Genetics and Molecular Biology

Genetics and Molecular Biology
Subject : Genetics and Molecular Biology

An Overview of Cell Structure and Function
1. Cell’s Need for Immense Amounts of Information - Answer (click here)
2. Rudiments of Prokaryotic Cell Structure - Answer (click here)
3. Rudiments of Eukaryotic Cell Structure - Answer (click here)
4. Packing DNA into Cells - Answer (click here)
5. Moving Molecules into or out of Cells - Answer (click here)
6. Diffusion within the Small Volume of a Cell - Answer (click here)
7. Exponentially Growing Populations - Answer (click here)
8. Composition Change in Growing Cells - Answer (click here)
9. Age Distribution in Populations of Growing Cell - Answer (click here)
Nucleic Acid and Chromosome Structure

10. The Regular Backbone of DNA - Answer (click here)
11. Grooves in DNA and Helical Forms of DNA - Answer (click here)
12. Dissociation and Reassociation of Base-paired Strands - Answer (click here)
13. Reading Sequence Without Dissociating Strands - Answer (click here)
14. Electrophoretic Fragment Separation - Answer (click here)
15. Bent DNA Sequences - Answer (click here)
16. Measurement of Helical Pitch - Answer (click here)
17. Topological Considerations in DNA Structure - Answer (click here)
18. Generating DNA with Superhelical Turns - Answer (click here)
19. Measuring Superhelical Turns - Answer (click here)
20. Determining Lk, Tw, and Wr in Hypothetical Structures - Answer (click
here)
21. Altering Linking Number - Answer (click here)
22. Biological Significance of Superhelical Turns - Answer (click here)
23. The Linking Number Paradox of Nucleosomes - Answer (click here)
24. General Chromosome Structure - Answer (click here)
25. Southern Transfers to Locate Nucleosomes on Genes - Answer (click here)
26. ARS Elements, Centromeres, and Telomeres - Answer (click here)
DNA Synthesis
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27. DNA Synthesis - Answer (click here)
28. Proofreading, Okazaki Fragments, and DNA Ligase - Enzymology -
Answer (click here)
29. Detection and Basic Properties of DNA Polymerases - Enzymology -
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30. In vitro DNA Replication - Enzymology - Answer (click here)
31. Error and Damage Correction - Enzymology - Answer (click here)
32. DNA Replication Areas In Chromosomes - Physiological Aspects -
Answer (click here)
33. Bidirectional Replication from E. coli Origins - Physiological Aspects -
Answer (click here)
34. The DNA Elongation Rate - Physiological Aspects - Answer (click here)
35. Constancy of the E. coli DNA Elongation Rate - Physiological Aspects -
Answer (click here)
36. Regulating Initiations - Physiological Aspects - Answer (click here)
37. Gel Electrophoresis Assay of Eukaryotic Replication Origins -
Physiological Aspects - Answer (click here)
38. How Fast Could DNA Be Replicated? - Physiological Aspects - Answer
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RNA Polymerase and RNA Initiation

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39. Measuring the Activity of RNA Polymerase - Answer (click here)
40. Concentration of Free RNA Polymerase in Cells - Answer (click here)
41. The RNA Polymerase in Escherichia coli - Answer (click here)
42. Three RNA Polymerases in Eukaryotic Cells - Answer (click here)
43. Multiple but Related Subunits in Polymerases - Answer (click here)
44. Multiple Sigma Subunits - Answer (click here)
45. Structure of Promoters - Answer (click here)
46. Enhancers - Answer (click here)
47. Enhancer-Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)
48. DNA Looping in Regulating Promoter Activities - Answer (click here)
49. Steps of the Initiation Process - Answer (click here)
50. Measurement of Binding and Initiation Rates - Answer (click here)
51. Relating Abortive Initiations to Binding and Initiating - Answer (click here)
52. Roles of Auxiliary Transcription Factors - Answer (click here)
53. Melted DNA Under RNA Polymerase - Answer (click here)
TranscriptionTermination and RNA Processing

