The Species Category and Taxon L4 PDF

20/03/2017
MINISTRY FOR RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGH EDUCATION MINISTRY FOR RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGH EDUCATION
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
BIOLOGY FACULTY BIOLOGY FACULTY
Jln. Dr. Suparno Karangwangkal Purwokerto 53123 Jln. Dr. Suparno Karangwangkal Purwokerto 53123
INTRODUCTION
THE SPECIES CATEGORY AND TAXON
 The most elementary urges of humankind is to identify things • This concept of species seem so simple, that make a shock to a
and name them. beginning taxonomist and seem there is endless debate about
species concept
 Primitive peoples have name for kinds of birds, fish, flower,
and trees • In zoology there is now fair agreement on the species concept,
although heterodox views are still defended.
 In sexually reproducing organisms, diversity of the nature are
discontinous and consists any local fauna called species • Taxonomist work on sorting specimens into phena and decides
which of them belong to single taxon of these species categories
 For example in Cileumeuh River, there are 22 fish species,
Cikawung and Cujalu Rivers were inhabited by 19 fish species,
• To rank the taxa, taxonomist must have a clear conception of
respectively.
the species category
 These are the species of the taxonomy
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• Systematics deal with populations, species, and higher

taxa
• Taxon defined morphologically (morphospecies) in such a
• Major task of systematics are:
way coincide with the phenon, in this case the obtained
species are biologically or scientifically meaningless a. comparing unique properties of each species and higher
taxon
• The objective of a scientifically sound of species category b. Determine what properties of certain taxa have in
is to facilitate the assembling of phena into biologically common and what biological causes of the differences
meaningfull taxa on the species level or shared characters
• Finally, systematics is concerned with variation within
taxa
SPECIES CONCEPTS • Accepted by taxonomist almost unanimously until early

post-Linnaean Period
Typological species concept • Four postulates are also accepted by those taxonomist:
1) Species consist of similar individuals sharing the same
• Diversity of universe reflect the exixtence of a limited essence
number of types 2) Each species is separated from all others by a sharp
• Sinonim essentialism species concept discontinuities
3) Each species is completely constant through time
• Degree of morphological difference is the criterion of 4) There are strict limits to the possible variation within
species status
any one species
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• Two practical reasons are the cause for the • Additional limitation
rejection of typologicalspecies concept
1) Individuals are frequently found in the nature 1) Low biological diversity estimation
that are clearly conspecific with 2) There is a tendency that morphological
otherindividuals but striking differences (sexual divergence are always changes
dimorphism, age differences,
polymorphisms,and so on) • Advantage
2) Species sibling- individuals which differ hardly
at all morphologically but are good biological 1) This species concept help taxonomist to identify
species species
Agamospecies concept
Biological Species Concept
• Sinonym: Microspecies, Paraspecies, Pseudospecies, and
• Sinonym: Genetic species concept and Isolation
Semispecies Concepts Species Concept
• Refers to organisms which reproduce asexually (or not sexual • Mayr (1940): species is a group of interbreeding
natural populations that is reproductively
biparental)
isolated from other such group
• This species are produce gamets but no fertilizations are occured, • Block (1986): species is a group of actually or
except hibrydization potentially interbreeding populations of
organisms which are genetically isolated in
nature from other such group
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• Advantage: • Disadvantage:
1) Has significance with nondimensional species 1) Not includes uniparental species
2) Solve the paradox caused by the conflict
between the fixity of species of the naturalist
and fluidity of species of the evolutionist
Genetic Species Concept

Cladistic Species Concept • Degree of genetic difference is the criterion of
• Species is a group of organism between two species status
speciation, or between one speciation, or • If phenetic concept is applied: genetic distance
decendant of one speciation process and similarity are the criterion for species
• Species is not paraphyletic group identification
• Species are threaten as individual
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• Fundamental problem of GSC: • Defense : in each speciation process, there are

1) no genetic data are available for most of changes in certain gene
diversity
2) No uniformity on rate of genetic divergence
among genes
3) Standardize genetic distance probably will
never available (no operational standard)
Phylogenetic Species Concept

Phenetic Species Concept • species concepts and definitions should
• All similarities is the only criteria for the emphasize criteria of phylogenetic
presence of species relationship (descent) and not
reproductive relationship
• Vatiation in a set of character is smaller within • “the smallest diagnosable cluster of
group compared to other groups individual organisms within which there
• Species are threaten as class is a parental pattern of ancestry and
descent” with diagnosis based strictly
• No pedigree concept on one or more synapomorphic (shared–
• If the decendant altered, species status will be derived) characters that identify a
revised monophyletic aggregate of individuals
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• Taxa are ranked as species rather than

