SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION.

Introduction-
Physico-chemical characteristics are most important indicator of pollution status of
drinking water. The physico-chemical parameters were analyzed for all the samples
collected in varangaon region, for the impact of ash, waste water from residential,
hospitals, pathology, milk dairy and waste solids discharged into pits and ponds which
percolates in the water table or going into river,
In this chapter the results obtained in the Varangaon region are summarized and
concluded under as the followings.
1) Temperature :-
It is an important parameter for the detection of pollution status of water; The water
temperature controls the rate of all chemical reactions and affects fish growth,
reproduction and immunity. Drastic temperature changes can be fatal to fish; temperature
of water depends on the depth of water table and temperature of atmosphere.
Higher temperature of drinking water sample was recorded in summer season was
30.3˚c, while lower in winter season in river water was 23.5˚c.
2) pH :-
The pH of a solution is measured as negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration.
pH is the measure of intensity of acidity or alkalinity of water. From the pH value
pollution of the water can be predicted. Higher pH of water sample was recorded in
summer season was 8.1 in bore well water and lower value of pH was recorded in
monsoon season was 6.5 in river water. The pH of water samples indicates slightly acidic
to mild alkaline nature. All the sample of water indicates pH content were within
permissible limit.
3) Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) :-
Total solids refer to the matter that remains residue left after the evaporation and
subsequent drying in definite temperature. Higher total dissolved solid of water sample
was recorded in summer season was 809 mg/l while lower value of total dissolved solid
was 210 mg/l in monsoon season in river water. High TDS value in water samples may
be due to ground water pollution near bore well water. When waste water from
residential, hospitals, pathology and milk dairy effluent discharged in to pits and

191
 percolating into bore well. TDS value observed high in summer season it may be due to
an low level of water and increased temperature in summer.
4) Electrical Conductivity (EC):-
Conductivity is the capacity of water to carry an electrical current and varies both with
number and types of ions in the solutions, which is turn is related to the concentration of
ionized substances in the water. Most dissolved inorganic substances in water are in the
ionized form and hence contribute to conductance.
Higher electrical conductivity of water sample was recorded in bore well water in
summer season 779 mg/l and lower electrical conductivity value in monsoon season 320
mg/l in open well water may be due to dissolved different solids. High conductivity
increases corrosive nature of water.
5) Total Hardness(TH) :-
Total hardness is as the sum of calcium and magnesium concentration, both expressed in
terms of calcium carbonate in mg/l. Higher total hardness of water samples was recorded
in summer season was 225 mg/l in bore well water while lower value to total hardness in
monsoon season was 116 mg/l in open well water. Higher value of total hardness in
summer season may be due to higher atmospheric temperature higher the rate of
evaporation of water and addition of calcium and magnesium salts and low water level in
summer season. Lower total hardness in monsoon season may be due to dilution of
ground water by rainy season. Higher value of total hardness affect on health.
6) Total Alkalinity(TA) :-

Alkalinity of water is its capacity to neutralize a strong acid and it is normally due to the
presence of bicarbonate, carbonate and hydroxide compound of calcium, sodium and
potassium
Higher alkalinity value of water sample was recorded in summer season 389 mg/l. in bore
well water. While lower value of alkalinity of water sample was 137 mg/l. in monsoon
season in open well water. Lower alkalinity value in monsoon season may be due to
increase in water levels in the ground water i.e. dilution of salts present in water, in
summer season higher value of alkalinity due to may be low water level and hence
increase in concentration of carbonate and bicarbonate in water. Higher value of
alkalinity affected that embrittlement of boiler steel and boiled rice turns yellowish.

192
7) Calcium (Ca):-
Calcium is directly related to hardness. Calcium content in water is one of the important
parameter. Higher value of calcium content of water sample was recorded in summer
season was 62.99 mg/l in bore well water and lower value of calcium content of water
samples in monsoon season was 31.71 mg/l in lake water. Higher value of calcium
content indicates in summer season may be due to ground water pollution, and also
higher depth of water level in bore well water. And lower value of calcium content in
monsoon season due to dilution of soluble salts. All the water samples indicate calcium
content within permissible limit.
8) Magnesium (Mg):-
Magnesium is directly related to hardness. Magnesium occurs in all kind of natural
waters along with calcium but its concentration remains generally lower than the calcium.
The principle source in the natural water is various kinds of rocks. Higher value of
magnesium content was recorded in summer season was 48.85 mg/l in bore well water
while lower value of magnesium content was 25.46 mg/l in monsoon season in lake
water. Higher magnesium content in summer season might be due to low level of water
and high temperature also ground water pollution when sewages, detergents, waste water
from residential, hospitals, pathology, milk dairy discharged into drainage. While
minimum magnesium content may be due to dilution of soluble salts. All the water
samples indicate magnesium content within permissible limits.
9) Chloride (Cl):-
The chloride concentration serves as an indicator of pollution by sewage. People
accustomed to higher chloride in water are subjected to laxative effects. In natural fresh
water, however its concentration remains quite low and is generally less than that of
sulphate and bicarbonates.
Higher value of chloride content was recorded in monsoon season was 95.75 mg/l. in
river water while lower value of chloride content was recorded in bore well water was
52.00 mg/l. Higher value of chloride content in monsoon season may be due to natural
and anthropogenic sources such as run- off containing salts, land fill leachates, septic
tank effluents and animal feeds is higher in monsoon season, some time depth of bore

