Journal of Research in Ecology
An International Scientific Research Journal
The determination of crude protein degradation of fruit and vegetable
wastes using different mathematical models
Authors:
Journal of Research in Ecology
Mahmood Hamedi
Institution:
Department of Animal
Science, Faculty of
Agriculture, Maragheh
Branch, Technical and
Vacational University
(TVU), Maragheh, Iran.
Corresponding author:
Mahmood Hamedi
Email ID:
Web Address:
http://ecologyresearch.info/
documents/EC0460.pdf
Journal of Research
in Ecology
An International
Scientific Research Journal
ISSN No: Print: 2319 –1546; Online: 2319– 1554
Short Communication
ABSTRACT:
The aim of this research is to analyze the crude protein degradation of fruit
and vegetable wastes. Two fistulated wethers (35±1.8 kg) were utilized as a part of
the nylon bag technique. The crude protein disappearance were measured at 0, 4, 6,
8, 12, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. CP (Crude Protein) degradability of carrot wastes at
96 h was 64.56 which was higher than the vegetable waste showing significant
differences (P<0.05). The gas generation of carrot wastes at 72 h was higher than the
vegetable wastes. Reports of this investigation revealed that model 4 for carrot
wastes and model 2 for vegetable wastes were the best fitted models.
Keywords:
Carrot wastes, Vegetable wastes, Crude protein.
Article Citation:
Mahmood Hamedi
The determination of crude protein degradation of fruit and vegetable wastes using
different mathematical models
Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(1): 1372-1376
Dates:
Received: 19 July 2017 Accepted: 25 Oct 2017 Published: 18 Jan 2018
This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/4.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and
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1372-1376 | JRE | 2018 | Vol 6 | No 1
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INDRODUCTION
The vast majority of the developing nations
have been battling to give enough feed to their animals,
as a result of lacking production of customary ingredi-
ents for domesticated animals feeding. So the shortage
of feed sources frequently forces a noteworthy chal-
lenge in livestock farming in these nations (Ezeldin et
al., 2016). The test can be eased by the utilization of
unconventional feedstuffs in animal feeding relying
upon their nutrient, accessibility and palatability to ani-
mals; which should also be economical nourish fixings.
Keeping in mind the end goal to compensate for
feed deficiencies and to decrease feeding costs, endeav-
ors have been made to utilize agricultural and food
industrial by-products as feed ingredients. In developing
nations, the usage of agricultural and food industry by
products for animal feeding could be viewed as an
answer. As of late, high feed expenses and accessibility
restrictions have constrained livestock breeders to
utilize rural and food processing by-products and resi-
dues as animal feed encourage (Karkoodi et al., 2012).
This won't just diminish the interest for cereal grains
utilized as feeds, enabling the grain to be utilized by
people, however may likewise tackle the monetary and
environmental issues of FVR and waste disposal. Fruit
and vegetable production is a critical part of the total
agricultural products delivered in Iran; 3-5 million tons
of leafy foods are lost every year, in any case, in light of
deficiencies in preparing and preservation facilities in
this nation (Nagashi et al., 2008).
In situ process, like the fundamental investiga-
Table 1. In situ CP (Crude Protein) degradability
Incubation time (h)
Feeds
0 4 8 12
Carrot wastes 13.31a 12.12a 16.80a 21.20a
b b b b
Vegetable wastes 9.99 10.48 12.42 17.56
SEM 0.213 0.480 0.340 0.300
a,b
Values within a row with different superscripts differ significantly at P<0.05
1373
Hamedi, 2018
tions led by Ørskov and McDonald (1979), are very
much acknowledged in many nations for evaluating the
level of ruminal CP (Crude Protein) degradation of
feedstuffs (Koelen et al., 1992; Cottrill, 1993; Hunting-
don and Givens, 1995; Michalet-Doreau and Nozière,
1998). In situ measures can be utilized to acquire assess-
ments of UDP estimations of feedstuffs inside a general-
ly brief timeframe yet this technique requires cannulated
animals and there is a proceeding requirement for less
complex research facility strategies to estimate the pro-
tein estimation of feeds. There is a revived concentrated
discussion about the accuracy and importance of the
estimation of soluble CP portions to anticipate the ru-
men CP degradation of feedstuffs. The solvent utilized
must enhance solubilization and degradation in the ru-
men as reasonably as expected. The protein degradation
in the rumen depends on the soluble and insoluble pro-
teins as well as on the degree of the gradually digestible
and indigestible proteins. A wide range of strategies to
decide soluble and insoluble nitrogen or CP in
feedstuffs have been reported (e.g. Crawford et al.,
1978; Crooker et al., 1978; Krishnamoorthy et al.,
1982), yet no single strategy has so far been acknowl-
edged as being dependably precise for anticipating the
rumen CP degradation in feedstuffs. The goal of this
investigation was to analyze in situ CP degradability of
fruit and vegetable utilizing nylon bag method and over-
view to utilize this feed as animal feedstuffs.
16 24 36 48 72 96
25.65b 36.69a 39.81 46.65 61.39a 64.56
a b b
30.43 33.60 37.84 43.80 54.82 62.31
0.644 0.744 0.856 0.950 0.761 1.643
Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(1): 1372-1376
Hamedi, 2018