• A species is the least inclusive taxon at some higher level because they are
recognized in a formal phylogenetic the smallest monophyletic groups
classification. As with all deemed (dianggap) worthy (berharga) of
hierarchical levels of taxa in such a formal recognition, because of the
classification, organisms are grouped amount of support for their monophyly
into species because of evidence of and/or because of their importance in
monophyly. biological processes operating on the
lineage in question.
DIFFICULTIES OF THE APPLICATION OF

THE BIOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT
• The diffculties are caused by three factors:
1) Insufficient information
• Sometimes biological species concept is
difficult to be applied to natural taxa, but this 2) Uniparental reproduction
difficulties does not mean the concept is invalid 3) Evolutionary intermediacy
• The difficulties are also found when other
concepts have to be applied in a particular
situation or to a specific sample.
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1) Insufficient information
• Individual variation often raises doubt whether 2) Uniparental Reproduction
a certain morphotype is a separate species • System of reproduction in many organsims are not
oronly a phenon within a variable population based principle of an obligatory recombination of
• Sexual dimorphism, age genetic material between parental individuals
differences,polymorphism, and other types of • Self-fertilizing hermaproditism and other form of
variation can be unmasked as individual automixis, parthenogenesis, gynogenesis, and
variation through a study of life histories and vegetative reproduction (budding and fussion) are
population analysis are some of the form of uniparental reproduction
3) Evolutionary Intermediacy • Species may be found in the process becoming

• The species, as manifested by a reproductive separate species and have acquired some but not
gap between populations, exist in full classical yet all of the atributes of distinct species
distinctness only in the nondimensional • Itis difficult to decide whether those species are
situation of local fauna two different species or only different phena
• As soon as one deals with species taxa • The diffculties raises particularly when the
acquisition of morphological differences are not
extended in the dimension of space and time,
correlated with the acquisition of reproductive
the stage is set for incipient speciation isolation
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• The difficulties resulted from evolutionary c) Hybridization

intermediacy as follwos: d) Semispecies and allospecies: geographic
a) Acquisition of reproductive isolation without isolates occassionally have an intermediate
equivalen morphological changes (sibling status between subspecies aand species
species)
b) Acquisition of stong morphological differences
without reproductive isolation
THE IMPORTANT OF THE SPECIES CATEGORY
• The basic role of the species definition is to function • In these case biological species concept
as a yardstick whenever the delimitation of a facilitates the decision about which phena and
species taxon presents diffulties
populations
• Monotypic species with limited variability and
distribution, present no problem, but there are two • Example: in analysis of the 607species of North
potentials problem: American birds, only one species could not
a. The assembling local phena into biological species revealed by biological species concept (Genus
(with problem polymorphism and sibling species) Papilo)
b. The proper assignment of allopatric and
allochronic species
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POLYTYPIC SPECIES
• Many species vary in space or time and • Species that contain two or more subspecies
consist of recognizably different populations are called polytypic species
• A population that the taxonomist considers to • Species that are not subdivided into
differe sufficiently from previously named subspecies are called monotypic species
populations of a species is decribed as a new • Recognition of polytypic species was one of
subspecies the most important developmen in taxonomy
• The Important of the recognition of Polytypic Species Taxa • Dificulties

1) Polytypic species are composed of allopatric and
1) Major benefit from the recognition of polytypic species allochronic population that differs from one onother.
taxa is the considerable simplification in the classification All populations of sexually reproducing orgnisms
in several groups of organism such as birds, mammals, differes slightly; certain standards must be met before
butterflies, and snails subspecies can be recognized
2) Provide: the best available evidence of allopatric 2) Closely related species with similar ecological
speciation,the frequent origin of evolutionary novelties in requirements occasionally repalce each other
peripherally isolated population, and numerous geographically, and it is difficult to decide whether they
are full species or subspecies
intermediate stages in the evolutionary processes
3) Many isolated populations are in the middleof the
3) Elucidating previously inexplicable discontinousity process of evolving into new species and areon the
4) Geographic variation helps bridge the gap between borderline between species and subspecies status
microevolution and macroevolution
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INFRASPECIFIC CATEGORY AND TERMS

The Subspecies
The Variety • It replaced the term of variety in itsmeaning of
• Varietas was the only subdivision of the species
recognized by Linnaeus. geographic race
• It designated any variation from the type species • Subspecies is an aggregate of phenotypically
• As consequences, the varieties of early taxonomist similar populations of a species inhabiting a
werw heterogenous potpourri ofindividual variants geograpgic subdividion of the range of that
and various kinds of races
species and differing taxonomically from other
• This confusion has caused that the term of variety
is no longger used by animal taxonomist populations of that species
The Race The Cline

