Pre-reading activity

1. What animals do you like?

2. Do you have any animals in your home?
3. Do you like that most animals can see as
well as we can?

Scientists think that many- perhaps most-

animals don’t see colors. The world is black
and white to them. To find out if dogs could
see colors, scientists played a certain piece of music before giving their dogs
some food. After a few days the dogs started getting ready to eat every time
they heard this piece of music. They did not get ready to eat when they heard
other pieces of music.

Then the scientists showed the dogs a certain color before giving them food.
After a few days the dogs would get ready to eat when they saw this color. The
scientist then showed the dogs a different color and the dogs got ready to eat
again. The dogs could not distinguish between the different colors.

Monkeys, however, can see distinct differences between colors. For example,
if we put in a red box on a daily basis, a monkey will always go to the red box
to get the food. If we then fill a blue box with food, the monkey won’t go to it.

New Words

find out to get information about something

certain particular but not named
get ready to make or become ready
distinguish between to recognize the difference between things
however nevertheless, yet
distinct not the same, clearly different
on a daily basis happening or one every day
fill with to make a container full with something

Vocabulary

1. Draw lines to match the words in A to the words in B to make sentences.

A B
a. I’m trying to get fit, e. to fill the kettle with water.
b. It takes me about half an hour f. my sister doesn’t.
c. I eat meat; however g. so I exercise on a daily basis.
d. To make a hot drink, you need h. to get ready for school

2. In the passage you read,”…the dogs started getting ready to eat…”

Choose and write the correct expression with get to complete the
following.

getting ready getting together getting old get going

a. A: What are you doing today?

B: I am __________________ with my friends.
b. A: We should _________________ or we’ll be late for the movie.
c. A: I wish you’d hurry up. You’ve been _____________for an hour.
d. A: Why are you unhappy?
B: I have had a long life, but now I am ___________________.

3. Choose and write the correct word or words.

a. I would like to ___________________ if animals can count. (hear/find out)

b. I get sick if I eat _______________ foods. (certain/different)
c. These two pieces of fabric are too similar.
Let’s choose two _____________ patterns. (different/distinct)
d. The Simpson twins are so similar, it’s hard to _____________________
between them. (distinguish/see)
 Pre-reading activity
1. What can fire be used for?
2. How can fire be dangerous?
3. How do we make fire?

People have been using fire for well over a million years. It was not
until about 7000 B.C., however, that we learned how to make it. The first
people to do this used fire for heat and light, to frighten dangerous
animals away and for many other things that made their lives easier.

Fire has also been important in mythology. There are many stories that
tell of how fire was brought to people, and most countries have had fire
gods at one time.

Fire is very useful to us, but it can also be very dangerous. In 1666, for
example, more than 13,000 houses were totally destroyed by the Great
Fire of London, which burned for a period of five days.

New Words

well over a lot more than

learn how to get to know how to do something
frighten away to frighten something so that it runs or stays
away
mythology stories to explain how the world began and
 religious beliefs
totally entirely
destroy The hotel is gone. It was destroyed by fire in
1963.
burn If you get too near the fire, you will be
burned.
period of Two hundred years is a period of time.

Vocabulary

1. Draw lines to match the words in A to the words in B to

make sentences.

A B
a. I’ve been running so long e. I am well over my usual
weight.
b. I feel so fat because f. in case you burn yourself.
c. You should be careful when g. for a period of three years.
d. I studied German h. that I’m totally exhausted.

2. In the passage you read,”…we learned how to make it.”

Choose and write the correct expression with learn to complete
the following
.
learned of learning about learn how learn

a. A: What are you doing in school?

B: We are ____________ computers.
b. A: Why are you unhappy?
B: I have just ______________ my mother’s death.
c. A: What are you reading?
B: An English book from school.
I have to ____________________ these new words.
d. A: I would like to ___________________ to play that piece of
music.

3. Choose and write the correct word or words.

a. I ______________ to read when I was six years old. (learned

how/ was brought)
b. The fire _________________ for three days. (destroyed/
burned)
c. Some people have big dogs to ___________ burglars. (destroy/
frighten away)
d. Fire is ________________ to us. (useful/mythology)
 Pre-reading activity
1. Do you have a lucky number? If so,
what is it?
2. What other things can be lucky in
your country?
3. What things can bring bad luck?

Many people believe that the number thirteen is an unlucky number.

This is why many hotels do not have a thirteenth floor. The floors go
from twelve to fourteen, and the number thirteen is missing. Some people
will refuse to sit at a table with twelve other people. They will insist that
someone leave or ask another person to join them at their table.

