Interconnecting Cisco Networking

Devices Part 1
ICND1 100-105

Instructor
Paul A. Parker

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 Chapter 4

Fundamentals of IPv4 Addressing and Routing

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 Chapter 4
Fundamentals of IPv4 Addressing and Routing
v Foundation Topics
▼ Overview of Network Layer Functions
➘  IP focuses on routing data in IP packets from source host to
destination host
➘  IP relies on the lower TCP/IP layers to do the work
▼ Network Layer Routing (Forwarding) Logic
➘  Routers and end-user computers, or hosts, work together to
perform IP routing
➘  The host operating system (OS) makes the first choice of where to
send the IP packet
➘  The host uses the MASK to determine if the source IP address and
destination IP address are on the same local area network (LAN)
➘  If they are on different LANs then the host must send the IP packet to
its default gateway router as shown in the next slide

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 Chapter 4
Foundation Topics
v Network Layer Routing (Forwarding) Logic
▼ Routing Logic: PC1 Sending an IP Packet to PC2
The routing process
forward Layer 3 packets
in protocol data units
(L3 PDU) based on the
destination address in
the packet.

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 Chapter 4
Foundation Topics
v How IP Addressing Helps IP Routing
▼ TCP/IP groups IP addresses together so that IP addresses on the
same physical network are part of the same group
▼ The groups are called an IP network or an IP subnet
v IPv4 Header is Four Bytes Wide for Twenty Bytes

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 Chapter 4
Foundation Topics
v Routing Protocols
▼ Each router needs to know something about the TCP/IP
internetwork in order to route packets
▼ While all the routes could be entered into the router manually by
the network engineer it
would be too much work
so routing protocols are
used to learn routes from
neighboring routers
▼ The routes propagate from
one router to the next and the time it takes
depends on the routing protocol being used

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 Chapter 4
IPv4 Addressing
v IPv4 addressing is absolutely the most important topic for
CCENT and CCNA exams
v Speed and accuracy in calculating subnets is essential to
pass the CCENT and CCNA exams
v There are tools on the course web site that are designed
to assist you with this goal
v The Subnetting Practice (for speed)
▼ Your goal should be to average about 30 sends or less to solve
each problem

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 Chapter 4
IPv4 Addressing
v Rules for IP Addresses
▼ IP addresses are a 32-bit number written in dotted-decimal
notation (DDN)
▼ The “decimal” is because each byte (8 bits) is displayed as its
decimal equivalent
▼ The “dotted” is because each decimal number is separated by
decimal points
▼ The IP address 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000001 is
written as 192.168.1.1
▼ The term octet is a vendor-neutral term for byte so the IP
address is comprised of four octets
▼ Each network interface card (NIC) requires a unique IP address

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 Chapter 4
IPv4 Addressing
v Rules for Grouping IP Addresses
▼ The original specification for TCP/IP grouped IP addresses into
consecutive addresses called IP networks
▼ All IP addresses in the same group must not be separated from
each other by a router
▼ IP addresses separated from each other by a router must be in
different groups

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 Chapter 4
IPv4 Addressing
v IP Networks: Class A, B, and C

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 Chapter 4
IPv4 Addressing
v IP Networks: Class A, B, and C

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 Chapter 4
IPv4 Addressing
v IP Networks: Class A, B, and C
▼ All Possible Valid Network Numbers

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 Chapter 4
IPv4 Addressing
v IP Subnetting
▼ Example with Five Class B Networks

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 Chapter 4
IPv4 Routing
v IPv4 Host Routing
▼ Step 1. If the destination IP address is in the same IP subnet as
I am, send the packet directly to that destination host.
▼ Step 2. Otherwise, send the packet to my default gateway, also
known as a default router. (This router has an interface on the
same subnet as the host.)

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 Chapter 4
IPv4 Routing
v Router Forward Decisions and the IP Routing Table
▼ A Summary of Router Forwarding Logic
➘  Step 1. Use the data link Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field to
ensure that the frame had no errors; if errors occurred, discard the
frame.
➘  Step 2. Assuming that the frame was not discarded at Step 1,
discard the old data link header and trailer, leaving the IP packet.
➘  Step 3. Compare the IP packet’s destination IP address to the
routing table, and find the route that best matches the destination
address. This route identifies the outgoing interface of the router,
and possibly the next-hop router IP address.
➘  Step 4. Encapsulate the IP packet inside a new data link header and
trailer, appropriate for the outgoing interface, and forward the
frame.

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 Chapter 4
IPv4 Routing
v A Detailed Routing Example
▼  Step A. PC1 sends the packet to its default router. PC1 first builds the IP packet, with a
destination address of PC2’s IP address (150.150.4.10). PC1 needs to send the packet to R1
(PC1’s default router)
because the destination
address is on a different
subnet. PC1 places the
IP packet into an
Ethernet frame, with a
destination Ethernet
address of R1’s Ethernet
address. PC1 sends the
frame onto the Ethernet.
(Note that the figure omits
the data link trailers.)

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 Chapter 4
IPv4 Routing
v A Detailed Routing Example
▼  Step B. R1 processes the incoming frame and forwards the packet to R2. Because
the incoming Ethernet frame has a destination MAC of R1’s Ethernet MAC, R1 copies the
frame off the Ethernet for processing. R1 checks the frame’s FCS, and no errors have
occurred (Step 1). R1 then
discards the Ethernet header and trailer (Step 2).
Next, R1 compares the
packet’s destination address
(150.150.4.10) to the routing
table and finds the entry for
subnet 150.150.4.0—which
includes addresses 150.150.4.0
through 150.150.4.255 (Step 3).
Because the destination address
is in this group, R1 forwards the
packet out interface Serial0 to
next-hop router R2 (150.150.2.7)
after encapsulating the packet in
a High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) frame (Step 4).