• A race that is not formally recognized as a • This term was coined by Hukley (1939) to
describe a character gradient
subspecies is not recognized in taxonomic
• It is not taxonomic category:a single population
hierachy. may be belong to as many different clines as it has
• The term subspecies and geographic race are characters
frequently used interchangeably by taxonomist • A cline is formed by a series of contiguous
working on birds,mammals, and insects populations in which given character change
gradually
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POPULATION TAXONOMY POPULATION TAXONOMY
• The emerging understanding of a species taxon as a • Population are variable: therefore; the description,
geographically vaariable aggregate of population measurement, and evaluation of variation has
accelerated the replacement of the typological species become one principal activities of taxonomist who
concept and its equivalent,”morphological species studies taxa in the lower category
• Typologist need only one or two typical specimens of a
concept” by biological species concept species, when there were more, they could be disposed
• Taxonomist were no longer satisfied to separate of as “duplicates”
collection into types and duplicates • Modern taxonomist: collect large series at
• They began to sample species at many localities and manylocalities throughout the range of variable species.
tried to assemble large series from each locality Subsequently, they evaluate this material by using
methods of population analysis and statistics
POPULATION TAXONOMY POPULATION STRUCTURE
• Species does not consist of a number of little species

called subspecies
• The work of population taxonomist
• Taxonomist were no longer satisfied to separate • As species consist of innumerable local populations or
collection into types and duplicates demes that stand in a certain relationships to each other
• They began to sample species at many localities and
tried to assemble large series from each locality • When species are studied strictly from the standpoint of
population structure, it can be described in term of three
major population phenomenas
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POPULATION STRUCTURE
2) The Geographic Isolate
1) The Population Continuum • This term designates all geographically isolated
• A large part of the range of many species, particularly populations, or groups of populations that have only
in central part, is occupied by a series of essentially limited or no gene exchange with other populations of
continuous populations their species
• When there are minor breaks in distribution caused by • Ani insular population is normally such isolate, and
the unsuitability of the habitat, such breaks are bidged
by steady dispersal, resulting continuous gene exchange isolates are therefore particularly common near the
among populations. periphery of a species range
• Variation in such a population continuum is essentially • Isolates frequently of sufficient difference to be ranked
clinal as subspecies
• Terminal populations at the opposite ends of a • The important of geographic isolate is an important unit
continuum may be rather different phenotypically and of evolution
may deserve recognition as subspecies
THE SUPER SPECIES

3) The Zone of Secondary Intergradation
• Whenever a geographic isolate reestablish contact with • Allopatric populations are often so distinct from each
the main body of the species or with another isolate, the other that there is little doubt about their having reached
two will interbreed if the isolate has not yet acquired an the species level
effective set of isolating mechanisms • German word Artenkreis has been used by Rensch
• Depending on the degree ofgenetic and phenotypic (1929) to name groups of allopatric species
difference achieved by the previously isolated • Since the translation “circle of species” was very
populations, amore or less well-defined hybrid belt or difficult, Mayr (1931) proposed the term superspecies
zone of secondary intergradation will develop. • Superspecies is a monophyletic group of closely related
and largely or entirely allopatric species
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MINISTRY FOR RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGH EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
BIOLOGY FACULTY
Jln. Dr.
Jln. Dr. Suparno
Suparno Karangwangkal
Karangwangkal Purwokerto
Purwokerto 53123
53123
THANK YOU
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20/03/2017

THE SPECIES CATEGORY AND TAXON

• Systematics deal with populations, species, and higher

SPECIES CONCEPTS • Accepted by taxonomist almost unanimously until early

Genetic Species Concept

• Fundamental problem of GSC: • Defense : in each speciation process, there are

Phylogenetic Species Concept

• Taxa are ranked as species rather than

DIFFICULTIES OF THE APPLICATION OF

3) Evolutionary Intermediacy • Species may be found in the process becoming

• The difficulties resulted from evolutionary c) Hybridization

THE IMPORTANT OF THE SPECIES CATEGORY

• The Important of the recognition of Polytypic Species Taxa • Dificulties

INFRASPECIFIC CATEGORY AND TERMS

The Race The Cline

POPULATION TAXONOMY POPULATION TAXONOMY

POPULATION TAXONOMY POPULATION STRUCTURE

• Species does not consist of a number of little species

THE SUPER SPECIES

MINISTRY FOR RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGH EDUCATION

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