EKC 216

PROCESS HEAT
TRANSFER
Syamsul Rizal Abd Shukor
PhD, AMIChemE
 Quiz 1
Radiation Heat Transfer
Postponed to Monday 7th May 2018

A summary of the important points

and facts on Chapter 8.4 until 8.14
will be uploaded on Tuesday 8th
May 2018.
 CONDENSATION HEAT
TRANSFER PHENOMENA
 CHAPTER 9
CONDENSATION AND BOILING HEAT TRANSFER

In this chapter, we will be focussing on natural

phenomenon of condensation and boiling heat
transfer.
You have seen many instances of condensation
and phenomenon of condensation and boiling in
your daily life activities. Think of something,
and hold on to that idea!
Be in pairs for a Think-Pair-Share activity.
Answer the following questions in a piece of A4
paper.
 CHAPTER 9
CONDENSATION AND BOILING HEAT TRANSFER

CONDENSATION HT BOILING HT
Think about 2 examples Think about 2 examples
of daily life process/ of daily life process/
activity activity
What is the phase What is the phase
changes? changes?

CONDENSATION and BOILING HT

Imagine about the phenomena and and think what are the
mechanical, fluid dynamic and thermodynamic elements
required in understanding condensation and boiling HT
List them down (a minimum of 5 items).
 CONDENSATION HEAT
TRANSFER PHENOMENA
 CONDENSATION HEAT
TRANSFER PHENOMENA
What constitute a condensation process to
happen?
1. ___________________
2. ___________________
3. ___________________

How does condensation process takes place?

___________________
 CONDENSATION HEAT
TRANSFER PHENOMENA
What constitute a condensation process to
happen?
1. A surface
2. A condensable Vapour
3. Temperature difference

How does condensation process takes place?

If the temperature of the surface is below the
saturation temperature of the vapour,
condensate will form on the surface
Under action of gravity, it will flow down the
plate
 CONDENSATION HEAT
TRANSFER PHENOMENA
Modes of condensation:
1. Film condensation
2. Dropwise condensation
3. Fog formation or
homogeneous condensation
4. Direct contact condensation
 CONDENSATION HEAT
TRANSFER PHENOMENA
What are the difference?
1. Formation of smooth film when the liquid wets
the surface
2. Droplets are formed and fall down the surface
in some random fashion (the liquid do not wet
the surface)
3. Formation of fog whenever there is a
temperature difference between ground surface
and the air at very high humidity
4. Condensation of vapour directly (bubbles or a
vapour stream) on a colder liquid
 CONDENSATION HEAT
TRANSFER PHENOMENA

Modes of condensation
 CONDENSATION HEAT
TRANSFER PHENOMENA
Film condensation
Condensate form on the
surface, coalesced to form a
film, wet the surface and will
flow down the plate by gravity
The surface is then blanketed
by film, which grows by
thickness as it moves down the
vertical plate
A temperature gradient exists
in the film
The film represents a thermal
resistance to heat transfer
 CONDENSATION HEAT
TRANSFER PHENOMENA
Dropwise condensation
Condensate formed into
droplets and do not wet the
surface
Large portion of area is
directly exposed to vapour
No film barrier to heat flow
Higher heat transfer rates are
experienced (10 times higher
than film condensation)
Is much preferred to film
condensation but extremely
difficult to maintain.
 CONDENSATION HEAT
TRANSFER PHENOMENA
Steam condensation on a
copper plate.

The right side of the plate is

clean copper where steam
condenses as a continuous
film. The left side has a
coating of cupric oleate,
which promotes dropwise
condensation. The
horizontal object is a
thermocouple probe with a
diameter of 1.7 mm. In this
case the heat-transfer
coefficient for the dropwise
condensation is about seven
times that for the filmwise
condensation.
 FILM CONDENSATION
Consider a vertical plate;
Plate temp maintained at
Tw
Vapour temp at the edge
of the film is Tg
Film thickness is 𝛿
Assumptions:
1. Viscous shear of the vapour
on the film is negligible at
y = 𝛿
2. A linear temp is exist
between wall and vapour
conditions
FILM CONDENSATION
The weight of the fluid element
thickness dx between y and 𝛿 is
balanced by the viscous shear
force at y and the buoyancy force
due to the displaced vapour.

Therefore;
FILM CONDENSATION
Integrating and using the boundary conditions
that u = 0 at y = 0 gives;
How do you
get to this?