No one really knows why people in so many countries do not like the
number thirteen. Perhaps one reason is that when people began to count
they used ten fingers and two hands. This made twelve, and therefore
they could not count higher than this.

Some Christians say that thirteen is unlucky because there were twelve
people at a meal with Jesus the day before he was killed. In a story about
the ancient Norse gods, twelve gods were asked to a meal but one more
turned up. This made thirteen gods. The story says that this is why the
god Balder, who was at the meal, was done away with.

New words

missing not where it should be

refuse to to say or show that you will not do something
insist to ask for in a very strong or firm way
join to come together; to get together with other people
therefore as a result, for that reason
ancient of or in a time long past; very old
turn up to arrive at a certain place
do away with to kill or get rid of

Vocabulary

1. Draw lines to match the words in A to the words in B to make sentences.

A B

a. You’ll have to finish your e. the need for typewriters.

homework yourself because
b. I am really worried because f. I come home by 8 P.M.
c. My parents insist that g. I refuse to help you.
d. Computers have done away with h. my cat is missing.

2. In the passage you read,”…but one more turned up.” Choose and write
the correct expression with turn to complete the following.

turn up turn in turn down turns out

a. A: I’m really tired. I think I’ll ______________.

b. A: Can you come to the movies tonight?
B: Sorry, I’ll have to ______________ your offer. I’m busy.
c. A: I told Judy not to _________________ late, but she still isn’t here.
d.A: Have you finished today’s homework?
B: No, it ________________ that we can give it to the teacher tomorrow.

3. Choose and write the correct word or words.

a. He’s a good friend, _________________ he makes me angry sometimes.
(therefore/ but)
b. I have just ___________________ a music class to learn to play the piano.
(left/ joined)
c. What time do you want us to ___________________ tomorrow morning?
(turn in/ turn up)
d. This plate was made 800 years ago. It’s really __________________.
(modern/ ancient)
 Pre –reading activity

1. How many years ago was the year

1452?
2. Name a famous scientist. Can this
scientist also paint?
3. Where is Italy? What countries are
next to it?

L eonardo da Vinci is one of

history’s most well-known men. He

was born in Italy in 1452 and died in
1519. He was a scientist as well as a
great artist. He invented many things.
He studied anatomy and botany and drew the first aircraft. He also drew
a ship that could go under the ocean.

Other smart inventors were Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Edison, but
they were not artists as well. They did not paint great paintings.

Leonardo painted one of the most famous paintings in the world. It is

called the Mona Lisa and we can see it in Paris, France. The Mona Lisa
is a painting of a mysterious woman. Nobody knows who she was.
Leonardo also painted another of the world’s greatest paintings-The Last
Supper. This shows Jesus and his friends dining together the day before
he was killed.
 New words

well-known famous
as well as and also, not only
invent to make or think of something for the first time
anatomy the study of the structure of human or animal
bodies
botany the study of plants
aircraft a machine that can fly
mysterious difficult to describe or understand
dine to have a meal, usually dinner

Vocabulary

1. Draw a line to match the words in A to the words in B to make

sentences.
A B
a. It is necessary for doctors e. to cooking at home.
b. My father enjoys murder stories f. to study anatomy.
c. One day I would like to be rich g. because they are mysterious.
d. Many people prefer dining h. as well as successful.
in a restaurant

2. In the passage you read,”…most well-known men.” Choose and write the
correct expression with well to complete the following.

well known well-liked well cooked well timed

a. A: Who is the most ______________ teacher at our school?

B: Not Mr. White. Everyone hates him.
b.A: Chicken should always be _________________ to avoid food poisoning.
c. A: Your arrival was __________________. Dinner is just ready.
d.A: Kim is __________________ for telling lies.

3. Choose and write the correct word or words.

a. He is studying ______________ at college because he wants to be a

gardener. (botany/ art)
b. Computers were only ________________ in the last 75 years.
(invented/studied)
c. There were more than 100 people in the _________________. (aircraft/
body)
d. It is _______________________ that English is a difficult language to learn.
(well known/ well liked)
 Pre-reading activity
1. Do you ever talk to
animals?
2. What is the name of the animal in
the picture?
3. Where can you see this animal?

T here are various kinds of parrots. Some are quite big, while others

are very small. People like them because they often have beautiful, bright
colors and because some of them can talk.

No one knows why some parrots can talk. Most other birds cannot. Some
people put forward the idea that parrots can talk because they have big,
thick tongues. There are birds, however, that can talk without having big,
thick tongues, as well as birds that cannot talk even with big, thick
tongues.