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54. Polymerase Elongation Rate - Answer (click here)
55. Transcription Termination at Specific Sites - Answer (click here)
56. RNA Termination - Answer (click here)
57. Processing Prokaryotic RNAs After Synthesis - Answer (click here)
58. S1 Mapping to Locate 5’ and 3’ Ends of Transcripts - Answer (click here)
59. Caps, Splices, Edits, and Poly-A Tails on Eukaryotic RNAs - Answer
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60. The Discovery and Assay of RNA Splicing - Answer (click here)
61. Involvement of the U1 snRNP Particle in Splicing - Answer (click here)
62. Splicing Reactions and Complexes - Answer (click here)
63. The Discovery of Self-Splicing RNAs - Answer (click here)
64. A Common Mechanism for Splicing Reactions - Answer (click here)
65. Other RNA Processing Reactions - Answer (click here)
Protein Structure
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66. Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
67. The Amino Acids - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
68. Peptide Bond - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
69. Electrostatic Forces that Determine Protein Structure - Protein Structure
- Answer (click here)
70. Hydrogen Bonds and the Chelate Effect - Protein Structure - Answer (click
here)
71. Hydrophobic Forces - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
72. Thermodynamic Considerations of Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
73. Structures within Proteins - Answer (click here)
74. Alpha Helix, Beta Sheet, and Beta Turn - Protein Structure - Answer (click
here)
75. Calculation of Protein Tertiary Structure - Answer (click here)
76. Secondary Structure Predictions - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
77. Structures of DNA-Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)
78. Salt Effects on Protein-DNA Interactions - Answer (click here)
79. Locating Specific Residue-Base Interactions - Protein Structure - Answer
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Protein Synthesis
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80. Activation of Amino Acids During Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
81. Fidelity of Aminoacylation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
82. How Synthetases Identify the Correct tRNA Molecule - Answer (click here)
83. Decoding the Message - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
84. Base Pairing between Ribosomal RNA and Messenger - Answer (click here)
85. Experimental Support for the Shine-Dalgarno Hypothesis - Protein
Synthesis - Answer (click here)
86. Eukaryotic Translation and the First AUG - Protein Synthesis - Answer
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87. Tricking the Translation Machinery into Initiating - Protein Synthesis -
Answer (click here)
88. Protein Elongation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
89. Peptide Bond Formation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
90. Translocation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
91. Termination, Nonsense, and Suppression - Protein Synthesis - Answer
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92. Chaperones and Catalyzed Protein Folding - Protein Synthesis - Answer
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93. Resolution of a Paradox - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
94. Messenger Instability - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
95. Protein Elongation Rates - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
96. Directing Proteins to Specific Cellular Sites - Protein Synthesis - Answer
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97. Verifying the Signal Peptide Model - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click
here)
98. The Signal Recognition Particle and Translocation - Protein Synthesis -
Answer (click here)
99. Expectations for Ribosome Regulation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click
here)
100. Proportionality of Ribosome Levels and Growth Rates - Protein
101. Regulation of Ribosome Synthesis - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
102. Balancing Synthesis of Ribosomal Components - Protein Synthesis -
Answer (click here)
Genetics
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103. Genetics Mutations - Answer (click here)
104. Point Mutations, Deletions, Insertions, and Damage - Answer (click here)
105. Classical Genetics of Chromosomes - Answer (click here)
106. Complementation, Cis, Trans, Dominant, and Recessive - Answer (click
here)
107. Mechanism of a trans Dominant Negative Mutation - Answer (click here)
108. Genetic Recombination - Answer (click here)
109. Genetics Mapping by Recombination Frequencies - Answer (click here)
110. Genetics: Mapping by Deletions - Answer (click here)
111. Heteroduplexes and Genetic Recombination - Answer (click here)
112. Genetics: Branch Migration and Isomerization - Answer (click here)
113. Elements of Recombination in E. coli, RecA, RecBCD, and Chi - Answer
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114. Genetic Systems - Answer (click here)
115. Growing Cells for Genetics Experiments - Answer (click here)
116. Testing Purified Cultures, Scoring - Answer (click here)
117. Isolating Auxotrophs, Use of Mutagens and Replica Plating - Answer
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118. Genetic Selections - Answer (click here)
119. Mapping with Generalized Transducing Phage - Answer (click here)
120. Principles of Bacterial Sex - Answer (click here)
121. Elements of Yeast Genetics - Answer (click here)
122. Elements of Drosophila Genetics - Answer (click here)
123. Isolating Mutations in Muscle or Nerve in Drosophila - Answer (click here)
124. Fate Mapping and Study of Tissue-Specific Gene Expression - Answer
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Genetic Engineering and Recombinant DNA