The mass flow of condensate through any x-

position of the film is thus given by
FILM CONDENSATION
Since linear temp profile was assumed, the heat
transfer at the wall in the area dx is
FILM CONDENSATION
As the flow proceeds from x to x + dx, the
film grows from 𝛿 to 𝛿 + d𝛿 as the results of
the influx of additional condensate

Thus, the amount of condensate added

between x to x + dx is
FILM CONDENSATION
The heat removed by the wall must equal this
incremental mass flow times the latent heat of
condensation of the vapour

Integrated
with boundary
condition 𝛿=0
at x=0 gives
FILM CONDENSATION
The heat transfer coefficient is now written as

or

So that in dimensionless
form
FILM CONDENSATION
Hence, the average value of the heat transfer
coefficient over the length of plate is given as

or

Note that, all the properties should be evaluated

at the film temperature
FILM CONDENSATION
For laminar film condensation on horizontal
tubes

where d is the diameter of tube

For n number of tubes
FILM CONDENSATION
Flow regimes affects heat transfer rates
Flow regimes can be determined using Reynolds
number, where

where
DH = hydraulic diameter
A = flow area
P = shear, or “wetted” perimeter
V = average velocity in flow
FILM CONDENSATION
Given that so that

ṁ is the mass flow through the particular section

of the condensate film
For a vertical plate of unit depth, P = 1; for
vertical tube, P = πd
Re > 1800 considered turbulence
FILM CONDENSATION
In relation to Reynolds number, the total heat
transfer and the heat transfer coefficient can be
related to mass flow by

where A is the total surface area for heat transfer

Thus,
 FILM CONDENSATION
RECAP:
The average value of the heat transfer
coefficient over the length of plate is given as

For laminar film condensation on horizontal

tubes
FILM CONDENSATION
For a given vertical plate of height, L and width,
W, Reynolds number is given as;

The above equation holds when the film remains

smooth and well behaved.
However, researchers found that ripples will
develop in the film for Re as low as 30 or 40.
Thus, could be 20% higher. Then we employ
 FILM CONDENSATION
Example 1.0
A vertical plate 1.2m high and 30cm wide is to be
used to condense saturated steam at 1 atm. The
plate is maintained at 80˚C.

1. Calculate the mass of steam condensed per

hour.
2. Calculate film thickness at the bottom of the
plate

HOW TO START?
What are the important items need to be known
prior to solve the question?
 FILM CONDENSATION
Ex 1.0: Solution (i)
What is the vapour involved?
What is Tsat of steam?
Hence, hfg? T (°C) P (bar) V (m3/kg) U (KJ/kg) H (KJ/kg)
Vf Vg Uf Ug Hf Hfg Hg
Properties of 0.0122 0.00100
10 106.4 42.0 2389.3 42.0 2477.9 2519.9
saturated steam:
20 7
0.0234 0
0.00100 57.8 83.9 2403.0 83.9 2454.3 2538.2
V - specific
volume 30 0.0424 2
0.00100 32.9 125.7 2416.7 125.7 2430.7 2556.4
U - specific 40 0.0738 4
0.00100 19.55 167.4 2430.2 167.5 2406.9 2574.4
internal 50 0.1234 8
0.00101 12.05 209.2 2443.6 209.3 2382.9 2592.2
energy 2
60 0.1992 0.00101 7.678 251.1 2456 251.1 2358 2609
H - specific
70 0.3117 7
0.00102 5.045 293.0 2469 293.0 2333 2626
enthalpy
80 0.4736 3
0.00102 3.408 334.8 2482 334.9 2308 2643
90 0.7011 9
0.00103 2.361 376.9 2493 377.0 2282 2659
What next? 100 1.0131 6
0.00104 1.673 419.0 2507 419.0 2255 2674
4
 FILM CONDENSATION
Ex 1.0: Solution(i)
What is the film temperature, Tf?

Find other properties of water at Tf

 FILM CONDENSATION
Ex 1.0: Solution (i)
i. Assuming the film is laminar; properties of film
are given as;
hfg = 2255 kJ/kg 𝞺f = 964 kg/m3
kf = 0.676 W/m.ºC 𝝁fg = 3.15 x 10-4 kg/m.s

v = 𝝁/𝞺 = 3.268 x 10-7 m2/s

we have;
Using

= 903.93 W/m2.ºC
 FILM CONDENSATION
Ex 1.0: Solution (i)
Checking the flow regime;
= 122.17;
(laminar)

The heat transfer can now be calculated as

= 903.93 (1.2) (0.3) (100-80)

= 1.084 kW

Given that therefore;

 FILM CONDENSATION
Ex 1.0: Solution (i)
What if the earlier assumption of laminar flow was
wrong?
; NOT laminar

The solution must be recalculated to take into

account the film behaviour as turbulent form!

This equation is used to find

the new

Once is found, then calculate for and

 FILM CONDENSATION
Ex 1.0: Solution (ii)
The thickness of the film is given by

Hence;