A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity.

Brushed

The brushed DC motor generates torque directly from DC power supplied to the motor by using
internal commutation, stationary permanent magnets, and rotating electrical magnets.It works on
the principle of Lorentz force , which states that any current carrying conductor placed within an
external magnetic field experiences a torque or force known as Lorentz force. Advantages of a
brushed DC motor include low initial cost, high reliability, and simple control of motor speed.
Disadvantages are high maintenance and low life-span for high intensity uses. Maintenance
involves regularly replacing the brushes and springs which carry the electric current, as well as
cleaning or replacing the commutator. These components are necessary for transferring electrical
power from outside the motor to the spinning wire windings of the rotor inside the motor.

[edit] Synchronous

Synchronous DC motors, such as the brushless DC motor and the stepper motor, require external
commutation to generate torque. They lock up if driven directly by DC power. However, BLDC
motors are more similar to a synchronous ac motor.

[edit] Brushless

Brushless DC motors use a rotating permanent magnet in the rotor, and stationary electrical
magnets on the motor housing. A motor controller converts DC to AC. This design is simpler
than that of brushed motors because it eliminates the complication of transferring power from
outside the motor to the spinning rotor. Advantages of brushless motors include long life span,
little or no maintenance, and high efficiency. Disadvantages include high initial cost, and more
complicated motor speed controllers.

Uncommutated

Other types of DC motors require no commutation.

  homopolar motor-A homopolar motor has a magnetic field along the axis of rotation and
an electric current that at some point is not parallel to the magnetic field. The name
homopolar refers to the absence of polarity change.

Homopolar motors necessarily have a single-turn coil, which limits them to very low voltages.
This has restricted the practical application of this type of motor.

 ball bearing motor-A ball bearing motor is an unusual electric motor that consists of two
ball-bearing-type bearings, with the inner races mounted on a common conductive shaft,
and the outer races connected to a high current, low voltage power supply. An alternative
construction fits the outer races inside a metal tube, while the inner races are mounted on
a shaft with a non-conductive section (e.g. two sleeves on an insulating rod). This method
has the advantage that the tube will act as a flywheel. The direction of rotation is
determined by the initial spin which is usually required to get it going.

Home :: Motors :: 10RPM 12V DC Motor with Gearbox

10RPM 12V DC Motor with Gearbox

High efficiency, high quality low

cost DC motor with gearbox.

Discount:
Qty Discounts Off Price

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5-9 100+
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Features
  10RPM 12V DC motors with Gearbox
 3000RPM base motor
 6mm shaft diameter with internal hole
 125gm weight
 Same size motor available in various rpm
 12kgcm torque
 No-load current = 60 mA(Max), Load current = 300 mA(Max)

How Electric Motors Work

Much has been written about choosing the right motor, estimating performance, installing the
motor in your plane, and so on. This month, I've decided to go back to basics and describe how
the motor actually works. Do you need to know this to fly electric models? Probably not, but a
good understanding of the functioning of a motor can help you diagnose problems. And some
people, myself included, like to know how everything works. So, if you're interested, read on!

I'm going to start with the very basics, so if you already know some of it, feel free to skip ahead.
I won't be offended.

How Electric Motors Work

Much has been written about choosing the right motor, estimating performance, installing the
motor in your plane, and so on. This month, I've decided to go back to basics and describe
how the motor actually works. Do you need to know this to fly electric models? Probably not,
but a good understanding of the functioning of a motor can help you diagnose problems. And
some people, myself included, like to know how everything works. So, if you're interested,
read on!

I'm going to start with the very basics, so if you already know some of it, feel free to skip
ahead. I won't be offended.
Magnets

The fundamental driving force behind all electric motors, whether brushed or brushless, AC or
DC, is magnetism. We've probably all played with magnets at some time or other, and have
learned about them in science class in elementary school.

Recall that any magnet has a north pole and a south pole (it just so happens that the earth is a
magnet whose poles happen to correspond very roughly to the geographical poles, hence the
names for the magnet's poles). If you take two bar shaped magnets and line them up, they will
be attracted to one another if one's north pole is next to the other's south pole. If you line them
up north to north or south to south, they will repel each other. Opposites attract.

