)Jl just now

~~: (_
ql~fq- next day ~~:
5 on the following day
af'it~: on the following day ;;~:~: } on both day~
~: at once ~~ci~:
~

~'!': during chis year

~~} now ~(l last year
~ in olden days quft the year before the last

<t!Q44Kl suddenly, all at ;q well

once. at\it~IJ_ constant ly
dj~~'l I, Not long 81'!1'«T correctly, justly
•
atPc'or I smce, ~ exceedingly
arf.t~:i:tt ~ recently, ·
I 8i1I' } then,
arPc<ra.. J quickly I ~ afterwards
ar"Sr before aN filr{. what else, yes
• ,
61'44T or, rather anf.t: openly, before the
~ truely, certainly eyes
aN': } below, Oil'{ yes
aN~n{. down
efT~ on the whole
8i~ incessantly ?
arr(t~
OR'f: in, into '3Cf or
ar-acr: at last, from the end ~~)

=} except, without ~Rr tbu~.

~ In conformity to
in this manner

at,~~ } mo~eovcr, tradition

ef~ besides
~like, as
SJfq even
~slightly
~: near, close by
~~: loudly
apft~ frequently
~~('(then
8ilJ. quickly, little
Oi+n together with, ~q~ J" OD over
;a-qft*zkl ,
in company with
~i~ secretly, in private
~quickly
om~ before '3"'fT early in the morning,
a:fdl( enough of, sufficient at dawn
for ~d'l truly
at"~'I necessarily ~ without, except
atGl<t repeatedly ~~ at once, . suddenly
91gfilt01( day and .night 1t<f just, quite
..,,~at once tt~'l thus, so
enua near, at a distance
.. aW{ so be it, yes
~ct 1
~if
} I trust, hope Iii'+'!
Iii~ I
rin some place
$f:ijif with great ~SIN~
Jlfiq rlta; J difficulty ~"'" J
I
ifi'iil i'f how indeed, ~certainly, surely
how possibly :q and
~l:;;rif l once particles, added to
"tii\INCt. J } ~and its
'61'1'1{ to one's satisfaction derivatives
~. what a pity ~ .g ., ~a:...lfil:q.f
tiA' moreover, again Meaning : a certain.
to a certain
~

~
degree, little,
some what
but, yet. however
fir~
Ru~
lI
~for a long time
nevertheless A-<1tt I
~what indeed, whether Pl<(ll J
~ how ~uch more R<<I~ for a period of
f«r or many nights.
f\R:cta:. what, how ~if
ftm verily, indeed ~perhaps
~ what then, how much ~silently
more .-itafd
·' !'at( enough, no more of t1Rfit quickly, at onco -
4~\"51{ only, merely 11filf6-
simply U111 :;r so
(!1'1lfq even then, still f.t<t>r"IJt. very much
~~as for instance f.re'r~it excessively
. .
d'fcf even so, JUSt so ~: low, below, gently
a~~ then 'i"''l certainly
j ~}
d«fl forcibly
if not
<fl'lfa so much
IB{: (_ crookedly 'Rii_ l but
ta~ 5 across qt~ 5
ij but irfur: aroucd
~ll silently
~!Pl. to one's sati>faction..
~byday sufficiently
~4fr f ortuoately q~I([. behind, backwards,.
~ ill, in a bad manner at last
~'l deeply •
g;r: again
~at night
I ~:~<!': :::.gain and again.
~ quickly, forthwith
~what a pity
I ~~: l in front
~(~r(( 5
....~surely, certainly ~individually
.,'thit by night 3li6T'l'if. exceedingly
..- not
~ on the contrary
4'i indeed, surely 51tl~ forcibly
.,.. 'li(lfi:t<t. never ~ before, at first
°' ft not at all smr: in the morning
-;wr-an in various ways
51T~ crookedly
it11f by name, indeed
•
--9'1 near, close by ::r }mostly
~(015(((, } forcibly, ~: gently, slowly
tll\'JI~ powerfully ~l~d:. always
q: out, beside
«n~ } always
~"I: exceedingly (f;:aa~