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 Chapter 4
IPv4 Routing
v A Detailed Routing Example
▼  Step C. R2 processes the incoming frame and forwards the packet to R3. R2 repeats
the same general process as R1 when R2 receives the HDLC frame. R2 checks the FCS field
and finds that no errors occurred (Step 1). R2 then discards the HDLC header and trailer
(Step 2). Next, R2 finds its route for subnet
150.150.4.0—which includes the address range
150.150.4.0–150.150.4.255—
and realizes that the packet’s
destination address 150.150.4.10
matches that route (Step 3).
Finally, R2 sends the packet out
interface Fast Ethernet 0/0 to
next-hop router 150.150.3.1 (R3)
after encapsulating the packet in
an Ethernet header (Step 4).

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 Chapter 4
IPv4 Routing
v A Detailed Routing Example
▼  Step D. R3 processes the incoming frame and forwards the packet to PC2. Like R1
and R2, R3 checks the FCS, discards the old data link header and trailer, and matches its own
route for subnet 150.150.4.0. R3’s routing table entry for 150.150.4.0 shows that the
outgoing interface is R3’s Ethernet interface, but there is no
next-hop router, because R3 is connected directly to subnet
150.150.4.0. All R3 has to do is
encapsulate the packet inside
a new Ethernet header and
trailer, with a destination
Ethernet address of PC2’s
MAC address, and forward
the frame.

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 Chapter 4
IPv4 Routing Protocols
v The Goals of a Routing Protocol
▼ To dynamically learn and fill the routing table with a route to
each subnet in the internetwork.
▼ If more than one route to a subnet is available, to place the best
route in the routing table.
▼ To notice when routes in the table are no longer valid, and to
remove them from the routing table.
▼ If a route is removed from the routing table and another route
through another neighboring router is available, to add the route
to the routing table.
▼ To work quickly when adding new routes or replacing lost routes.
➘  The time between losing the route and finding a working
replacement route is called convergence time.
▼ To prevent routing loops.
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 Chapter 4
IPv4 Routing Protocols
v Basic Steps Routing Protocols Use to Learn Routes
▼ Step 1. Each router, independent of the routing protocol, adds a
route to its routing table for each subnet directly connected to
the router.
▼ Step 2. Each router’s routing protocol tells its neighbors about
the routes in its routing table, including the directly connected
routes, and routes learned from other routers.
▼ Step 3. After learning a new route from a neighbor, the router’s
routing protocol adds a route to its IP routing table, with the
next-hop router of that route typically being the neighbor from
which the route was learned.

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 Chapter 4
IPv4 Routing Protocols
v Example: Router R1 Learning About Subnet 150.150.4.0
▼  Step A. Subnet 150.150.4.0 exists as a subnet at the bottom of the figure, connected to
router R3.
▼  Step B. R3 adds a connected route
for 150.150.4.0 to its IP routing table
(Step 1); this happens without help
from the routing protocol.
▼  Step C. R3 sends a routing protocol
message, called a routing update, to R2,
causing R2 to learn about subnet
150.150.4.0 (Step 2).
▼  Step D. R2 adds a route for subnet
150.150.4.0 to its routing table (Step 3).
▼  Step E. R2 sends a similar routing
update to R1, causing R1 to learn
about subnet 150.150.4.0 (Step 2).
▼  Step F. R1 adds a route for subnet
150.150.4.0 to its routing table (Step 3). The route lists R1’s own Serial0 as the outgoing
interface and R2 as the next-hop router IP address (150.150.2.7).

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 Chapter 4
Other Network Layer Features
v The TCP/IP network layer defines many functions
including
▼ Domain Name System (DNS)
▼ Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
▼ Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
➘  Ping

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 Chapter 4
Other Network Layer Features
v The Domain Name System (DNS)
▼ Basic DNS Name Resolution Request

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 Chapter 4
Other Network Layer Features
v The Address Resolution Protocol
▼ Sample ARP Process

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 Chapter 4
Other Network Layer Features
v ICMP Echo and the ping Command
▼ Sample Network and Ping Command

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 Repeat DIKTA questions Book, PCPT
Review memory table
Chapter 4 Book, DVD/website

Review All the Exam Preparation Tasks

Key Topics
Table 4-8 Key Topics for Chapter 4
Key Topic Description Page
Element Number
List Two statements about how IP expects IP addresses to be grouped 87
into networks or subnets
Figure 4-6 Breakdown of IPv4 address space 89
Figure 4-7 Sizes of Class A, B, and C networks 89
Table 4-6 List of the three types of unicast IP networks and the size of the 91
network and host parts of each type of network
Figure 4-9 Conceptual view of how subnetting works 92
List Two-step process of how hosts route (forward) packets 93
List Four-step process of how routers route (forward) packets 94
List Goals of IP routing protocols 96
Figure 4-13 Example that shows the purpose and process of DNS name 99
resolution
Figure 4-14 Example of the purpose and process of ARP 100

Key Terms You Should Know

default
CCENT/CCNA router
ICND1 (default
100-105 gateway), routing
Interconnecting Ciscotable, IP network,
Networking IP subnet,
Devices Part 1 IP packet, routing 27
protocol, dotted-decimal notation (DDN), IPv4 address, unicast IP address, subnetting,
Questions?

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