1 - Shear, Torsion, SLS

SUMMARY
SHEAR DESIGN OF RC
ELEMENTS
Members not requiring Members requiring

design shear reinforcement design shear reinforcement
DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 32

MEMBERS NOT REQUIRING DESIGN SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Shear strength without reinforcement
In regions of the member where VEd <VRd (Shear strength

without reinforcement) no calculated shear reinforcement
is necessary.
When, on the basis of the design shear calculation, no

shear reinforcement is required, minimum shear reinforcement
should be provided.
MEMBERS REQUIRING DESIGN SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
S/m
θ α z
Sc Ss
cotg θ + cotg α
VRcd = bw zν f cd RESISTANCE AGAINST
1 + cotg 2 θ CONCRETE FAILURE
z RESISTANCE AGAINST
VRsd = Asw f ywd (cotg θ + cotg α ) sin α STEEL YIELDING
∆x
DESIGN SHEAR RESISTANCE VRd = min(VRsd , VRcd )
34
MEMBERS REQUIRING DESIGN SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Shear strength with reinforcement
VEd
t Sd =
bw z f cd
VRcd ( cotg θ + cotg α)

t Rcd = =ν
bw z f cd 1 + cotg 2 θ
Vwd Asw f ywd z

t Rsd = = (cotg θ + cotg α) sin α = ωsw (cotg θ + cotg α) sin α
b z f cd b z f cd ∆x
Asw f ywd 1
ωsw =
b f cd ∆x

SHEAR DESIGN
CHECK WHETHER THE BEAM/COLUM RESISTS WITHOUT WEB REINFORCEMENT.
CASE 1
tSd > max ( tRcd ( θ ) ) i.e. tSd > tRcd ( θ = 45° )

Concrete crushing. The beam/column
θ must be re−designed or a stronger
concrete must be used.
CASE 2
min ( tRcd ( θ ) ) ≤ tSd ≤ max ( tRcd ( θ ) ) i.e. tRcd ( θ = 21.81° ) ≤ tSd ≤ tRcd ( θ = 45° )
θ θ
We look for contemporary failure of concrete struts and steel ties
cot ( α ) + cot ( θ )
θ
VEd *
VSd = VRcd = να c
b ⋅ z ⋅ f cd 1 + cot 2 ( θ )
VEd ⋅ s
= ωsw cot ( θ* )
VEd tSd 1
ω= Asw =
b ⋅ z ⋅ f cd cot ( θ* ) z ⋅ f yd cot ( θ* )

SHEAR DESIGN
CASE 3
tSd < min ( tRcd ( θ ) ) i.e. tSd < tRcd ( θ = 21.81° )

θ
Over−strength of concrete struts
VSd t VSd ⋅ s 1
= tRsd = ωsw 2.5 ωsw = Rsd Asw =
b ⋅ z ⋅ f cd 2.5 z ⋅ f yd 2.5
CHECK CODE REQUIREMENTS Ast ≥ 1.5b [mm 2 m]

∆x ≤ 0.8d
∆x ≤ 33cm

SHEAR VERIFICATION
Setting VRcd=VRsd, i.e. tRcd=tRsd
(cotgθ + cotg α )
να c = ωsw (cotgθ + cotg α )sinα
1 + cotg θ
2
For stirrups (α = 90°)
να c
cot ( θ ) = −1
ωsw

SHEAR VERIFICATION
1.0 ≤ cot ( θ ) ≤ 2.5

Calculate the shear strengh using either:
VRcd ( cotg θ + cotg α)
t Rcd = =ν
bw z f cd 1 + cotg 2 θ or t Rsd = ωsw (cotg θ + cotg α) sin α
2.5 < cot ( θ ) Web reinforcement failure

Calculate the shear strengh using :
cotg θ = 2.5 t Rsd = ωsw (2.5 + cotg α) sin α
cot ( θ ) <1.0 Concrete struts failure

Calculate the shear strengh using :
cotg θ = 1 t Rcd =
VRcd
=ν
(1 + cotg α)
bw z f cd 1+1
SHEAR VERIFICATION

SUMMARY
TORSION IN RC ELEMENTS

TORSION

TORSIONAL BEHAVIOUR OF RC BEAMS

TORSIONAL BEHAVIOUR OF RC BEAMS

SHEARING STRESSES
The torsional resistance of a section

may be calculated on the basis of a
thin−walled closed section, in which
equilibrium is satisfied by a closed
shear flow.
Solid sections may be modelled by

equivalent thin−walled sections.

