C/P

Increase the molarity of an ionic solution, increase the ability to conduct electricity

Least statistically significant shiftL smallest error bars

Rate of conduction: heat transfer by direct contact, increase with denser materials

Rate of conversion: heat transfer by flowing current, increases with fluid flow

Rate of radiation: heat transfer by electromagnetic ration, increases with temperature

The overall heat transfer between two objects depends on the difference in the temperature of the two
objects

Small sample size can weaken study

Current requires irons to carry electrons

Continuity equation: A*v (Area * velocity)

B cells: produce antibodies

T cells: recognize antigen on infected cells and signals apoptosis

Tighter tension: higher frequency, higher pitch

Loser tension: lower frequency, lower pitch

Echolocation: pulse that reflects off an object and returns to the locator, interprets the change between
waves, the greater the displacement (therefore the greater the time difference) the greater the velocity.
If speed if slower, the greater the displacement, the greater the velocity if time is constant)

Sound in phases: vsolid>vliquid>vgas

If you go away from the source, you decrease the frequency

Glycogen: polymer (repeating unit of glucose) and polysaccharide because it is a carbohydrate

Isoelectric point: not net charge on molecule

Chromic acid: oxidizing agent, only aldehydes and alcohols can be oxidized into organic acids

Flavoproteins: involved in redox reactions in the cells, proteins that contains a nucleic acid derivative,
riboflavin. Uses FAD as a cofactor

Types of variables:

Dependent variable:
Confounding variable: indistinguishable variables

Fibroblasts: recruited and migrate towards injury, dependent on cholesterol in the plasma membrane

Urea: protein denaturant

Peptidases: break down proteins into amino acids

Peptidases examples: chymotrypsin, trypsin

Condensation reaction: water is a product

Hydrolysis reaction: water is a reactant

Decarboxylation: removal of acid and release of CO2

Keto-enol tautotermization: at room temperature, favors keto form

Aromaticity: cyclic, planar, stable

Ether:

Ester:

B/B

Lysis:

Rupture in cell walls

Blood does not carry heat

Byproduct of energy metabolis: heat

RBC production: bone marrow

Osteoblasts: build bone

Osteoclast: destroy bone

Serum Iron is carried by hemoglobin in the RBC

Motor proteins examples: actin/myosin

Actin/myosin invovled in muscle contract

Germ layers: inhibit each other expression to prevent over expression one layer, develops
simultaneously, cells are finalized within their layer

GPCRs: have 7 transmembrane domains (receptor passes through plasma membrane 7 times), made of
mostly alpha helices

Tyrosine Kinase Receptors: active site composed of dimer proteins

Epithelial cells: no specificity markers, prossess esterase, have metabolic activity than glial cells

Esterase:

Microtubules: mitotic spindle in prophase

PMAT

Glucosidase: break down sugar by removing a monosaccharide

Bacteria are 100x larger than virus

Eukaryotic cells are 1000x larger than virus

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Virus

Membrane bound organelles: nucleus, ribosomes, ER, golgi, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria and
chloroplasts in plants

Prokaryotic ribosome: 30s + 50s

Eukaryotic ribosome: 40s + 60s

Transcription

Translation: making protein

Flora in the GI tract are prokaryotes

RBC lack organelles and cannot make hemoglobin

Hemoglobin made prior to release in bone marrow by erythrocytes

PET scan = lights up area with heavy glucose consumption, therefore limited

Brain=largest glucose consumption

Peptidase: breaks down proteins and peptides

RT-PCR: RNA Temp then cDNA (opp) then amplified sequence

Erythrocytes: responsible for efficient gas exchange, 90% of cell population in peripheral blood (cellular
components of blood)

miRNA: small non-coding RNA samples that play an important role in various biological processes and
influence gene expression

mRNA

Codes for a specific sequence of amino acids

tRNA

Serves a physical link between nucleic acids and amino acids

rRNA

Aggregative with ribosomal proteins to form ribosomes

Gram positive bacteria

Cell wall is thicker, retains stain because the thicker stain does not allow the stain to leave

Gram negative bacteria

Cell wall is thinner, does not retain stain because it can be washed out due to the thin cell wall

Reverse transcription of RNA: gives cDNA with non-coding introns removed, RNA found in the cell
represents genes that the cell in actively transcribing, providing a representation of which genes are
expression and the quantity in which they were being expressed

Cholesterol: lipid soluble (fat soluble) steroid

Lipid Soluble vitamins: A, D, E, and K, the rest are water soluble

Types of steroid hormones:

Progesterone, estrogen, androgens (e.g. testosterone), glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol), and

mineralcorticoids (e.g. aldosterone)

Testing for highest fitness of cells: grow two difference cells together to see which grows more
proximately

Looking at phenotype of cells: observe under microscope

Test antibiotic resistance: grow cells in antibiotics

Comparative genomic analysis: compare two sequences to identify similarities and differences

Mitochondrial DNA: comes from mother

Siblings share half of their autosomal DNA

Autosomal DNA

Ribosome: translates protein from mRNA

Acrosome: present in the head of the sperm

Desmosome: responsible for holding together the cells of the epidermis

Lysosome: digest and destroy waste

Fatty Acid Oxidation: produces 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids form TAG

Glucose feeds into PPP

Carbon waste in CTA: 2 CO2

Insulin = peptide hormone

Protease: breakdown peptides and proteins

Protease example: pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin

Pancreatic lipase: located in small intestines, breaks down fats

Emulsification: breaking down fat

Bile: breaks fats into fatty acids

Amylase: breaks down carbohydrates

Absorption of drugs occurs in small intestine

During digestion, facilitated diffusion and active transport mechanisms increase intraluminal hydrogen
ion concentration, counteracted by an alkine tide which releases bicarbonate ions into the blood