Parrots do not usually know what they are saying when they talk. They
are only mimicking the sounds that they hear. However, they know when
to say some words, such as “Hello” and “Goodbye”.

Most parrots come from hot countries, but they are adaptable and can
live anywhere. This is one reason why sailors used to take parrots with
them on long journeys. Perhaps another reason was that they wanted
someone-or something- with whom they could have a chat!

New words
various of different kinds; several, many
quite completely, entirely; rather, fairly
bright (use about a color) strong
put forward to suggest
even yet, still
mimic to copy or imitate
adaptable able to change in order to suit different
situations
have a chat to have a casual talk or conservation

Vocabulary

1. Draw lines to match the words in A to the words in B to

make sentences.

A B
a. I asked the staff e. to mimic teachers.
b. When you move to a new country, f. various problems
with my suggestions.
c. My sister always finds g. to put forward new
ideas.
d. It is quite rude h. you need to be
adaptable.

2. In the passage you read, “Some people put forward the

idea…”Choose and write the correct expression with put to
complete the following.

put off put forward put down put away

a. A: Have you ____________ your toys ________________, Jack?

B: Yes, Mom. My room is neat now.
b. A: At the meeting, the manager _____________ his plans for the
next year.
c. A: Are you going to visit Uncle Fred today?
B: No, I phoned him and _______________ it _______________
until next week.
d. A: __________________ that knife. It is very sharp.

3. Choose and write the correct word or words.

a. I wish I had my sunglasses. The sun is _____________ bright.

(more/quite)
b. I failed my exam, ____________ after studying hard. (also/even)
c. Why don’t we meet so that we can _____________. (mimic/ have
a chat)
d. There were no clouds in the sky, so the sea was ___________ blue.
(bright/beautiful)
 Pre-reading activity
1. Have you heard of the story of
Cinderella?
2. What children’s story do you like
best?
3. Can you think of two words that
have the same sound but different meanings?

T he story of Cinderella comes from France. It is about a girl who longed to

go to a party, but her stepmother wouldn’t let her. Then her godmother came
to see her. She gave Cinderella some beautiful clothes and told her to go to the
party. She also gave her shoes made of glass. Cinderella danced with a prince.
He thought she was very beautiful.

Cinderella had to leave the dance at 12:00 o’clock. As she ran away, one of her
shoes fell off and the prince found it. He knew that the shoe was Cinderella’s. “I
will look for the beautiful girl who owns this shoe and when I have found her, I
will marry her,” he said. After seeing many other women, the prince found
Cinderella and married her in a flash.

This is the story of Cinderella that everyone knows. However, there is

something that does not add up. The shoes could not have been made of
glass. No one could dance in glass shoes!

So why does the story say that the shoes were made of glass? It is because the
French word for “glass” sounds the same as the French word for “fur”. People
thought that they heard the word for “glass” when they really heard the word for
“fur”. Cinderella had shoes made of fur, not shoes, made of glass!

New words

long to to really want to do something

stepmother a woman married to your father who is not your
mother
godmother a woman who cares for a child’s Christian
upbringing
run away to leave without telling anyone, to flee
fall off to come away from something
in a flash very quickly
not add up to not seem correct or make sense
fur thick and usually soft hair that grows on animals’
bodies.

Vocabulary

1. Draw lines to match the words in A to the words in B to

make sentences.
A B
a. Cinderella’s’ stepmother was e. with my godmother.
b. I long to study acting, f. it doesn’t add up.
c. I used to go to church g. her father’s second
wife.
d. I don’t understand this; h. but my parents
won’t let me.

2. In the passage you read, “As she ran away…” Choose and
write the correct expression with run to complete the
following.

run up run away run into run over

 a. A: Do you think I should ______________?
B: No, your family would be very sad.
b. A: Why is you father angry?
B: I’ve ___________ a very big phone bill.
c. A: Be careful! You’re going to ___________ that dog on the
road!
d. A: I didn’t expect to ____________ you here.
B: I’ve just moved to this area.

3. Choose and write the correct word or words.

a. It’s very expensive to buy a coat made of _________.

(hair/fur)
b. Be careful you don’t ____________ that hole in the road. (fall
off/fall down)
c. I saw the car and __________ decided to buy it. (in a flash/at
last)
d. Why don’t we ____________ and get married? (run over/run
away)
 Pre-reading activity

1. What are the three large animals in

the picture called?
2. Where do these animals live?
3. Is this place hot or cold?

The Sahara is one of the world’s biggest deserts. It covers a

substantial part of northern Africa and includes parts of eleven different countries.
Many people think that it has always been a desert, but they are mistaken. At one
time the Sahara was under water, and then the water went away and plants grew.
However, hot winds made everything very dry and then nothing could grow.