il~I¥( greatly ~~at once

q~ quickly (fif'l equally
'l<t rt a little eil~a: on all sides

1 (fif~T at a fixed time

"
q~
l5do not
~q-'l } near
~•Nii( except (fiM
•
•llR{.i[_ without delay «ifi:;:fl;rq: well, properly
tirlr: 1to each other, «ri=<r<~
well, in a good man-
~ 5secretly ; ~ together with [ner
f.:rqr wron~ly I el{el at once
a~t to no purpose ~era: year
!JS: often ijf!fill with
;z~ falsely ~tf~ crookedly. in a side-
~if long manner
~~tr. as much as, till ijl~I\ with
~rrq(l simultaneously m~q_ in a person
•
"1 or mm haif
fcr-rt without (fl'51~ now, fitly
f4~1'Rll ~ high up i.o. the (fl~fl. in the evening
sky ~well
ipft in vain ~it rightly
~ verily; to be sure , ~"f'l. oneself
 «:heaven {Tho
~ho, hallo f{ because, indeed
~alas ft~~ without, except.

~~·~~ijt-Glossary
Thie fol lows ~ order : -

..,. ~:God +rnf husband

ijF<(: Vishnu <t~I speaker
!Vcl: Siva ""1T grand.son
Ii~: Siva ... mm brother
~. dlr: Sun ;mmtrr son-in-law

<tilir: poet ~ husband's brother

ef"f: sage i'ft ma~ ~<>4t1 charioteer

f.\'fii: fate ,~. Si~T a garland

~qfcr: Lord Vishnu vtor Sita
~T patience
·"-.. ~: Siva
~r shame
~:Vishnu
~, stw,~ th
llffl: Sun amt mo er
~!I: son
5
, 11,,. ~fd: hearing, ~:
~. 11161 the creator ~: taste
'6<ff doer ~: intelli&encc
., \. rOO-~tn °'" \(lot'( knowledge
~ speech, ~~81 lftf'( forest
flft female friend ~wealth
~<ft godess ~eye
'6sif doer '~·~bone
~giver ~frA thigh
~~'lft: tho godcss of a;fu' eye
wealth
(f'(t: boat
°'"'. 91"'1~ having no
beginning
<P!ft': lute. ~fir fragrant
iv. St: shame
~: intellect
°''. tf~ water
Sl'-'
•
tear
~: fear ~ thing, real thing

,,. ~:the body ~timber

Q: arrow
' '· ~ tbat which does or
~: rope, cord makes
"'46!: beak ~ that which goes

i ~. "'411.: army <Jlfii that which speaks

...
.'li'A: mother-in-law l•· ~ soft
~ broad, wide .
... eye-brow
i '· Sl;
q~ clever
.
~;
... lovely woman
~ short
' •. ~Tm husband's
brother's wife l ,. q~)~ cloud
§CCI~ eloquent
~daughter
'lifi~I husband's sister l~· ~ physician
l'· §dtJ'( fire m_ doing
~~ sacrifiiciat priest lliftq01; willing to do
\ ~. UGll~ a paramount lfi'lq"l telling
•
sovencgn ifiqi411tf"l: willing to telt
qfbrt~
ascetic
~ the creator of ~ '· ~in<t. intelligent
-q;rcrr.r, rich
the Universe fRtCll"l he who bas done
\ v. ll,1l<l kiog ~qqr.r_ divine
<R'ct. one wbo does ~T<il"l: as much as
any business m<fR. so much
fcl~~a:. name of a ~m;i: how much
particular sacrifice ~R. of this extent
~i:rgcr_ soma distiller 'f'l~ Indra
~~er. giving
~ c. ~fcttt<l God
~a:. holding
~tlifcra:.. well.versed
~fearing
in Sastras
~14.'t'<l. eating
~a:. the Sun
<ill!'.la:, watching
~El'il iuling \ \· ~f the bead
~Era:.. shining ~carpenter