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125. Isolation of DNA - Answer (click here)
126. Biology of Restriction Enzymes - Answer (click here)
127. Cutting DNA with Restriction Enzymes - Answer (click here)
128. Isolation of DNA Fragments - Answer (click here)
129. Joining DNA Fragments - Answer (click here)
130. Vectors: Selection and Autonomous DNA Replication - Answer (click here)
131. Plasmid Vectors - Answer (click here)
132. A Phage Vector for Bacteria - Answer (click here)
133. Vectors for Higher Cells - Answer (click here)
134. Putting DNA Back into Cells - Answer (click here)
135. Cloning from RNA - Answer (click here)
136. Plaque and Colony Hybridization for Clone Identification - Answer (click
here)
137. Walking Along a Chromosome to Clone a Gene - Answer (click here)
138. Arrest of Translation to Assay for DNA of a Gene - Answer (click here)
139. Chemical DNA Sequencing - Answer (click here)
140. Enzymatic DNA Sequencing - Answer (click here)
Advanced Genetic Engineering
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141. Finding Clones from a Known Amino Acid Sequence - Answer (click here)
142. Finding Clones Using Antibodies Against a Protein - Answer (click here)
143. Southern, Northern, and Western Transfers - Genetic Engineering -
Answer (click here)
144. Polymerase Chain Reaction - Answer (click here)
145. Isolation of Rare Sequences Utilizing PCR - Answer (click here)
146. Physical and Genetic Maps of Chromosomes - Answer (click here)
147. Chromosome Mapping - Answer (click here)
148. DNA Fingerprinting - Forensics - Answer (click here)
149. Megabase Sequencing - Answer (click here)
150. Footprinting, Premodification and Missing Contact Probing - Answer (click
here)
151. Antisense RNA: Selective Gene Inactivation - Answer (click here)
152. Hypersynthesis of Proteins - Answer (click here)
153. Altering Cloned DNA by in vitro Mutagenesis - Answer (click here)
154. Mutagenesis with Chemically Synthesized DNA - Answer (click here)
Repression and the lac Operon

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155. Repression and the lac Operon - Answer (click here)
156. Role of Inducer Analogs in the Study of the lac Operon - Answer (click
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157. Proving lac Repressor is a Protein - Answer (click here)
158. An Assay for lac Repressor - Answer (click here)
159. Difficulty of Detecting Wild Type lac Repressor - Answer (click here)
160. Detection and Purification of lac Repressor - Answer (click here)
161. Repressor Binds to DNA: The Operator is DNA - Answer (click here)
162. Migration Retardation Assay and DNA Looping - Repression and the lac
Operon - Answer (click here)
163. Isolation and Structure of Operator - Repression and the lac Operon -
Answer (click here)
164. In vivo Affinity of Repressor for Operator - Answer (click here)
165. DNA-binding Domain of lac Repressor - Answer (click here)
166. A Mechanism for Induction - Repression and the lac Operon - Answer
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Induction Repression and the araBAD Operon

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167. Sugar Arabinose and Arabinose Metabolism - Answer (click here)
168. Genetics of the Arabinose System - Answer (click here)
169. Detection and Isolation of AraC Protein - Answer (click here)
170. Repression by AraC - Answer (click here)
171. Regulating AraC Synthesis - Answer (click here)
172. Binding Sites of the ara Regulatory Proteins - Answer (click here)
173. DNA Looping and Repression of araBAD - Answer (click here)
174. In vivo Footprinting Demonstration of Looping - Answer (click here)
175. How AraC Protein Loops and Unloops - Answer (click here)
176. Why Looping is Biologically Sensible - Answer (click here)
177. Why Positive Regulators are a Good Idea - Answer (click here)
Attenuation and the trp Operon

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178. Attenuation and the trp Operon - Answer (click here)
179. Rapid Induction Capabilities of the trp Operon - Answer (click here)
180. Serendipitous Discovery of trp Enzyme Hypersynthesis - Answer (click
here)
181. Early Explorations of the Hypersynthesis - Answer (click here)
182. trp Multiple Secondary Structures in trp Leader RNA - Answer (click here)
183. Coupling Translation to Termination - Answer (click here)
184. RNA Secondary Structure and the Attenuation Mechanism - Answer (click
here)
185. Other Attenuated Systems: Operons, Bacillus subtilis and HIV - Answer
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Lambda Phage Genes and Regulatory Circuitry

