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1. Discuss the uses of some common household chemicals- chemical and trade names; water as
the most common chemical in the home; water as a solvent used in many household chemicals.
Safety symbols- corrosive, toxic, flammable, explosive.
2. Distinguish among acids, bases and salts- the concept of Ph. Classification of household
chemicals into acids, bases and salts.
Principle of neutralization.
3. Distinguish among solutions, suspensions and colloids- Classification of household chemicals in
each category.
4. Describe separation techniques- aqueous and non- aqueous solutions. (a) Distillation, (b)
Filtration, (c) Chromatography.
5. Discuss the safe and economic use of some common household chemicals- the action of
disinfectants, antiseptics, deodorisers, household bleach, hydrogen peroxide, vinegar.
6. Explain the cleaning actions of scouring powders and detergents on household appliances-
constituents of scouring powders and detergents, rust removers, oxidizing agents. Appliances
made from Al, Cu, Fe, Sn, Ag, Zn.
7. Distinguish between hard and soft water and- advantages and disadvantages of hard and soft
water.
8. Distinguish between soapy (soap) and soapless detergents- mode of cleaning, the effects of
detergents on the environment, biodegradable and non- biodegradable detergents, oxidizing
agents used in laundering.
Soaps, detergents and washing powders, disinfectants and personal hygiene products are some
chemical substance used in the home
Cleaning chemicals- are solutions or suspensions containing detergents and other chemicals which are
used to remove stains and grease. Some contain fine particles which act as an abrasive when rubbed on
with a cloth
Antiseptic are chemicals which prevent wounds from becoming infected by killing any germs present but
without damaging the skin further. E.g. Savlon and germolene
Antiperspirants reduce the amount of perspiration so less urea is released from areas such as the
armpits.
Deodorants help to mask any remaining odour so a person remains smelling fresh
Hair shampoos contain mild detergents which remove oil from the hair and clean the scalp.
Conditioner replaces some of the natural oils removed by shampooing and leaves the hair looking and
feeling good.
2. What are some chemical and trade names for chemical substances that are used in the home?
The table below shows some chemical substances that we use in our homes and their functions
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Household name Chemical name Uses
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ink Inks that are soluble in water can be removed
from clothing by soaking the item in milk.
Ethanedoic acid and methanol can also be
dabbed on the stain.
Acids are chemicals that release hydrogen ions (charged particles) when dissolved in water. Acids have
the following properties:
They have a sour taste. DO NOT EVER TASTE ACIDS IN THE LAB
Hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and sulphuric acid are strong acids
A base reacts with an acid to form a salt. Any base that dissolves in water is called an alkali. Bases have
the following properties:
They react with acids to form salts. This is called a neutralization reaction.
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pH is a measure of how acidic or alkaline a solution/ substance is. On the pH scale a value of 7 is neutral
so it is neither acidic nor alkaline. Values below 7 on the scale become increasingly acid while values
above 7 become increasingly alkaline.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
alkaline a substance is
Indicators are useful for testing whether a solution is acidic or alkaline but they do not always indicate
how acidic or how alkaline it is. In order to do this we need a pH scale.
12. What colour does blue litmus paper turn in the presence of an acid, and red litmus paper in the
presence of an alkali.
Blue litmus paper turns red in the presence of acids. Red litmus paper turns blue in the presence of an
alkali.
13. What is the difference between using litmus paper and indicators ?
Litmus paper does not indicate how acidic or alkaline the substance. Indicators change specific colours
with a pH value in the presence of an acidic or basic substance. Hence it tells how how acidic or basic the
substance is.
Universal indicator is, in fact, a mixture of several indicators. It has the advantage over other indicators of
changing colour several times over the full pH scale
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Universal indicator shows not only whether a solution is acidic or alkaline but also how acidic or how
alkaline.
Acids react with bases to form salts and water only. This is described as a neutralization reaction since
the acid and the base react together to produce water.
16. Give the names of some common household chemicals that are salts
Aqueous solution water is the solvent. Non- aqueous solution water is not the solvent, other solvents
are used to make the solution.
The particles settle out at the bottom of the mixture if left to stand eg chalk and water, sand and water.
Brown sauce and tomato ketchup are suspensions. Left undisturded for too long the particles would
begin to fall to the bottom so we must shake them before use.
Particles are very small and are spread out or dispersed in another forming a colloid. The particles do not
separate out on standing.
Colloids are not just solid particles dispersed in liquids. There are a number of other types of colloids
formed by solids, liquids and gases. An aerosol is a colloid in which a liquid or a solid is dispersed in a gas.
When we press the top of the can, particles of the liquid or solid are carried on a stream of gas.
In an emulsion, a colloid is formed by one liquid becoming dispersed in another. Milk is an emulsion in
which oil is dispersed in water
Cream topping is a liquid foam. This a colloid in which a gas is dispersed in a liquid.
Mixture contains two or more substances that are not chemically joined together.
The different substances/components in the mixture can easily be separated from one another
by physical methods.
The physical/separation method or separation technique used depends on the physical
properties( solubility, magnetism, density etc…) of the different components of the mixture.
Used to separate an insoluble solid (sand) from a liquid (water). Residue (sand) is collected on
the filter paper and the filtrate (water) collected in the flask.
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FILTRATION
Is used to separate a pure liquid (water) from a solid- liquid solution. E.g. pure water can be
distilled from sea water, soft drinks etc.
SIMPLE DISTILLATION
SIMPLE DISTILLATION
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e.g. Fractional distillation of crude oil
Is used to separate the different components in a liquid mixture. Example to separate the
different colored components that make up black ink
28. What are scouring powders and how do they work in removing a stain?
Contain a finely ground up powder of insoluble ash or calcite, mixed with water to make a thick
paste. Also contain detergents (remove dirt and grease), bleaching agent (bleaches stain and
disinfects surface), and perfume (pleasant odour). When rubbed unto the surface to be cleaned,
it acts as an abrasive, removing any solid matter present.
Made by heating animal fats or vegetable oils Made from petroleum products
with a strong alkali
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Advantages: Advantages:
. made from natural oils so less chance of skin . more effective cleaning agents
irritation and allergies
. less wastage
. environmentally friendly as they are broken
down into harmless substances, they are . cheaper to make
biodegradable
Disadvantages: Disadvantages:
Hard water contains dissolved calcium (calcium hydrogen carbonate, calcium sulphate) and
magnesium ions. It does not form a lather easily, if a lather does form it does not last long and it
reacts with soap to form scum (precipitate). Only when all of the ions are removed from the
water will the soap lather and effectively removes the dirt.
Soft water contains very litter or no calcium and magnesium ions. It forms a lather easily which
lasts for quite a while and it does not form scum.
Heating the water containing calcium hydrogencarbonate (soluble) forms calcium carbonate
(insoluble) which deposits at bottom of pots kettle. Calcium sulphate does not decompose
(breakdown) on heating but it can be removed by adding sodium carbonate in the form of
washing soda.