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Ages!

From 1750 – 1830’s

1. not violent
2. lives changed
3. working conditions changed
4. living standards changed

Modes of Transportation: Before IR

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Need for a cheap, convenient source of power was met

with the
invention of the steam engine.

Road Transportation

John McAdam – Paved Roads – Early 1800s

Equipped roadbeds with a layer of large stones for drainage. On

top, he placed a smoothed layer of crushed rock. Previously,
rain and mud often made roads impassable and men were
known to drown in potholes.

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Impact

1. Railroads spurred industrial growth by giving

manufacturers a cheap way to transport material and
finished products.

2.Railroad boom created hundreds of thousands of new jobs

for both railroad workers and miners.

3.The railroads boosted agricultural and fishing industries,

which could transport their products to distant cities.

4.By making travel easier, railroads encouraged people to

take distant city jobs.

Cheap fast travel

Trains carry much more than horse & cart

Fresh food daily = better diet = longer lives

goods shipped more quickly – to markets

Result: Britain and other countries became the most

advanced industrialised countries of the world

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Problems

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City in Fumes

Engulfed in the Pollution

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Population

Outburst of People from Rural Areas

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Sanitation/Drainage Problems

The Unsafe City

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Urbanization

Cities became more common and more populated – some

double to triple in size

People migrated to cities looking for work, especially

unemployed farmers

Cities were dirty and dangerous.

There was a lack of sanitation laws, no fire and police

departments, no running water.

City became the Dens of Death

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no jobs + no
money + debt =
crime + squalid
living conditions

The very lower strata

Impacts of
urbanisation

Filthy Rivers - no
sanitation or proper
sewerage = diseases
like cholera

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Narrow crowded
streets between
tall buildings allow
for little air and
light.

Change in Social Structure

A. The traditional elite

Aristocratic nobles and landowners were still in control

B. The Capitalist Upper Class

They were entrepreneurs who used their money to buy
and
build factories and run large businesses.

C. The New Middle Class

Professionals, investors, merchants
They were financially stable, educated, and they
aspired to
become upper class.

D. The New Working Class

Lowly, unskilled, mechanical, poor, uneducated workers

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So,

After the Industrial Revolution and the World Wars

many towns and cities have grown up

haphazardly without proper planning.

The over-grown cities became a mess and a

muddle with all the evils

The industries had been set up in the heart of the

cities without proper consideration of transport
and other utility services.

The migration of rural population caused housing

shortage and increased congestion.

The rapid development of transport had found

to be inadequate for the growing needs of the
automobiles. It caused over-crowding and
congestion on the roads resulting in road
accidents.

Industries had encroached upon the residential

areas causing shortage of open and
recreational areas.

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