Abdelrahman Al Atiat

Kig170734
M28

Abstract.

This practical is aimed at finding the calorific value for LP . through the process of burning fuel, we could
get energy and thus attempt to observe the calorific value change based on limits alike the size flow rate
and pressure of the gas.

Results obtained from these observations could be applied in the industrial sector by channeling the
process of burning towards the production of heat for industrial use as well as to increase work efficiency.
By understanding how calorific value change comes about as a result of the parameters put in place, we
could apply the knowledge of that, combined with the burning process, to produce greater temperature.

The outcomes and consequent knowledge after the applied could also be used in practical scenarios in
order to fully realize and utilize its potentials. Seeing as the calorific values used in the theoretical studies
are empirical calculations, we could conclude that these practical values could also be applied to real-life
problems in order to enhance work efficiency.
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Kig170734
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Introduction
boys gas calorimeter is really created to get right estimations of the substantially higher and lesser
calorific estimation of given fuel. Since the down to earth, for the most part we could gauge the calorific
estimation of vaporous fills just instrument was really made for which reason. To start with, at whatever
point consider in regards to the calorific esteem, through definition, it is really the aggregate vitality
discharged when completely lighted alongside oxygen at central circumstances. Crucial condition implies
0 ℃ and 1 atm ( 1.023 bar). In nutshell, calorific esteem remains for vitality which exchanged inside to
encompassing pre-unit volume of fuel at consistent weight. The gas calorimeter is really created to ensure
that the warmth from the burner streams upward through the calorimeter holder and withdraw again
inside the compartment and move down again before tiring.

In designing perspective, we have to consider strategies that could remove higher warmth or even vitality
from the consuming procedure and in addition take after the system, less amount of vitality propelled or
squander. After a couple of estimation and experimental medications, with the condition of the water in
the burning items, vitality could acquire from the lessening is changed. The qualities that speaks to higher
warming worth and lower When water is in fluid frame and in vaporous shape, warming quality are
individually. Essential hypothesis is vitality taken in by the water while vaporizing with a specific end
goal to the encompassing causes keeping in mind the end goal to lessen the warmth yield from the
procedure. Which through this commonsense we could quantify the distinction of the HCV and LCV of
the fluid oil gas.

Higher calorific esteem has substantially higher vitality, as through its name than the LCV. Off the
application, we have with a specific end goal to choose appropriate conditions. A couple of the system is
being bothered by considerably higher warming qualities due to the consolidated water, additionally on
the other palm a couple of the procedure is by and large really upset because of the development of the
water vapor. Ans additionally these sorts of qualities are resolved under standard

Since the simplicity of the correlation, conditions. Which the state which we will pick is in reality
significantly more fundamental in handy We happen to realize that there at whatever point we
contemplate with respect to the down to earth solicitations of the calorific esteem are numerous devices
rather that Boy's gas calorimeter. Fundamentally, bomb calorimeter is really used to quantify the calorific
estimation of liquid and strong powers. Principal down to earth application is really the utilization of fuel
oil, gas or even petroleum, coca-cola, charcoal, consuming water, foodstuffs and building items. These
calorimeters could be used so as to quantify the vitality adjust of Nano-material and earthenware
production. At the point when consider all with each other calorific esteem is fundamental to examine and
in addition differentiate the estimations of combustible items and uses of them.

At whatever point new fuel is found or even developed, researchers and specialists are really checked the
utilizations of which fuel and furthermore need to report its viability. In the assessment procedure, to
figure and decide the CV esteems utilize these calorimeters.
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Kig170734
M28
We need to decide the measure of fuel that is mosting prone to use all through the method. That need to
figure measure of warmth and in addition with which need to compute the mass or volume of the fuel.
That is The point at which we need to take the fuel to somewhere else, essential. For which reason, we
could get the resultant estimations of which handy. In convincingly, we could state which CV of a fuel
assumes real part in the designing field and industry to ensure the procedure is quite the proficient way
and prudent way

Theory
Calorific value is actually defined as overall energy released whenever completely ignited with oxygen at
standard situation. (0 ℃, 1 atm).

When we take into consideration about the heating value, quantity of energy released whenever a fuel is
actually burnt totally is stable flow process and the products are actually returned to the state of the
reactants.

