1.

Dead organic matter decomposed and consumed by aerobic bacteria, which need oxygen to
live.
• D.O. is an indicator of water pollution with
biodegradable waste.
• BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) is the amount of
oxygen used for bacterial decomposition
 • High BOD, associated with a high level of decaying
organic matter in water, reduces O for other healthy
organisms
• Sources of oxygen-demanding waste:
Natural processes, agricultural applications ,urban
sewage, and runoff.
2. Surface Water Pollution
- Point sources of pollution
• Point sources: discharge pollutants at specific locations (factories,
sewage treatment plants, underground mines and oil tankers) through
drain pipes, ditches, or sewers lines into bodies of surface water.
Easy to identify sources, on-site treatment and mitigation, prevention
- Non-point sources of pollution
• Nonpoint sources are scattered and diffused, intermittent, and hard to
specifically identify
• Nonpoint sources: (acid deposition, runoff) from cropland, feedlots, logged
forest, urban streets, lawns, golf course and parking lots) and cannot be
traced to any single site of discharge (difficult to control)
• Causes of nonpoint pollutions often regional and cumulative
• Multiple factors: Land-use, climatic, hydrologic, topographic, geologic
• Pollution reduction needs comprehensive and regional studies
3. Types of GW Contaminants
a) Inorganic
• Ammonia
• Nitrate/nitrite
• Heavy metals (As, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Hg..etc)
b) Organic
• Pesticides
• Gasoline Additives: MTBE
• Petroleum hydrocarbons: BTEX, Phenols, Cresol
• Chlorinated Organics (PCE, TCE, DCE, VC, PCBs..etc)
c) Biological
• Bacteria
 • Viruses
4. SURFACE WATER TREATMENT
Main objective here is to remove dissolved and suspended materials;
pathogens and trace organics.
• Dissolved salts are removed by desalination
• Suspended Solids usually removed by sedimentation, filtration or
clarification (coagulation/flocculation) and
• Trace organic materials are removed by GAC adsorption
• Pathogens are removed by disinfection
5. GROUNDWATER TREATMENT ( TMC)
- The specific treatment selected depends upon variables, such as:
• Type of contaminant
• Method of contaminant transport
• Characteristics of the local environment, such as depth to water
table and geologic characteristics.
6. Pretreatment studies (page 393)
- Identify contaminants and their characteristics of transport
Behavior
- Identify the characteristics of aquifer geology (factors controlling
GW flow—physical dimensions, structure)
- Determine the hydrologic characteristics of polluted aquifer—flow
direction, flow rates, discharge and recharge conditions
- Select possible treatment strategies and methods.

7. G.W. Treatment Technologies

I. Pump and Treat Technology (Ex-situ)

A. Physico-chemical Processes:
1. Air stripping
 2. Coagulation & precipitation
3. Flotation & Filtration
4. Thermal Treatment
5. Ion Exchange
6. Adsorption by Activated Carbon
7. Membrane Treatment (RO)
6. Chemical Oxidation
B. Biological Processes:
1. Activated Sludge System
2. SBR and RBC Systems
3. Fluidized bed reactors

I2. II. In-Situ Remediation Technologies

1. Volatilization (Air sparging, Soil Vapor Extraction)
2. Dissolved air flotation
3. Bioremediation
4. Barriers
5. Phytoremediation
6. Stabilization / Solidification
7. Chemical Oxidation
8. Other processes (Bio-venting, Natural attenuation,
Electrochemical, Thermal processes..etc)
8. Waste Water Treatment
Wastewater treatment and reuse systems include:
- Septic system— rural residential areas
- Water treatment plant for towns and urban cities
- recycling and reclaiming waste water
9. WASTEWATER TREATMENT MAIN COMPONENTS
• Large Debris Removal:
screened and sent to a landfilled
• Grit Removal:
collected and sent to a landfill
• Biological Treatment:
microbes use organic matter to grow
• Clarifiers:
remove floating oil & grease and biosolids
• Biosolids:
Treated and stabilized sludge containing microbe cells
10. SEWAGE TREATMENT
• Physical treatment (primary treatment): removes 60% of SS and 30 -
40% of O2 demanding waste (BOD).
• Biological treatment (secondary treatment): removes 90% of dissolved
& biodegradable O2 demanding organic waste.
• Tertiary Treatment : Nitrification-De-nitrification for ammonia removal
11. SEWAGE TREATMENT…
• Advanced or Tertiary Treatment: series of specialized chemical
and physical process that remove specific pollutants (typically
nitrates and phosphates) left in water after primary and
secondary treatment
• Bleaching and disinfection (chlorination, ozone and ultraviolet
light) are also employed after primary, secondary and tertiary
treatment)
12. Tertiary (advanced)
• De-nitrification: Anaerobic microbiological process with a different
microbe where O
2 is toxic (more sludge)
NO
3
- N
2 (escapes to atmosphere)
• Phosphate Removal; PO4-3 if not removed in sludge in secondary process
PO
4
-3 + Al+3 AlPO
4 (s) (into sludge)
- Aeration to strip N2 and re-oxygenate (add DO)
13. • Effluent back to stream or discharged to sea or reuse for
irrigation after
• a final activated carbon filtration and
• chlorination/de-chlorination
• Sludge – very nutrient rich
• applied directly to land as fertilizer
• incinerated (good fuel after drying)
• compost