193
well is more 500 to 600 feet and hence the chloride content in bore well sample is lower.
Higher value of chloride content affects on health of man.
10) Dissolved Oxygen (DO):-
Dissolved oxygen is an important parameter in water quality assessment and reflects the
physical and biological processes prevailing in the water. The dissolved oxygen values
indicate the degree of pollution in water bodies.
Higher value of dissolved oxygen in monsoon season may be due to increased
photosynthetic activity. while in summer season lower value of dissolved oxygen may be
due to high temperature. Oxygen can be rapidly removed from the waters, by discharge
of oxygen demanding waste, heavy contamination by organic matter and increased
respiratory activity of aquatic animals.
11) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) :-
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) test determines the oxygen requirement equivalent of
organic matter that is susceptible to oxidation with the help of a strong chemical oxidant.
It is important rapidly measured parameters as a means of measuring organic strength for
streams and polluted water bodies.
Higher value of chemical oxygen demand was recorded in monsoon season was 9.15
mg/l in lake water while lower value of chemical oxygen demand was 2.95 mg/l is also in
monsoon season but in bore well water.
Higher value of COD may be due to input of domestic drains and the use of soap and
detergent for washing and bathing during in monsoon season also ash from ash pond and
from leakages of pipes, effluated from Deepnagar thermal power station.
12) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) determines the amount of oxygen required for
biological oxidation of organic matter with the help of microbial activities. High value of
BOD decreases the level of dissolved oxygen.
Higher value of biochemical oxygen demand was recorded in summer season 8.40 mg/l
in bore well water while lower value of biochemical oxygen demand was 4.10 mg/l in
bore well water.
Higher value of biochemical oxygen demand may be due to urban runoff carries pet
wastes from street and sidewalks, nutrients from lawn, fertilizers, leaves, grass clipping,

194
 and paper from residential areas. Which increase oxygen demand. The BOD value of
some sampling stations is higher than (6 mg/l) WHO standard. This high level of BOD
indication of contamination.This also indicates the low oxygen available for living
organism in the water.
Remedial Measures:-
To protect the water resources from its depletion and deterioration, there is an urgent
need to control the ground water consumption and increase the use efficiency of the vital
natural resources.
This can possibly be achieved by following important measures.
1) Water should be used judicially for domestic requirement
2) Farmers should have basic knowledge of water conservation.
3) Sewage waste or industrial waste should be properly treated before disposing it of the
main channel.
4) Wells should be preferably dug in the potential recharge

Protecting Ground Water from Pollution / Recommendations:-

Following steps are suggested for the protection of drinking water.
1) The contaminant sources should be carefully surveyed.
2) Location of industrial and municipal disposal sites should be decided keeping in view the
water level and flow pattern in the area.
3) In case of power station effluents, steps should be taken for disposal treatment by the
power stations itself.
4) Location of wells for drinking water supplies should be decided with utmost caution.
5) Surrounding contaminants sources and flow direction should be considered
6) If is not advisable to tap the uppermost aquifer in case of drinking water wells.

Suggestions:-
Following treatment method are suggested
1) An adequate filter system is used before use of water which will remove suspended solids
and colloidal particles.
2) Proper aeration by keeping the water in atmosphere and addition of KMnO4 after
pumping the water from bore well

195
3) Addition of coagulant like alum to water.
4) Hot- soda lime solution should be used for the precipitation metallic salts.

Management Techniques:-
1) To control the leakages in pipeline
2) To use filtration plant for improving water quality in this region
3) To use clean coal technologies in power plant i.e. use coal having 10% ash content.
4) To use ash in thermal power station to another purpose such as cement.

196