There are two calorific values are actually determined according to the state of the water at the
combustion items.

1. Higher calorific value, higher heating value-- whenever H2O in the product remains in the fluid form.

2. Lower calorific value, lower heating value-- when H2O in the product is in the gaseous from.

HV is equal to the absolute value of the enthalpy of burning of the fuel at a defined state

.HV=|hc|

Basic relation of HCV and LCV is

HCV=LCV+(Nhfg)H2O

With the results of the practical, could calculate the LCV.

• Gas volume = volume flow rate×time (cm3)

• Gauge pressure = value×10×(100013600)(cmHg)

• Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure + Atmospheric pressure (cmHg)

• Correction of gas volume (V); 𝑃1𝑉1𝑇1=𝑃2𝑉2𝑇2

• Increased temperature = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡−𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (𝐾)

• Latent heat (Q) = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ×𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 (𝑘𝐽)

• HCV = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟×𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦×𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙

𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Abdelrahman Al Atiat
Kig170734
M28

`Equipment

• Boy’s gas calorimeter

• Thermometers
• Manometer
• Water circuit
• Stopwatch
• Constant pressure head

Procedure
1. The upper area of the calorimeter is removed, unlocked the gas flow as well as lit up the heater.
2. Constant pressure head is actually readied to the apparatus and also opened the water flow.
3. The stop watch was actually specified and also then water direction is actually changed to gather
the water that circulating through the device.
4. Water is gathered that circulate through the calorimeter for 5 minutes.
5. Temperature level analyses were taken after 5 minutes collecting the water.
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6. Volume flow rate was actually taken by flow meter and readings were calculated through given
chart.
7. All the values are taken down and calculated the HCV.

Ruselts
Atmospheric
755.4 755.6
Pressure (mmHg)

Lab temperature /oC 26 27

Time (t) /minute 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Gas flow rate (P) , cm3/s 4.730 4.660

Temperature water in T1/ oC 29.0 29.0 29.0 29.0 29.0 29.0 29.0

Temperature water out T2/

o 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0
C

Temperature burnt T3 /oC 26.0 26.5 27.5 28.0 29.0 29.5 30.0

Cooling water flow rate

9.83 9.83 10.0 9.83 9.83 9.83 10.0
cm3/s (2 minutes)

Weight of the water / g 31.01

Calculation

Mass of beaker with condensed water = 43.37g

Mass of empty beaker = 12.36g

Mass of condensed water = 31.01g

The flow rate of LPG gas at s.t.p condition could be obtained as below:

Average volume flow rate of gas, V = (4.730+4.660)/2

Abdelrahman Al Atiat
Kig170734
M28
= 4.695 cm3/s

= 4.695 x 10-6 m3/s

The flow rate of LPG gas at s.t.p. state (760 mmHg and 25 0C) could be obtained from

PSTPVSTP Pf V f
=
TSTP Tf

Pf V f TSTP
VSTP = x
Tf PSTP

(755.5)(4.695x10 6 )(25  273.15)

V STP =
(26.5  273.15)(760)

= 4.644x10-6 m3/s

Average volume cooling flow rate,

9.83+9.83+10.0+9.83+9.83+9.83+10.0
=
7

= 9.88 cm3 /s

Water density = 1000kg/m3

Average mass flow rate of water,

mw = volume flow rate of water x ρ

mw = (9.88 × 10-6 m3 s-1) x water density

= (9.88 × 10-6 m3 s-1) (1000kg/m3)

= 9.88 x 10-3 kg / s
Abdelrahman Al Atiat
Kig170734
M28
Average temperature water in,

T1(average) = (29.0+29.0+29.0+29.0+29.0+29.0+29.0)

= 29.0 oC

= 302.15 K

Average temperature water out, T2:

T2(average) = (40.0+40.0+40.0+40.0+40.0+40.0+40.0)

= 40.0 oC

= 313.15 K

Average temperature burnt gas T3:

T3(average) = (26.0+26.5+27.5+28.0+29.0+29.5+30.0)

