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1. Stage of exposure
Here a contact Refers to an association between a susceptible host and a reservoir of infection,
the which creates an opportunity for the infectious agents to enter the host.
In the stage of exposure, the susceptible host has come into close contact with the infectious
agent, but it has not yet entered the host's body cells. Examples of an exposed host include:
• a person who shakes hands with someone Suffering from a common cold
• a child living in the same room as an adult with tuberculosis
• a person eating Contaminated Contaminated food or drinking water.
2. Stage of infection
At this stage the infectious agent has entered the host's body and has begun Multiplying. The
entry and multiplication of an infectious agent inside the host is known as the stage of
infection. For instance, a person who has eaten food Contaminated with Salmonella typhii (the
bacteria that cause typhoid fever) is said to be exposed; if the bacteria enter the cells lining the
intestines and start Multiplying, the person is said to be infected.
At this stage there are no clinical manifestations of the disease, a term referring to the typical
symptoms and signs of that illness. Symptoms are the complaints the patient can tell you about
(e.g. headache, vomiting, dizziness). Signs are the features that would only be detected by a
trained health worker (e.g. high temperature, fast pulse rate, enlargement of organs in the
abdomen).
To the which stage in the natural history of a disease communicable do a. active cases and b.
carriers belong?
a.Carriers are in the stage of infection, as they do not have clinical manifestations of the
disease.
b.Active cases are in the stage of infectious disease, as they have the manifestations.
Depending on the time course of a disease and how long the clinical manifestations persist,
communicable diseases can be classified as acute or chronic. Acute diseases are characterized
by rapid onset and short duration of illness. For instance, starts Suddenly and diarrhea that lasts
less than 14 days is an acute Diarrhoeal disease. Chronic diseases are characterized by
prolonged duration of illness; for example, a chronic disease Diarrhoeal lasts more than 14
days.
4. Stage of outcome
At this stage the disease may result in recovery, disability or death of the patient. For example,
a child who fully recovers from a Diarrhoeal disease, or is Paralyzed from poliomyelitis, or dies
from malaria, is in the stage of outcome.
In the next study session you will learn how communicable diseases are classified, and about
the main types of prevention and control measures.
(a) promosi kesehatan (melayani untuk kesehatan umum lebih lanjut dan
kesejahteraan), dan (b) perlindungan khusus (langkah-langkah yang
berlaku untuk penyakit tertentu atau sekelompok penyakit untuk mencegat
penyebab sebelum mereka melibatkan manusia). pencegahan sekunder
terdiri dari (c) pengakuan awal dan pengobatan yang tepat (dengan tujuan
mencegah menyebar ke orang lain jika penyakit ini menular, komplikasi
atau gejala sisa, dan cacat berkepanjangan). Pencegahan tersier terdiri
dari (d) pembatasan cacat (pencegahan atau menunda konsekuensi dari
penyakit klinis lanjutan), dan (e) rehabilitasi (bertujuan pencegahan
kecacatan lengkap setelah perubahan anatomi dan fisiologi yang stabil).
transmisi langsung mengacu pada transfer agen infeksius dari host yang
terinfeksi ke host baru, tanpa perlu intermediet seperti udara, makanan, air
atau hewan lainnya. mode langsung penularan dapat terjadi dalam dua
cara utama:
• Orang ke orang: Agen infeksius menyebar melalui kontak langsung
antara orang melalui sentuhan, menggigit, mencium, hubungan seksual
atau proyeksi langsung dari tetesan pernapasan ke dalam hidung atau
mulut orang lain selama batuk, bersin atau berbicara. Contoh akrab adalah
penularan HIV dari orang yang terinfeksi ke orang lain melalui hubungan
seksual.
• transmisi transplasental: ini mengacu pada transmisi agen infeksi dari ibu
hamil ke janinnya melalui plasenta. Contohnya adalah penularan dari ibu
ke anak (MTCT) dari HIV.