Consider an assembly of three magnets, as shown in Figure 1. The left and right hand magnets
are fixed to some surface, and the center magnet is free to rotate about its center.

Figure 1. The central rotating magnet will turn

until it is aligned with the two fixed magnets,
north pole to south pole.

Because of the attraction of opposite poles, the center magnet will rotate until it is aligned as
in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Once aligned, it will resist being turned

 further.

Because the magnet has weight, and thus momentum, it would actually overshoot slightly, and
then come back, overshoot again, and so on a few times before settling down.

Now, imagine we could work some magnetic magic and swap the center magnet's north and
south poles just as it overshoots the first time, as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. If we magically reverse the poles of the

central magnet just before it comes to rest, it will
keep turning.

Instead of coming back, it would now be repelled by the fixed magnets, and keep turning so it
can align itself in the other direction. Eventually, it would reach the state in Figure 4, which
looks suspiciously like Figure 1.

Figure 4. Eventually, it will get back into the

position it started from in Figure 1.

If we perform this pole-swapping every time the center magnet just finishes overshooting the
aligned position, it would keep turning forever.
The problem is how to perform this feat of magnetic motion.

Electromagnets

The magnets we play with are called permanent magnets. These objects have a fixed magnetic
field that's always there. The poles are fixed relative to one another and relative to the physical
magnet.

Another kind of magnet is the electromagnet. In its simplest form, this consists of an iron bar,
wrapped in a coil of wire, as in Figure 5.

Figure 5. An electromagnet is
just a piece of iron or other
magnetic metal with a wire
coil wrapped around it.

By itself it does nothing. However, if you pass an electric current through the wire, a magnetic
field is formed in the iron bar, and it becomes a magnet, as in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Applying current in

one direction will produce a
 magnet.

If you turn off the current, it stops being a magnet (that's a bit of a simplification, since in
reality, it ends up remaining a weak magnet, but we needn't concern ourselves with that for
the moment).

So far, the electromagnet already seems quite useful, since we can use it to pick up iron, steel,
or nickel objects, carry them somewhere, and then drop them by just turning off the power
(wrecking yard cranes do this with entire automobiles).

The really interesting thing about an electromagnet is that its polarity (the location of the north
and south poles) depends on the direction of current flow. If we pass the current through in the
opposite direction, the electromagnet's poles will be reversed, as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7. Applying current in

the opposite direction will
produce a magnet with
opposite polarity.

Eureka!

If we replace the central magnet in our set of three magnets with an electromagnet, as in
Figure 8, we have the beginnings of an electric motor.
 Figure 8. Replacing the central magnet in Figure
1 with an electromagnet gives us the beginnings
of a motor. Click to enlarge.

Now we have two problems to solve: feeding the current to the rotating electromagnet without
the wires getting twisted, and changing the direction of the current at the appropriate time.

Both of these problems are solved using two devices: a split-ring commutator, and a pair of
brushes. Figure 9 illustrates these.

Figure 9. By adding a commutator (the semi-

circular arcs) and brushes (the wide arrows), we
can change the polarity of the electromagnet as it
turns. Click to enlarge.

The two semicircles are the commutator, and the two arrows are the brushes. The current is
applied to the brushes, indicated by the "+" and "-" signs.

With the current as shown, the electromagnet will be repelled by the two permanent magnets,
and it will turn clockwise. After it has turned almost half way around, it will be in the state
shown in Figure 10.
 Figure 10. The magnets are almost aligned, but
soon, the polarity will reverse, sending the
rotating electromagnet on its way around once
again. Click to enlarge.

Then, just as the magnet reaches the aligned state, the split in the commutator passes under the
brushes, and then the current through the electromagnet reverses, which takes us back to the
condition in Figure 9. As a result, the magnet keeps turning. We have a motor!

Some Terminology

The discussion above has culminated in the design of a simple two-pole, two-slot, permanent
magnet, brushed, direct-current (DC) motor.

The term two-pole refers to the fact that there are two permanent magnet poles involved in the
operation of the motor, the south pole of the left hand magnet and the north pole of the right
hand magnet. The motor would actually work with only one fixed magnet (for example, only
the left hand magnet), but would be less powerful and efficient.