= 28.07oC

= 301.22 K

High calorific value LPG, HH:

m w C pw T2  T1 
HH  kal / m 3
V
STP

(9.88x10−3 kg s −1 )x(4178 J kg −1 K −1 )x(313.15 − 302.15)K

=
4.644x10−6 m3 s−1
Abdelrahman Al Atiat
Kig170734
M28
= 97.8x106 J /m3

= 97.8 M J /m3

Lower calorific value for Liquefied Petroleum Gas :

Mass of condensed water collected in 30 minutes = 31.01g

Rate of condensation, mc = 31.01x10-3kg/(60x30)s

= 1.723 × 10-5 kg/s

Condensation heat per unit volume for LPG,

= water condensed rate x latent heat of vaporization for water

LPG gas flow rate at standard condition

= (1.723 × 10-5 kg/s)x(2442kJ/kg)

4.644x10-6 m3/s

= 9.06 x 103 kJ/m3

\ = 9.06 MJ /m3

Low calorific value H L  H H  m  

 c C pw Tc  TSTP  kal / m3
cL  m

HL = high calorific value – Condensation heat per unit volume for LPG

= 97.8 M J /m3 - 9.06 MJ /m3

= 88.74 M J /m3
Abdelrahman Al Atiat
Kig170734
M28

Discussion
- Convenience of this specific research center exercise. Circumstances and areas which the
outcomes are really being really utilized as a part of industry and building outline

Since positively there are huge amounts of asset are really available, powers are acting prevalent
part. Variety of the fuel is a considerable measure bigger and use from the fuel spread through
various parts. Positively there ought to be in reality a few qualities that utilization to arrange
powers. HCV and LCV estimations of the fuel is significould t in that procedure.

When we consider about the enormous contrast of the HCV and LCV esteems, we couldn't state
that HCV esteem is continually use in application. Be that as it may, with utilizing the
application, decision will change. As a case if the gathering water is raising hell when we have a
couple of opportunity to deliver water steam, we need to utilize LCV esteem than HCV esteem
without having thinking about the warmth diminishment. In any case, if the steam is wanting to
utilize rather contrasted with the fluid water, we could utilize LCV conditions, that is really the
proficient way.

Then again, which esteems, HCV and LCV, are really remaining for the vitality that could
remove from the fuel for unit amount. Inside strong fuel we could use vitality extricate from the
unit mass. Then again, we could utilize these qualities to differentiate diverse fills and could pick
most reasonable fuel to the condition.

In designing application, these qualities could be really to enhance the style and viability. And
furthermore with the difference in fuel and fuel kind, the volume and capacity of the machine
could be really diminished and the extra cost could be disposed of and cost could be really
lessened. And furthermore, strength of the gadget could be improved utilizing which esteems.

The majority of the atomic power plant that utilization powers to make steam, are really utilize
these qualities to differentiate the adequacy and the abatement of the cost of the unit vitality
which delivered by control generation unit. And furthermore in engine and different machines,
these information esteems could be utilized to differentiate the most unmistakable fuel.

A portion of the building applications that utilization these information esteems stay in vehicles,
ships, control plants, airplanes and so on.

- Utilize compute the particular warmth of steam at 25 ℃ in figuring the decreased calorific
esteem

Here we could utilize idle warmth of steam at this temperature to decide, however these sorts of
qualities will make some misstep since idle warmth of vitality is really changed alongside the
temperature. Along these lines which inside higher temperatures which we were utilized to do the
Abdelrahman Al Atiat
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handy, the estimation of concealed warmth is changed and for the change of the exactness need to
utilize revise esteems. And furthermore, the temperature is changed with the time amid the
reasonable. That is one more mistake.

- Relative benefits of utilizing HCV and LCV in control plant thermic adequacy definition.

In the greater part of the cases, while ascertaining the power plant productivity, here utilize
ignition proficiency and that specifically influenced to the general effectiveness. In ignition
proficiency is specifically required with the HCV and LCV. So which we need to think about a
few strategies that could separate warmth and vitality from the fuel to the power plant by
decreasing the vitality wastage.

When we consider about the power plant because of the higher temperature, unquestionably there
is quite opportunity to water at the fluid state, so which positively there ought to be utilize the
LCV esteems to the estimations. However, in the meaning of the effectiveness of the power plant,
it thinks about greatest vitality that need to convey to the power plant, so that need to utilize HCV
esteems. So which the distinction of the actual and theoretical are actually occurred.