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186. Physical Structure of Lambda - Answer (click here)
187. Genetic Structure of Lambda - Answer (click here)
188. Lysogeny and Immunity - Answer (click here)
189. Lambda’s Relatives and Lambda Hybrids - Answer (click here)
190. Lambda Adsorption to Cells - Answer (click here)
191. Early Transcription of Genes N and Cro - Answer (click here)
192. N Protein and Antitermination of Early Gene Transcription - Answer (click
here)
193. Role of Cro Protein - Answer (click here)
194. Initiating DNA Synthesis with the O and P Proteins - Answer (click here)
195. Proteins Kil, γ, β, and Exo - Answer (click here)
196. Q Protein and Late Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
197. Lysis - Answer (click here)
198. Chronology of Becoming a Lysogen - Answer (click here)
199. Site for Cro Repression and CI Activation - Answer (click here)
200. Cooperativity in Repressor Binding and its Measurement - Answer (click
here)
201. Need for and the Realization of Hair-Trigger Induction - Answer (click
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202. Induction from the Lysogenic State - Answer (click here)
203. Entropy, a Basis for Lambda Repressor Inactivation - Answer (click here)
Xenopus 5S RNA Synthesis

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204. Biology of 5S RNA Synthesis in Xenopus - Answer (click here)
205. In vitro 5S RNA Synthesis - Answer (click here)
206. TFIIIA Binding to the Middle of its Gene as Well as to RNA - Answer
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207. Switching from Oocyte to Somatic 5S Synthesis - Answer (click here)
208. Structure and Function of TFIIIA - Answer (click here)
Regulation of Mating Type in Yeast

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209. Regulation of Mating Type in Yeast - Answer (click here)
210. Yeast Cell Cycle - Answer (click here)
211. Mating Type Conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Answer (click here)
212. Cloning the Mating Type Loci in Yeast - Answer (click here)
213. Transfer of Mating Type Gene Copies to an Expression Site - Answer
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214. Structure of the Mating Type Loci - Answer (click here)
215. Expression and Recombination Paradoxes - Answer (click here)
216. Silencing HML and HMR - Answer (click here)
217. Isolation of α2 Protein - Answer (click here)
218. α2 and MCM1 - Answer (click here)
219. Sterile Mutants, Membrane Receptors and G Factors - Answer (click here)
220. DNA Cleavage at the MAT Locus - Answer (click here)
221. DNA Strand Inheritance and Switching in Fission Yeast - Answer (click
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Genes Regulating Development

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222. General Considerations on Signaling - Answer (click here)
223. Outline of Early Drosophila Development - Answer (click here)
224. Classical Embryology - Answer (click here)
225. Using Genetics to Begin Study of Developmental Systems - Answer (click
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226. Cloning Developmental Genes - Answer (click here)
227. Enhancer Traps for Detecting and Cloning Developmental Genes -
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228. Expression Patterns of Developmental Genes - Answer (click here)
229. Similarities Among Developmental Genes - Answer (click here)
230. Overall Model of Drosophila Early Development - Answer (click here)
Lambda Phage Integration and Excision

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231. Mapping Integrated Lambda - Answer (click here)
232. Simultaneous Deletion of Chromosomal and Lambda DNA - Answer (click
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233. DNA Heteroduplexes Prove that Lambda Integrates - Answer (click here)
234. Gene Order Permutation and the Campbell Model - Answer (click here)
235. Isolation of Integration-Defective Mutants - Answer (click here)
236. Isolation of Excision-Deficient Mutants - Answer (click here)
237. Properties of the int and xis Gene Products - Answer (click here)
238. Incorrect Excision and gal and bio Transducing Phage - Answer (click here)
239. Transducing Phage Carrying Genes Other than gal and bio - Answer (click
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240. Use of Transducing Phage to Study Integration and Excision - Answer
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241. The Double att Phage, att.squ - Answer (click here)
242. Demonstrating Xis is Unstable - Answer (click here)
243. Inhibition By a Downstream Element - Answer (click here)
244. In vitro Assay of Integration and Excision - Answer (click here)
245. Host Proteins Involved in Integration and Excision - Answer (click here)
246. Structure of the att Regions - Answer (click here)
247. Structure of the Intasome - Answer (click here)
248. Holliday Structures and Branch Migration in Integration - Answer (click
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Transposable Genetic Elements

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249. Transposable Genetic Elements - Answer (click here)
250. IS Elements in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
251. Structure and Properties of IS Elements - Answer (click here)
252. Discovery of Tn Elements - Answer (click here)
253. Structure and Properties of Tn Elements - Answer (click here)
254. Inverting DNA Segments by Recombination, Flagellin Synthesis -
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255. Mu Phage As a Giant Transposable Element - Answer (click here)
256. An Invertible Segment of Mu Phage - Answer (click here)
257. In vitro Transposition, Threading or Global Topology? - Answer (click here)
258. Hopping by Tn10 - Answer (click here)
259. Retrotransposons in Higher Cells - Answer (click here)
260. An RNA Transposition Intermediate - Answer (click here)
261. P Elements and Transformation - Answer (click here)
262. P Element Hopping by Chromosome Rescue - Answer (click here)
Generating Genetic Diversity