The rotating electromagnet is known as the armature. Two-slot means that the armature
consists of a single coil of wire around a single bar with only two ends (the term "slot" refers
to the gap between the armature ends, since the armature is not typically bar shaped, but has a
wider end).

Real Motors

In a real two-pole motor, the two poles are often the two ends of the same magnet. Although
the motor may appear to contain two separate magnets, the steel motor case ties them together
to act as a single magnet. It's really as if our motor were built like in Figure 11, with the
rotating electromagnet inside a hole in the permanent magnet.

Figure 11. In many motors, the two fixed magnets

are really one the two poles of what is effectively
one magnet (although it may be made up of two
separate magnets connected by the motor housing).
Click to enlarge.

Practical real motors usually have at least a three-slot armature, and a commutator with three
segments. There are however still only two brushes. Higher voltage and higher efficiency
motors have even more slots (an odd number) and more segments on the commutator (the
same as the number of slots), and more brushes (always an even number). Photos 1 and 2
show the armature, commutator, and brushes from a typical low-cost three-slot motor.

Photo 1. This is a three-slot Photo 2. The brushes in

 armature from an inexpensive a "can" motor are held
540-sized ferrite "can" motor. in place by alloy leaf
springs that also serve to
carry current. The
commutator has been
simulated with a piece of
dowel with some
markings on it to better
show how it mates with
the brushes.

Figure 12 illustrates a three-slot motor in conceptual form. Notice that the brush is now wider,
contacting the commutator segments over a wider area, and actually spanning two segments
sometimes.

Figure 12. This is a schematic representation of a typical three-slot

two-pole brushed motor. The armature has three electromagnets, and
three commutator segments. The brushes sometimes contact more
than one segment. Click to enlarge.

Also notice that both ends of electromagnet number 2 are contacting the "-" brush at the
particular point in time captured by Figure 12. This means that no current is flowing through
electromagnet 2, and only number 1 and 3 are on.

Effectively, the armature is now a pair of electromagnets; number 3 is being attracted by the
north pole of the right hand permanent magnet, and number 1 is being repelled.

One twelfth of a turn later, as in Figure 13, all three electromagnets have current flowing
through them.

Figure 13. The same motor as in Figure 12, one twelfth of a rotation
(30 degrees) later. Click to enlarge.

Now, electromagnet number 1 is being both repelled by the right hand permanent magnet, and
attracted by the left hand one. Number 2 is being repelled by the left magnet, and number 3 is
still being attracted by the right magnet.

Another twelfth of a turn later, in Figure 14, electromagnet 1 is being attracted to the left hand
magnet, and number 2 is still being repelled.
 Figure 14. The motor from Figure 12, one sixth of a rotation (60
degrees) later. Click to enlarge.

Electromagnet 3 is turned off. This progression of electromagnets switching on and off

continues as the motor turns, eventually returning to the state of Figure 12.

The Brushless Motor

There are a number of drawbacks to the brush and commutator mechanism used in a brushed
motor: the brushes cause friction, there is some electrical resistance in the brush-to-
commutator interface, and the mechanical switching of the armature current results in
sparking, which can cause radio interference. Brushless motors do away with the brushes and
commutator to get around these problems. The result is greater efficiency (more output power
for a given amount of input power), and less electrical interference.

The basic principles by which a brushless motor operates are exactly the same as those of a
brushed motor. Figures 15 and 16 show two stages in the operation of a simple brushless
motor.
 Figure 15. This is the brushless motor equivalent
of Figure 9. The electromagnets are fixed, and
the permanent magnet rotates. Click to enlarge.

Notice that Figure 15 is almost identical to Figure 9, except that there are no brushes and no
commutator, and the types of the magnets have been exchanged. The permanent magnets have
become electromagnets, and vice versa. The rotating permanent magnet is being repelled by
the two electromagnets.

Figure 16. The motor from Figure 15, almost a

full turn later. Notice that the electromagnets
have changed their polarity. Click to enlarge.

In Figure 16, almost a full turn later, the polarity of the left and right hand magnets has
changed. The rotating magnet is now being pulled into alignment.

The problem to be solved here is how to cause the electromagnets to reverse their polarity at
the right time. One could devise some sort of mechanical scheme controlled by the rotating
permanent magnet, but this would nullify the main benefits of brushless motors.