SHEARING STRESSES
T
τ=
2 ⋅ t ⋅ Ak

SHEARING STRESSES
T
τ=
2 ⋅ t ⋅ Ak
Asec tion
t is the effective wall t= ≥ 2⋅c
thickness: u
DIAGONAL
CRACKS
LONGITUDINAL TRANSVERSE
REINFORCEMENT REINFORCEMENT
CONCRETE COMPRESSION
STRUTS
LONGITUDINAL TRANSVERSE
REINFORCEMENT REINFORCEMENT
STRUT & TIE MODEL
Concrete
comp. strut
Longitudinal Transverse
rebar rebar
STRUT & TIE MODEL
Concrete
comp. strut
2 ⋅ Ak 1
TRld = f yd ⋅ Asl ⋅ ⋅
Longitudinal Transverse uk ctg θ
rebar rebar
STRUT & TIE MODEL
Concrete
comp. strut
rebar rebar
STRUT & TIE MODEL
Concrete
comp. strut
2 ⋅ As
TRsd = f yd ⋅ Ak ⋅ ⋅ ctg θ
s
rebar rebar
STRUT & TIE MODEL
Concrete Qv1 τ⋅t ⋅ a T a

Sc = = =
comp. strut
sin θ sin θ 2 Ak sin θ
Qh τ ⋅ t ⋅ ∆z τ ⋅ t ⋅ a ⋅ cot θ
Sc = = = =
cos θ cos θ cos θ
τ⋅t ⋅ a T a
Longitudinal = =
rebar sin θ 2 Ak sin θ
STRUT & TIE MODEL
Concrete
comp. strut
Scd = αc ⋅ ν ⋅ f cd ⋅ t ⋅ a ⋅ cos θ
TRcd a
Sc = Scd = =
2 Ak sin θ
Longitudinal α c ⋅ ν ⋅ f cd ⋅ t ⋅ a ⋅ cos θ
rebar
STRUT & TIE MODEL
TRcd = 2 Ak ⋅ α c ⋅ ν ⋅ f cd ⋅ t ⋅ cos θ ⋅ sin θ

Concrete
ctg θ
comp. strut TRcd = 2 Ak ⋅ α c ⋅ ν ⋅ f cd ⋅ t ⋅
(1 + ctg 2 θ)
Longitudinal
rebar
STRUT & TIE MODEL
ctg θ
TRcd = 2 Ak ⋅ α c ⋅ ν ⋅ f cd ⋅ t ⋅
(1 + ctg 2 θ)
where ν is a strength reduction factor for concrete cracked

in shear.
 f 
ν = 0.6 1 − ck 
 250 
The italian code sets ν = 0.5
αc takes into account the effect of axial forces

STRUT & TIE MODEL
HENCE WE OBTAINED 3 VALUES FOR THE TORSIONAL RESISTANCE:
2 ⋅ Ak 1
LONGITUDINAL BARS: TRld = f yd ⋅ Asl ⋅ ⋅
uk ctg θ
2 ⋅ As
STIRRUPS:
TRsd = f yd ⋅ Ak ⋅ ⋅ ctg θ
s
ctg θ
TRcd = 2 Ak ⋅ α c ⋅ ν ⋅ f cd ⋅ t ⋅
CONCRETE: (1 + ctg 2 θ)
THE TORSIONAL RESISTANCE OF THESECTION BECOMES:
TRd = min {TRld ; TRsd ; TRcd }

PARAMETERS OF THE HOLLOW CROSS SECTION MODEL

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE PROBLEM
Let’s divede the design torque and the resisting torques by: 2 ⋅ Ak ⋅ t ⋅ f cd
Tsd
tSd =
2 ⋅ Ak ⋅ t ⋅ f cd
cot θ
t Rcd = ν ⋅ αc
1 + cot 2 θ
f yd ⋅ As As ⋅ f yd
t Rsd = cot θ = ωs ⋅ cot θ ωs =
s ⋅ t ⋅ f cd t ⋅ s ⋅ f cd
f yd ⋅ Asl 1 1 Asl ⋅ f yd
t Rld = ⋅ = ωsl ⋅ ωsl =
uk ⋅ t ⋅ f cd cot θ cot θ t ⋅ uk ⋅ f cd
t[ − ]
θ [deg]
t[ − ]
cot θ [−]
VERIFICATION
The cross section size and the reinforcement areas are given.
Let’s set the conteporary failure of longitudinal and transverse

rinforcements
As ⋅ f yd
ωs = t Rsd = ωs ⋅ cot θ t Rsd = t Rld
t ⋅ s ⋅ f cd
1 1
Asl ⋅ f yd t Rld = ωsl ⋅ ωs ⋅ cot θ = ωsl ⋅
*
ωsl = cot θ cot θ*
t ⋅ uk ⋅ f cd
ωsl cot θ*
cot θ =
*
t Rcd = ν ⋅ αc
ωs 1 + cot 2 θ*
VERIFICATION: POSSIBLE CASES

VERIFICATION: POSSIBLE CASES

VERIFICATION
• tRcd(θ*)>tRsd(θ*)=tRsd(θ*) (a)
• tRcd(θ*)<tRsd(θ*)=tRsd(θ*) (b)
i. Contemporary failure of concrete struts and transverse reinforcement
ii. Contemporary failure of concrete struts and longitudinal bars

VERIFICATION
We must rememer that 0.4 ≤ cotθ ≤ 2.5.