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263. Generating Genetic Diversity: Antibodies - Answer (click here)
264. Basic Adaptive Immune Response - Answer (click here)
265. Telling the Difference Between Foreign and Self - Answer (click here)
266. Number of Different Antibodies Produced - Answer (click here)
267. Myelomas and Monoclonal Antibodies - Answer (click here)
268. Structure of Antibodies - Answer (click here)
269. Many Copies of V Genes and Only a Few C Genes - Answer (click here)
270. J Regions - Generating Genetic Diversity: Antibodies - Answer (click here)
271. D Regions in H Chains - Answer (click here)
272. Induced Mutations and Antibody Diversity - Answer (click here)
273. Class Switching of Heavy Chains - Answer (click here)
274. Enhancers and Expression of Immunoglobulin Genes - Answer (click here)
275. AIDS Virus - Answer (click here)
276. Engineering Antibody Synthesis in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
277. Assaying for Sequence Requirements of Gene Rearrangements - Answer
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278. Cloning the Recombinase - Answer (click here)
Biological Assembly Ribosomes and Lambda Phage

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279. Biological Assembly, Ribosomes and Lambda Phage - Answer (click here)
280. RNAse and Ribosomes - Answer (click here)
281. Global Structure of Ribosomes - Answer (click here)
282. Assembly of Ribosomes - Answer (click here)
283. Experiments with in vitro Ribosome Assembly - Answer (click here)
284. Determining Details of Local Ribosomal Structure - Answer (click here)
285. Lambda Phage Assembly: General Aspects - Answer (click here)
286. Geometry of Capsids - Answer (click here)
287. Structure of the Lambda Particle - Answer (click here)
288. Head Assembly Sequence and Host Proteins - Answer (click here)
289. Packaging the DNA and Formation of the cos Ends - Answer (click here)
290. Formation of the lambda Tail - Answer (click here)
291. In vitro Packaging - Answer (click here)
Chemotaxis
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292. Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
293. Assaying Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
294. Fundamental Properties of Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
295. Genetics of Motility and Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
296. How Cells Swim - Answer (click here)
297. Mechanism of Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
298. Energy for Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
299. Adaptation - Answer (click here)
300. Methylation and Adaptation - Answer (click here)
301. Phosphorylation and the Rapid Response - Answer (click here)
Oncogenesis Molecular Aspects

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292. Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
293. Assaying Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
294. Fundamental Properties of Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
295. Genetics of Motility and Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
296. How Cells Swim - Answer (click here)
297. Mechanism of Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
298. Energy for Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
299. Adaptation - Answer (click here)
300. Methylation and Adaptation - Answer (click here)
301. Phosphorylation and the Rapid Response - Answer (click here)
302. Bacterially Induced Tumors in Plants - Answer (click here)
303. Transformation and Oncogenesis by Damaging the Chromosome -
Answer (click here)
304. Identifying a Nucleotide Change Causing Cancer - Answer (click here)
305. Retroviruses and Cancer - Answer (click here)
306. Cellular Counterparts of Retroviral Oncogenes - Answer (click here)
307. Identification of the src and sis Gene Products - Answer (click here)
308. DNA Tumor Viruses - Answer (click here)
309. Recessive Oncogenic Mutations, Tumor Suppressors - Answer (click here)
310. ras-fos-jun Pathway - Answer (click here)
311. Directions for Future Research in Molecular Biology - Answer (click here)

Genetics and Molecular Biology - Lecture Notes, Study Material and Important Questions, Answers

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Genetics and Molecular Biology - Lecture Notes, Study Material and Important Questions, Answers

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Subject : Genetics and Molecular Biology

Nucleic Acid and Chromosome Structure

RNA Polymerase and RNA Initiation

TranscriptionTermination and RNA Processing

Genetic Engineering and Recombinant DNA

Repression and the lac Operon

Induction Repression and the araBAD Operon

Attenuation and the trp Operon

Lambda Phage Genes and Regulatory Circuitry

Xenopus 5S RNA Synthesis

Regulation of Mating Type in Yeast

Genes Regulating Development

Lambda Phage Integration and Excision

Transposable Genetic Elements

Generating Genetic Diversity

Biological Assembly Ribosomes and Lambda Phage

Oncogenesis Molecular Aspects

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