Instead, the electromagnets are controlled by external circuitry. This circuitry monitors the
current position of the rotating magnet, and energizes the external magnets appropriately to
keep the motor turning. This circuitry is part of the brushless electronic speed control (ESC).

There are two ways for a brushless ESC to monitor the position of the rotating magnet. One is
by way of magnetic sensors (based on the Hall-effect). These sensors report back to the ESC
through a separate set of wires. The other method is known as "sensorless". Roughly, in this
method the ESC monitors the three motor power wires for fluctuations caused by the spinning
magnets.

Brushless Terminology

Since the electromagnet assembly in a brushless motor remains stationary, it is called a stator
instead of an armature. The rotating magnet assembly is called the rotor.

Real Brushless Motors

Just as a real brushed motor rarely has only two poles and a two-slot armature, a real brushless
motor rarely has only a two-pole rotor and a two-slot stator. Most commercially available
brushless motors have at least four poles, and a nine or more slot stator. However, for
purposes of comparison, Figure 17 illustrates a hypothetical two-pole three-slot brushless
motor, corresponding to our two-pole three-slot brushed motor.
 Figure 17. This is a schematic
representation of a hypothetical three-slot
two-pole brushless motor. The rotor has
one permanent magnet (two poles), and the
stator has three electromagnets (three
slots) and three connection points. Click to
enlarge.

Notice there are three connection points to receive power from the brushless ESC (a motor
with more than three stators has them wired in three groups, so there are still only three power
leads).

In the state represented by Figure 17, power is being

applied to the two leads labeled "+" and "-", which
energizes the electromagnets as shown. The upper
left electromagnet is attracting the rotor's north pole,
the lower left one is repelling it, and the right hand
electromagnet is repelling the rotor's south pole. As
the rotor turns, the ESC will change which leads
have power applied to them. Sometimes only two Photo 3. The components of an
leads will, as in Figure 17, and at other times all Aveox 36/30/1.5 brushless
three leads will (just like in Figure 13 for a brushed motor.
motor). www.Aveox.com

Real World Issues

The theory of motor operation described here is correct, but somewhat simplified. If you
examine the diagrams closely, you'll notice situations where the polarity might reverse too
soon, apparently causing the motor to stop. Because of a number of factors, such as the time it
takes for the magnetic field to collapse, and the momentum of the armature, a real motor won't
necessarily stop in this situation.
 The relationship between the position of the armature (or rotor) and magnets (or stator), and
the time that the electromagnets change their polarity, is known as "timing". In a brushed
motor, it is adjusted by repositioning the brushes relative to the permanent magnets. In a Hall-
effect sensored brushless motor, it is the sensors that are repositioned. In a sensorless motor,
the ESC adjusts the timing automatically based on the feedback it is getting from the motor.

The optimal timing depends on motor speed and current, and for maximum efficiency, should
be adjusted for the particular operating condition of the motor.

If you are familiar with internal combustion engines, this is similar to setting optimal spark
plug timing. Theoretically, the plug should fire when the piston reaches the top of the cylinder
(top dead center), but due to engine momentum and the time it takes for the fuel to actually
burn, the plug must fire sooner. Modern car engines adjust this electronically to precisely suit
the conditions; older car engines used a vacuum driven advance mechanism to adjust it
according to engine load.

Cnc machine

Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Drilling

Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Drilling is commonly implemented for mass production.
The drilling machine, however, is often a multi-function machining center that also mills and
sometimes turns. The largest time sink for CNC drilling is with tool changes, so for speed,
variation of hole diameters should be minimized. The fastest machines for drilling varying hole
sizes have multiple spindles in turrets with drills of varying diameters already mounted for
drilling. The appropriate drill is brought into position through movement of the turret, so that bits
do not need to be removed and replaced. A turret-type CNC drilling machine is shown below.

A variety of semi-automated drilling machines are also used. An example is a simple drill press
which, on command, drills a hole of a set depth into a part set up beneath it.

In order to be cost-effective, the appropriate type of CNC drilling machine needs to be applied to
a particular part geometry. For low-volume jobs, manual or semi-automated drilling may suffice.
For hole patterns with large differences in sizes and high volume, a geared head is most
appropriate. If holes are close to each other and high throughput is desired, a gearless head can
locate spindles close together so that the hole pattern can be completed in one pass. For further
reference for CNC processes, please refer to the CNC, metal forming section.