c::~~a:. being poor g;fT'fl auspicious named

l '\. IT~ going +f~T greatness

•
i 1fiiq'l, willing to go tftlfT fat
~ taking away atfitrin minuteness·
tRs4~ willing to take ~irt greatness
away ~f4m thinness
y •. Jl1IT the Creator ~ a priest
'4\11111 one who performs '\ •. •1~41•( heaYier
sacrifices ~lfl'4'Fol greater
WNf God '-.,. 0i~'1M: one wbo
af'ECfl way has said
"". II~: churning ait~«tFl one who has
handle approached
""· ~;good natured il°~<l l'l one who has sat
11;ft wealthy man ~one who bas
~thcMoon stood
~". ~ of this kind '--"· ~tree
f!lt<f! of my type ir~ tree
(qltifi of your type "\~. ~ skin, bark
~~ of our type ~lustre
~~ of your type '-\". gfttt. green
lti:fi~ of your a-tz<t lightning
honour's type '"-'· ~iqt( prosperity
d?lf{'f! he who baa am(f. adversity
seen the truth ~earth

"'· @15~ one who '-\~. ~war, battle

steals jewels •holy stick
fuaf<<t<t: one whose <ft~ creeping plant
lustre is white ;r~ one who knowa
"''· ~I: the Moon the secret
!!itotl: the good- ~ •.iuit.I rope, garland
minded ,,. 't yoke
 • .
!{.: town, a city
"'. ~<t(( being
~((playing
''· ~name of a
river in Punjab, . :q)~d".. stealing
now called Beas ~q,~~Cl desiring to d·o

~"· ~ lustre
S?ftlffl:. desiring for child
",· ~I~(( shining
•taCfCl one who went
"'· mi:r lustre, a house
~q the sky
~gold
~if<t. extracting
.::o • ri happiness
d::<(CI:, stretching
{ir'<t<l preven tio g
I
'
ciir armour
~Cl buying ~+r house

ar~ ~ltf house

eating
'[{Cl great
I <: ~. ~~1~1 happy
'l~ a drop of water I 'll•ift orator
"¥. @i<l sacrificing ~ one. having
~R«t ruling stick
~~eating .::v. ~dl~ of this kind
'4'1llQ'(( shining [poor ~ of this ~ind
~~ one becoming ~ of what kind ?
~14Cf:. being awake <::'-,. ~~~ one stealing
'!'if§(l asking jewels
"""· ij~(( releasing .:: ~. d'lf: penance
~going ~~: fame, glory
~T<r.. shining ~:heavier
..,f(qra:_ one who will do ~'.I': good
 ~..,. qfq: clarified butter, '\'-\'\. ~..qt: protector of the,
ghec world
~re: light, lustre '\ '-\ \t• §'Oft: wise
~:light 114:lft: pure-minded
tt. ~:life §~: fortunate

q: the eye ;ft: leader, guide

q: bow !;{Of'ft: the
. chief of a
<ra: body village
t\. ~that which bas '\\o . ~ one having:
stood many good wives
O>!Z.Cf+{ that which bas , \ \. sif{: widow remarried
said ~~:cleaner
alt~<!~ that
which bas , \ v. ~<ti:+(= self-born
approached ,,~. cm~ situated beyond
\ o. oi~'i~ lotus '
adverse
.
, , • ll;'6(1< one of the two atql'( stooping
~<tld'i one of many 'I\\. ~going down-wards-
'\~ o. etOR:Jone not ~ll'J
•
companion
~: 5getting old '
'I"". flqm:, having two legs.
41"\'I. ~foot ~iNl<t tiger-footed

'"''· ~'RI tooth

'l'fT ~m the Sun
'\"\~. irttr month 'It\. 11npg:r the killer of it.

'"'"· ~qt: one who quaffs Brahmin

the Soma juice &mlf{T one who kills.
~f"ll: conch blower bis own soul
., , '. 'o:q~t~ fire ,\\· Sl{C4\ western
411(41{ bearer of , \ ". atWI\ following
burden , \'. ~ northern
~''·ft one who burns· ,, \. fa~ going away
~ one who anoints ~. o, ~ that which miJks
,~ ''· ~~ one who swoons ~ o 'i . ~~that which bears
~~~one who vorai~s malice
f~·~ one who loves ~·~~ ~~that which bas
'1 '\I.\. ~ eastern a fine bull

ll ~;({'fSS\U ('("'(Olf ll
II ~ ~ I e+t~l'l..+<fd>IM ~ ll
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