ANALYSIS

In the previous experiment, we have experimented on transverse wave and discussed its properties and
applied it to the apparatus given to us. In this experiment, we experimented and discussed another type
of wave which is longtitudinal waves; waves in which the particle’s motion consists of back and forth
vibration in the direction of propagation. Here, we are to produce longtitudinal waves by inducing
vibration to a brass rod in Kundt’s Tube apparatus. In doing so, we observed a proper way of gripping
and pulling of the rod to ensure we are creating longtitudinal waves and not transverse waves. It is
important to remember that the speed of sound depends on the body that it travels. The objective of
this experiment is to determine the velocity of sound in a metal rod and to determine the speed of
sound in the tube applying the principle of resonance. Using the properties of wave motion, we can
achieve the objectives of this experiment.

In getting the right technique to make visible complete waves pattern formed by the lycopodium
powder inside the tube apparatues requires patience. The wave pattern that can be observed in the
powder are created when the vibration produced by the rod is transmitted to the air via sound waves
inside the tube and then the wave will bounce back due to the stopper placed at the end of the tube. As
the rod was being pulled back and forth with a cloth, longitudinal standing waves are observed to be
formed from the dust inside. Those waves are set up in it with a minimum vibration (node) at the
clamped part (at the center) and maximum vibration (antinode) at each end.

It shows a one-dimensional longitudinal plane wave propagating down a tube. The particles do not
move down the tube with the wave; they simply oscillate back and forth about their individual
equilibrium positions. As one individual particle is disturbed, it transmits the disturbance to the next
interconnected particle. This disturbance continues to be passed on to the next particle. The result is
that energy is transported from one end of the medium to the other end of the medium without the
actual transport of matter.
ERROR ANALYSIS

Kundt's tube is a special apparatus made just for this type of experiment, the apparatus is set in
such away that the sound will be propagated on its fundamental mode. For the velocity of sound in the
rod from textbook, we obtained a percentage(%) difference of 1.40% and for the velocity of sound in the
rod from equation 4, on the other hand, we obtained a percentage (%) error of 7.05%. Some possible
sources of errors were from the measurement of the segments and the wave produce near the stylus,
the amplitude, and the level of the string used by the device. To lessen the error, a keen-eye and a
stable hand is a must to measure the segments. It is also important to take note that the tube should be
horizontally placed in the table and the tube should not be open at the end where it should be closed.
 CONCLUSION

The objectives of this experiment were to determine the velocity of sound in metal rod and the
speed of sound in the tube applying the principles of resonance. This experiment had covered the
relationship of velocity of sound in both gas-air and solid-metal rod through manipulation of certain
condition to produce resonance. Formulas in the manual were provided to get its different velocities in
many ways to show its accuracy. By obeying the instructions such as clamping the rod at its midpoint,
closing the one end of the glass tube while the other end is free, and by making the disk in the rod not to
be in contact with the glass tube, and not pull the cloth completely off the rod, objectives were
achieved.

By the principle of Resonance, we were able to obtain two different velocities at different
medium where frequencies of each corresponding longitudinal wave are equal. Besides from the
application of the resonance, velocity of sound in rod can also be evaluated by considering the elasticity
and density of the material where the sound wave travels. The velocity is directly proportional to the
Young's modulus of elasticity and inversely proportional to the density of the material being used.
APPLICATION

Velocity in sound in solid can be applied in sound proofing applications used in Civil Engineering as well
as common materials used by the industry. Exposure to an extreme noise can be a health risk and can
cause significant hearing problem. Sound proofing is an important aspect for maintaining the health and
well-being of the occupants of residential or commercial dwellers as well as to minimize disturbances to
the neighbourhood. The acoustic retrofitting or acoustic treatments are commonly used for domestic,
residential or populated buildings in order to absorb unwanted noise echoing and to confine sound
energy inside the room. Noise walls and improved pavement materials are widely used to attenuate
highway and freeway noise whilst aerated concrete and concrete walls are commonly used in buildings
to prevent aeroplane noise from entering into residential buildings.