A drill (from Dutch: drillen) or drill motor is a tool fitted with a rotating cutting tool, usually a
drill bit, used for drilling holes in various materials. The cutting tool is gripped by a chuck at one
end of the drill and rotated while pressed against the target material. The tip of the cutting tool
does the work of cutting into the target material. This may be slicing off thin shavings (twist
drills or auger bits), grinding off small particles (oil drilling), crushing and removing pieces of
the workpiece (SDS masonry drill), countersinking, counterboring, or other operations.

Drills are commonly used in woodworking, metalworking, construction and most "do it yourself"
projects. Specially designed drills are also used in medicine, space missions and other
applications.

A hot-wire foam cutter is a tool used to cut polystyrene foam and similar materials. The device
consists of a thin, taut metal wire, often made of nichrome or stainless steel, or a thicker wire
preformed into a desired shape, which is heated via electrical resistance to approximately 200°C.
As the wire is passed through the material to be cut, the heat from the wire vaporises the material
just in advance of contact.

The depth of the cut is limited only by the wire length. Width of cut is limited by throat, if any.

Foams suitable for hot-wire cutting

All thermofusible expanded foams. This means those materials that melt at a relatively low
temperature:

 Expanded polystyrene (blocks of expanded white balls).

 Extruded polystyrene (in blue, green, gray, pink or purple smooth plates, depending on
the manufacturer).
 Polymethacrylimide low density rigid foam (Rohacell), excellent mechanical properties
but very expensive.
 Flexible expanded polypropylene foams, ideal for shock protecting.
 Polyethylene foams, flexible and tear resistant.
 Custom materials, such as the foams used in flexible fuel tanks to reduce explosion risks.

Types of cutters

[edit] Preformed wire

A preformed wire is attached to a handle. The operator manually guides the wire through the
foam to cut freeform shapes.

Tensioned wire

Handheld

A short tensioned wire is attached to a handle. The operator manually guides the wire through
the foam to cut freeform shapes.

Simple manual table

Hot wire foam cutting tables can use a vertical or a horizontal wire, usually with a horizontal
table used as a guide or for securing the foam work piece.

A table with a vertical wire is mainly used by hobbyists to cut small and complex shapes such as
letters. Only prismatic members can be cut on this type of table.

Tables with horizontal wires are heavily used in construction and packaging. The cutting wire is
attached to tracks on either side of the table enabling it to be moved up and down making cuts
very exact. This table type can also perform angular cuts.

Template-guided manual table

A horizontal-wire manual table that uses templates placed on each side of a foam block to guide
a taut hot wire to form a prismatic or tapered shape. The hot wire, tensioned with a bow or by
springs attached to a rigid frame, can be propelled through the foam by hand or with a cord and
pulley mechanism connecting each end of the hot wire to a weight. This method is widely
employed by hobbyists to produce foam cores for model airplane wings.
Template-guided cutter accuracy is highly dependent on operator skill at fixturing the foam and
guiding the hot wire along the templates. Accuracy is also affected by the precision to which the
templates are formed and proper assessment and handling of kerf.

Computer Numerically Controlled

Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) stages on each side of a block of foam guide a
tensioned hot wire to form a prismatic or tapered shape. This is a four degree of freedom CNC
system (one each X and Y on each side of the foam block)[citation needed].

Accuracy is affected by the precision of the stepper motors, backlash of drive systems, and
stiffness of the races supporting the end effectors which hold the tensioned wire.

Some CNC hot-wire cutters offer lathe attachments, which can be used with either stretched or
preformed wire. Lathe attachments allow cutting of spiral shapes, and are often used to create
concrete forms for ornamental and structural items, such as planters and stairway balusters and
newels.

Uses

 Signage
 Architectural solid modeling
 Props
 Prototyping
 Creating molds for casting concrete and plaster pieces
 Aircraft design
 Model aircraft wing construction
 Lost-foam casting
 Surfboard construction

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-wire_foam_cutter"

Plasma cutting

Plasma cutting is a process that is used to cut steel and other metals of different thicknesses (or
sometimes other materials) using a plasma torch. In this process, an inert gas (in some units,
compressed air) is blown at high speed out of a nozzle; at the same time an electrical arc is
formed through that gas from the nozzle to the surface being cut, turning some of that gas to
plasma. The plasma is sufficiently hot to melt the metal being cut and moves sufficiently fast to
blow molten metal away from the cut.