Therefore:
if >2.5 we will never observe the
failure of the longitudinal bars (use case i)
If < 0.4 we will never observe the
failure of the transverse bars (use case ii)

DESIGN
We set:
tSd = t Rcd
Tsd cot θ
= ν ⋅ αc
2 ⋅ Ak ⋅ t ⋅ f cd 1 + cot 2 θ
tSd ⋅ cot 2 θ − ν ⋅ α c ⋅ cot θ + tSd = 0
Two solutions:
( cot θ )d 1 ; ( cot θ )d 2

DESIGN
Now we also set the contemporary failure of the bars:

t Rsd = t Rld
ωsl Asl ⋅ s
1 = ( cot θ )d 1,2 cot θ =
ωs uk ⋅ As
ωs ⋅ cot θ = ωsl ⋅
*
cot θ*
We also set: t Rsd = t Rld = tSd
f yd ⋅ As
t Rsd = t Rld = cot θ = tSd
s ⋅ t ⋅ f cd
f yd ⋅ As Asl ⋅ s f yd 2 As ⋅ Asl
tSd = = 2 = ωs ⋅ ωsl
s ⋅ t ⋅ f cd uk ⋅ As t ⋅ f cd uk ⋅ s
2

DESIGN

COMPOSITE ACTIONS

COMPOSITE ACTIONS: TORSION AND FLEXURE
The longitudinal bars for torsion and

flexure can be computed intependenlty and
then combined. In particular:
o In the tensile part of the cross section
(because of flexure) the areas of the two
reinforcemnts must be added up;
o In the compression part of the cross
section (because of flexure) if the tensile
force due to torsion Sl is smaller than the
compression resultant force no
reinforcement is required for torsion.

COMPOSITE ACTIONS: INTERACTION WITH SHEAR


The maximum resistance of a member

subjected to torsion and shear is limited by TEd VEd
the capacity of the concrete struts. In + ≤1
TRcd VRcd
order not to exceed this resistance the
following condition should be satisfied:
The same θ angle must be used for shear

and torsion. Therefore in this case:
1 ≤ cot θ ≤ 2.5
The transverse reinforcement can be
designed independently for shear and
torsion (using the same θ) and then
added up

EQUILIBRIUM AND COMPATIBILITY TORSION
Where the static equilibrium of a structure depends on the

torsional resistance of elements of the structure, a full
torsional design covering both ultimate and serviceability
limit states shall be made.
Where, in statically indeterminate structures, torsion

arises from consideration of compatibility only, and the
structure is not dependent on the torsional resistance for
its stability, then it will normally be unnecessary to
consider torsion at the ultimate limit state. In such cases
a minimum reinforcement, given in Sections 7.3 and 9.2
[EC2], in the form of stirrups and longitudinal bars should
be provided in order to prevent excessive cracking.
EQUILIBRIUM AND COMPATIBILITY TORSION

SUMMARY
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES:

STRESS LIMITATION
CRACK CONTROL
DEFLECTION CONTROL

SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES
In the calculation of stresses and deflections,

cross−sections should be assumed to be uncracked provided that the
flexural tensile stress does not exceed fct,eff. The value of fct,eff may
be taken as fctm or fctm,fl provided that the calculation for minimum
tension reinforcement is also based on the same value. For the
purposes of calculating crack widths and tension stiffening fctm
should be used.
fctm is the mean axial tensile strength and for concrete < C50/60 is:
f ctm = 0.3 ⋅ f ck 2/3
fctm,fl is the mean flexural tensile strength of r.c. members:
f ctm , fl = max {(1.6 − h /1000 ) f ctm ; f ctm }

STRESS LIMITATION
The compressive stress in the concrete shall be limited in order to
avoid longitudinal cracks or high levels of creep. Tensile stresses in
the reinforcement shall be limited in order to avoid inelastic strain,
unacceptable cracking or deformation.
CRACKED OR
Quasi−permanent combination of loads: UNCRACKED
If σc ≤ k2 fck, linear creep may be assumed (k2 =0,45). SECTION?
If σc>k2 fck, non−linear creep should be assumed
Characteristic combination of loads:

• Longitudinal cracks may occur if the stress level exceeds a
critical value. σc ≤ k1 fck (exposure classes XD, XF and XS) (k1
=0,6).
• Unacceptable cracking or deformation may be assumed to be
avoided if σs ≤ k3 fyk. Where the stress is caused by an imposed
deformation, the tensile stress should not exceed k4 fyk. (k3=0.8;
k4=1)
CRACK CONTROL
The crack width is: wk = sr ,max ( ε sm − εcm )

sr,max is the maximum crack spacing
εsm is the mean strain in the reinforcement
εcm is the mean strain in the concrete between cracks
(1 + α ρ )
f ct ,eff
σ s − kt
ρ p ,eff
e p ,eff
σs
ε sm − εcm = ≥ 0.6
Es Es
σs is the stress in the tension reinforcement assuming a cracked
section.
αe is the ratio Es/Ecm; ρp,eff =(As + 12 Ap’)/Ac,eff
Ap‘ is the area of pre or post−tensioned tendons within Ac,eff.
Ac,eff is the effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the
reinforcement of depth hc,ef , where hc,ef is the lesser of 2,5(h-d), (h-x)/3
or h/2
kt =0.6 for short term loading; kt =0.4 for long term loading;
CRACK CONTROL
If the spacing of the bars in the tension zone is small (≤5(c+ϕ/2)):
Φ
sr ,max = k3c + k1k2 k4
ρ p ,eff
Φ is the bar diameter
c is the cover to the longitudinal reinforcement
k1= 0,8 for high bond bars
= 1,6 for bars with an effectively plain surface (e.g. prestressing tendons)
k2 = 0,5 for bending; = 1,0 for pure tension
For cases of eccentric tension intermediate values of k2 should be used
k3= 3,4; k4= 0,425.
Where the spacing of the bonded reinforcement exceeds 5(c+ϕ/2):
sr ,max = 1.3(h − x)

Where
CRACK CONTROL

DEFLECTION CONTROL

DEFLECTION CONTROL

1 - Shear, Torsion, SLS

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1 - Shear, Torsion, SLS

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SUMMARY

Members not requiring Members requiring

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 32

Shear strength without reinforcement

In regions of the member where VEd <VRd (Shear strength

When, on the basis of the design shear calculation, no

DESIGN SHEAR RESISTANCE VRd = min(VRsd , VRcd )

Shear strength with reinforcement

VRcd ( cotg θ + cotg α)

Vwd Asw f ywd z

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 35

tSd > max ( tRcd ( θ ) ) i.e. tSd > tRcd ( θ = 45° )

We look for contemporary failure of concrete struts and steel ties

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 36

tSd < min ( tRcd ( θ ) ) i.e. tSd < tRcd ( θ = 21.81° )

Over−strength of concrete struts

CHECK CODE REQUIREMENTS Ast ≥ 1.5b [mm 2 m]

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 37

Setting VRcd=VRsd, i.e. tRcd=tRsd

For stirrups (α = 90°)

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 38

1.0 ≤ cot ( θ ) ≤ 2.5

2.5 < cot ( θ ) Web reinforcement failure

cotg θ = 2.5 t Rsd = ωsw (2.5 + cotg α) sin α

cot ( θ ) <1.0 Concrete struts failure

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 40

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 41

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 42

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 43

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 44

The torsional resistance of a section

Solid sections may be modelled by

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 45

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 46

Concrete Qv1 τ⋅t ⋅ a T a

TRcd = 2 Ak ⋅ α c ⋅ ν ⋅ f cd ⋅ t ⋅ cos θ ⋅ sin θ

where ν is a strength reduction factor for concrete cracked

The italian code sets ν = 0.5

αc takes into account the effect of axial forces

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 56

HENCE WE OBTAINED 3 VALUES FOR THE TORSIONAL RESISTANCE:

THE TORSIONAL RESISTANCE OF THESECTION BECOMES:

TRd = min {TRld ; TRsd ; TRcd }

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 57

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 58

Let’s set the conteporary failure of longitudinal and transverse

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 63

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 64

i. Contemporary failure of concrete struts and transverse reinforcement

ii. Contemporary failure of concrete struts and longitudinal bars

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 65

We must rememer that 0.4 ≤ cotθ ≤ 2.5.

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 66

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 67

Now we also set the contemporary failure of the bars:

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 68

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 69

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 70

The longitudinal bars for torsion and

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 71

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 72

DESIGN PROJECTS 2018 73

The maximum resistance of a member