Table 2. Measurement of CP (Crude Protein) degradation characteristics of fruit and vegetable wastes using
different mathematical models

Model a b c L d k SSM CSST R-Square

Carrot wastes
1 10.069 71.489 0.0158 - - - 9813.0 10024.1 0.9789
2 12.717 63.345 0.0193 4.061 - - 9870.3 10024.1 0.9846
3 10.998 60.317 0.0293 - - 0.285 9826.1 10024.1 0.9802
4 12.717 76.353 0.0071 5.484 0.0723 - 9875.3 10024.1 0.9851
Vegetable wastes
1 7.605 64.952 0.0184 - - - 9196.8 9473.4 0.9708
2 9.993 58.481 0.022 3.587 - - 9230.7 9473.4 0.9744
3 - - - - - - - - -
4 - - - - - - - - -
1- Ørskov and Mc Donald (1979) without leg phase, 2- Ørskov and Mc Donald (1979) with leg phase 3- France et al.
(1999) and 4- Danoa et al. (2004)
a= Fastly soluble fraction; b = slowly soluble fraction c= insoluble fraction L = leg phase d and k = Model Constants

MATERIALS AND METHODS (monomolecular, Mitscherlich, or first-order kinetics

In situ degradation
In situ procedures were done in light of the
methodology by Nocek et al. (1988) and reviewed by
Palangi et al. (2012), the ground tests (5g) were put in
Dacron packs (5.5×10 cm; 47-µm pore measure) and
were closed utilizing gum. Each feed sample was incu-
bated in 6 repeats (2 duplicates for each climate) in the
rumen. The incubation times were 0, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24,
48, 72 and 96 h. Nylon bags were suspended in the ru-
men in a polyester mesh bag (25×40 cm; 3mm pore
measure) and were expelled from the rumen in the
meantime with the goal that all packs could be washed
at the same time. The nylon bags were then expelled
from the mesh bag and washed until the point when the
rinsed water stayed clear. Samples were then dried in a
stove at 55˚C until the point that a consistent weight was
accomplished before evaluation of CP disappearance.
Mathematical models
Two diminishing returns and two sigmoidal
models were utilized to assess ruminal degradation of
the CP of fruit and vegetable wastes. The models, I and
II, are Simple negative exponential curve models
model) with and without a lag phase (Ørskov and
McDonald, 1979). Model III is Gompertz curve, asym-
metrical around an inflection point M, which can be
figured from K=exp (cm) (France et al., 1999). Model
IV is Generalized Mitscherlich, speculation of the mod-
el I (results in the model I for d = 0), with the addition
of a square root time dependence component (Dhanoa et
al., 1995).
Statistical analysis
The yield of ruminal CP degradation of fruit and
vegetable wastes were investigated utilizing SAS
(1999).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In situ ruminal degradability
The degradability parameters of CP are given in
Table 1. Carrot wastes indicated high values for the
soluble portion of CP contrasted with vegetable wastes.
The accomplished information for CP degrada-
tion of this work was lower than that reported by
Palangi et al. (2012).

Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(1): 1372-1376 1374

 Hamedi, 2018
Statistical models output mental model to describe for age degradation kinetics
The examination of different fitted models for during incubation in polyester bags in the rumen. British
crude protein degradability of fruit and vegetable wastes Journal of Nutrition, 73(1): 3-15.
2
in light of the coefficient of determination (R ) demon-
Elizalde JC, Merchen NR and Faulkner DB. 1999. In
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situ dry matter and crude protein degradation of fresh
and model 2 for vegetable wastes, respectively (Table
forages during the spring growth. Journal of Dairy
2). It might be presumed that the models with lag time
Science, 82(9): 1978-1990.
were the best models for depiction of degradability
drifts in CP of the fruit and vegetable wastes. Ezeldin I, Elbashier OM and Omer SA. 2016. Evalu-
The CP soluble and insoluble part for carrot ation of some vegetable wastes as feedstuff for rumi-
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4 did not accomplish convergence in vegetable wastes. review of the procedure. Nutrition Abstracts and
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