Plasma cutters have also been used in CNC (computer numerically controlled) machinery.
Manufacturers build CNC cutting tables, some with the cutter built in to the table. The idea
behind CNC tables is to allow a computer to control the torch head making clean sharp cuts.
Modern CNC plasma equipment is capable of multi-axis cutting of thick material, allowing
opportunities for complex welding seams on CNC welding equipment that is not possible
otherwise. For thinner material cutting, plasma cutting is being progressively replaced by laser
cutting, due mainly to the laser cutter's superior hole-cutting abilities.

A specialized use of CNC Plasma Cutters has been in the HVAC industry. Software will process
information on ductwork and create flat patterns to be cut on the cutting table by the plasma
torch. This technology has enormously increased productivity within the industry since its
introduction in the early 1980s.

In recent years there has been even more development in the area of CNC Plasma Cutting
Machinery. Traditionally the machines' cutting tables were horizontal but now due to further
research and development Vertical CNC Plasma Cutting Machines are available. This
advancement provides a machine with a small footprint, increased flexibility, optimum safety,
faster operation.

Laser cutting

Laser cutting is a technology that uses a laser to cut materials, and is typically used for
industrial manufacturing applications. Laser cutting works by directing the output of a high
power laser, by computer, at the material to be cut. The material then either melts, burns,
vaporizes away, or is blown away by a jet of gas,[1] leaving an edge with a high quality surface
finish. Industrial laser cutters are used to cut flat-sheet material as well as structural and piping
materials.

Types

A diffusion cooled resonator

There are three main types of lasers used in laser cutting. The CO2 laser is suited for cutting,
boring, and engraving. The neodymium (Nd) and neodymium yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd-
YAG) lasers are identical in style and differ only in application. Nd is used for boring and where
high energy but low repetition are required. The Nd-YAG laser is used where very high power is
needed and for boring and engraving. Both CO2 and Nd/ Nd-YAG lasers can be used for
welding.[2]

Common variants of CO2 lasers include fast axial flow, slow axial flow, transverse flow, and
slab.

Machine configurations
Dual Pallet Flying Optics Laser

Flying Optics Laserhead

There are generally three different configurations of industrial laser cutting machines: Moving
material, Hybrid, and Flying Optics systems. These refer to the way that the laser beam is moved
over the material to be cut or processed. For all of these, the axes of motion are typically
designated X and Y axis. If the cutting head may be controlled, it is designated as the Z-axis.

Moving material lasers have a stationary cutting head and move the material under it. This
method provides a constant distance from the laser generator to the workpiece and a single point
from which to remove cutting effluent. It requires fewer optics, but requires moving the
workpiece. This style machine tends to have the fewest beam delivery optics, but also tends to be
the slowest.

Hybrid lasers provide a table which moves in one axis (usually the X-axis) and move the head
along the shorter (Y) axis. This results in a more constant beam delivery path length than a flying
optic machine and may permit a simpler beam delivery system. This can result in reduced power
loss in the delivery system and more capacity per watt than flying optics machines.

Flying optics lasers feature a stationary table and a cutting head (with laser beam) that moves
over the work piece in both of the horizontal dimensions. Flying-optics cutters keep the
workpiece stationary during processing, and often don't require material clamping. The moving
mass is constant, so dynamics aren't affected by varying size and thickness of workpiece. Flying
optics machines are the fastest class of machines, with higher accelerations and peak velocities
than hybrid or moving material systems.[citation needed]

Flying optic machines must use some method to take into account the changing beam length
from near field (close to resonator) cutting to far field (far away from resonator) cutting.
Common methods for controlling this include collimation, adaptive optics or the use of a
constant beam length axis.

The above is written about X-Y systems for cutting flat materials. The same discussion applies to
five and six-axis machines, which permit cutting formed workpieces. In addition, there are
various methods of orienting the laser beam to a shaped workpiece, maintaining a proper focus
distance and nozzle standoff, etc.

