 DEFINITION OF ETHICS

From ancient Greek terminology “ETHOS” that means attitude, habit or character.

 Principals behavior of individual or group.

 The branch of knowledge that deals with moral principles

 Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending,

and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct

Normative ethics give the answer of “depend on what norm must we act or conduct” ?

 The answer of this question is explained by deontology and theleology theory

DEONTOLOGY THEORY

 from Greek δέον, deon, "obligation”, duty.

 deontological ethics or deontology is the normative ethical position that judges the morality
of an action based on rules

Negative and Positive Rights Theories:

 The negative rights theory asserts that an action is right if it protects the individual from
harm or unwarranted interference from other people or the government while exercising his
right

 The positive rights theory posits that an action is right if it provides or tends to provide an
individual with anything that he needs to exist

Social Contract Theories: The social contract theories posit that people contract with each other to
abide by the moral and political obligations towards the society in which they live.

Social Justice Theories: The social justice theories state that the action will be considered right if it
confirms the fairness in the distributive, retributive and compensatory dimensions of cost and
rewards

 By deontology theory, Immanuel Kant give the answer by three main action (1) reversibility,
(2) universibility, and (3) recognition to the human dignity.
 Teleological Ethical Theories

 This theory concerned with the consequences of actions which means the basic
standards for our actions being morally right or wrong depends on the purposed, result, goal
and effect generated.

Ethical Egoism: The ethical egoism is a teleological theory that posits, an action is good if it produces
or is likely to produce results that maximize the person’s self-interest as defined by him, even at the
expense of others

Utilitarianism: The Utilitarianism theory holds that an action is good if it results in maximum
satisfaction for a large number of people who are likely to get affected by the action

Eudaimonism: Eudaimonism is a teleological theory which posits, that an action is good if it results
in the fulfillment of goals along with the welfare of the human beings

IDEA -> ACTION -> HABIT -> CHARACTER

MORALITY

 From the Latin ”moralis “ it means manner, character, proper behavior.

 is the differentiation of intentions, decisions and actions between those that are
distinguished as proper and those that are improper.

 Moral Realism/objective: Looking at the action as ordered by law or regulation.

 Moral anti realism/subjective: Looking at the action as something that comes from within
the individual or insight, affected by the agreement of individual.

Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development

Level Pre conventional -> Level conventional -> Level POST conventional

Level Pre conventional

1. Obedience and punishment orientation

How can I avoid punishment?

2. Self-interest orientation

What's in it for me?

Paying for a benefit

Level conventional

3. Interpersonal accord and conformity

(Social norms)

(The good boy/girl attitude)

4. Authority and social-order maintaining orientation

(Law and order morality)

Level post conventional

. Social contract orientation

the world is viewed as holding different opinions, rights, and values

6. Universal ethical principles

(Principled conscience)

(based on abstract reasoning using universal ethical principles)

MORAL OR ETHICAL RELATIVISM

Moral relativism is philosophical positions that concerned with the differences in moral judgments
across different people and cultures.

Moral relativism holds that in such disagreements, nobody is objectively right or wrong;

Normative moral relativism holds that because nobody is right or wrong, we ought to tolerate the
behavior of others even when we disagree about the morality of it.