Water jet cutting

A water jet cutter, also known as a waterjet[1] or watersaw,[citation needed] is a tool capable of
slicing into metal or other materials using a jet of water at high velocity and pressure, or a
mixture of water and an abrasive substance. The process is essentially the same as water erosion
found in nature but greatly accelerated and concentrated. It is often used during fabrication or
manufacture of parts for machinery and other devices. It is the preferred method when the
materials being cut are sensitive to the high temperatures generated by other methods. It has
found applications in a diverse number of industries from mining to aerospace where it is used
for operations such as cutting, shaping, carving, and reaming.

Multi-axis cutting

Main article: Multiaxis machining

A 5-Axis Waterjet Cutting Head

A 5-Axis Waterjet Part

With recent advances in control and motion technology, 5-axis water jet cutting (abrasive and
pure) has become a reality. Where the normal axes on a water jet are named X (back/forth),
Y(left/right) and Z (up/down), a 5-axis system will typically add an A axis (angle from
perpendicular) and C axes (rotation around the Z-axis). Depending on the cutting head, the
maximum cutting angle for the A axis can be anywhere from 55, 60, or in some cases even 90
degrees from vertical. As such, 5-axis cutting opens up a wide range of applications that can be
machined on a water jet cutting machine.[9]

A 5-axis cutting head can be used to cut 4-axis parts, where the bottom surface geometries are
shifted a certain amount to produce the appropriate angle and the Z-axis remains at one height.
This can be useful for applications like weld preparation where a bevel angle needs to be cut on
all sides of a part that will later be welded, or for taper compensation purposes where the kerf
angle is transferred to the waste material - thus eliminating the taper commonly found on water
jet-cut parts. A 5-axis head can cut parts where the Z-axis is also moving along with all the other
axis. This full 5-axis cutting could be used for cutting contours on various surfaces of formed
parts.[9]

Because of the angles that can be cut, part programs may need to have additional cuts to free the
part from the sheet. Attempting to slide a complex part at a severe angle from a plate can be
difficult without appropriate relief cuts.[9]

Crafting

Welcome to Cam Craft CNC Routing

Cam Craft offers a computerised wood cutting service, by the use of CNC Routers. A CNC
router is a motorized machine that uses a normal router or spindle to cut profiles. The machine is
controlled only by a computer. We feed in CAD drawings and code to give the machine
direction.

We are very similar to what most people think is laser cutting. The difference is we use spindles
and not lasers, water jet, or plasma cutters to cut.

We cater for all types of industry that is in need of once off profiles or even high volume orders.

CAM craft has dealt with:

architects, naval architects, artists, framers, interior designers, industrial designers, film
companies, Set builders, joiners, shop fitters and big franchises over the years.

We cut decor, screens, doors, textures head boards, furniture pieces, sets and props for films and
adverts, shelving and counters for shop-fitters and exhibition stands, boats, window Decor
If it's pre cut craft shapes your after then you are in the right place, at Wood Craft Shapes we
have a huge range of pre-cut craft shapes, hearts, stars, animals, boxes, letters, circles, rectangles,
squares, triangles, gingerbread men, plus many more.

We offer the best prices on the internet and with our multi-buy-savings and flat rate shipping
offer you can be assured your getting an amazing deal.

Click on Store to start shopping for great craft items.

Our wood cut-out & shapes make an excellent addition to any crafter or kids collection.

They can be drawn on, painted, waxed, varnished, glittered, drilled, carved in to, pyrographed,
etc, there use is endless.

Once decorated & personalised you can then make hanging decorations, add or stick them to
cards, boxes, doors, walls, pretty much anything.

Wood Craft Shapes, Your number 1 for wood cut outs.

Custom Cutting Service...

Wood Craft Shapes are now offering a custom cutting service, if you need any shape or
design cut from wood or even many plastics we can accommodate it.

Using state of the art CNC cutting software and tools we can cut any 2D shape you can
draw.

Wood Shapes
Signs
Lettering
Exhibitions
Cupboard Doors
Furniture Components
Stencils
Dolls Houses
Radiator Grills
Fretted Panels
Wall Panelling
Plastic Products
and many more
We can cut any size up to 1220mm x 2440mm x 25mm, visit our custom cutti