During the day the Sahara can be the hottest place in the world. One day in
1924, it was 136.4 °F or 58 °C! At night it is not so hot and in winter it can be very
cold.

Not many big animals can live in the dessert because there is insufficient
water. But camels can survive for as long as seventeen days without water. There
are also people living in the desert who are called Bedouins. They are nomads,
which means that they do not live in the same place all the time, but move around
from place to place.

New words

desert an area of dry land with little rainfall

cover to be or lie over something
substantial large in amount or degree
include to have as a part
 mistaken wrong
insufficient not enough
survive to go on living
move around to keep changing the place where you live or work

Vocabulary

1. Draw lines to match the words in A to the words in B to make sentences.

A B

a. I’m cold! Could you e. a substantial amount of money.

b. I’ll have to get a loan f. include meals?
c. Last night I lost g. cover my legs with a blanket?
d. Does the price h. because my savings are insufficient

2. In the passage you read, “...move around from place to place.” Choose
and write the correct expression with move to complete the following.

move over move on moved in move around

a. A: Have you found a new house yet?

B: Yes, we _____________ two days ago.
b. A: Would you like to sit next to me?
B: Yes, can you ____________, please?
c. A: I think we’ve talked enough about that.
B: So do I, let’s __________ to something different.
d. A: When are you going to buy a house?
B: I’m not going to. I prefer to ____________.

3. Choose and write the correct word or words.

a. I thought you were my friend, but I was ______________. (right/mistaken)
b. Some people like to ____________ instead of living in one place. (move
 over/ move around)
c. Camels can ___________ for long periods of time without water. (move/
survive)
d. The hot ___________ made everything dry. (wind/ desert)
 Pre- reading activity

1. What color do you like best?

2. What colors can you make from red,
blue and yellow paint?
3. How many colors can you name in
English?

The first scientist to investigate color was Sir Isaac Newton. He was an
English scientist who lived from 1642 to 1727. Newton was the first person to
discover that white light can be divided into different colors.

In 1861 a Scottish scientist, James clerk Maxwell, discovered that he could

create other colors by combining any two of the three primary colors-red, blue
and yellow. These other colors are known as secondary colors. For example, red
and yellow make orange, yellow and blue make green, and blue and red make
purple.

Tertiary colors are made by increasing the amount of one of the primary colors
in a second mixture. By doing this we end up with colors like yellow-orange and
blue-green.

We can make a room look as if it is bigger or smaller, or warmer or cooler, by

using color. Green and blue are cool colors. They can make a room look bigger.
Red, orange and yellow are warm colors. They can make a room look smaller.

New words
 investigate to study closely
divide into to split into: They divided the fruit into three
pieces.
create to make, to cause to come into being
combine to join together, to mix
be known as to be called or thought of as
tertiary of the third kind: After high school you can go on to
tertiary studies.
end up with When you mix red and yellow, you end up with
orange.
look as if to seem or appear to be

Vocabulary

1. Draw lines to match the words in A to the words in B to make sentences.

A B
a. To get a good job, you need e. investigating crimes
b. Many people think that it’s important f. you’ll end up with health problems.
c. The police spend lots of time g. to combine education with experience.
d. If you don’t exercise h. to get a tertiary education.

2. In the passage you read,”…we end up with…” Choose and write the
correct expression with end to complete the following.

end up with in the end no end end result

a.A: Did you get a new dress?

B: No, I couldn’t find one I liked ___________.
b.A: What was the __________ of your meeting with Ted?
B: We agreed to help each other more.
c.A: I always __________ too much food when I cook.
d. A: There’s ____________to the work I have to do today.

3. Choose and write the correct word or words.

a. If we __________10 ____________100, we get 10. (make, into/divide,into)
b. We can make green by ___________ blue and yellow. (creating/combining)
c. I see dark clouds. It ____________ it will rain. (should/looks as if)
d. Mr. Ross ___________ the strictest teacher at our school. (is known as/ is
named)
 Pre-reading activity

1. How do you tell the future in your country?

2. Look at your hand and a friend’s hand. Are they
the same?
3. Do you know what you will be doing in ten years
time?

Every country has fortune-tellers who claim they can see into a person’s
future. However, they do not all work in the same way.

Some fortune-tellers focus on the palm of a person’s hand. There are lines both
across the palm and down the palm. These lines are different for everyone and
each line means something. For example, one line tells a fortune-teller if and when
the person will marry. Another line tells the fortune-teller how long that person will
live.

Other fortune-tellers “read” cards. These can be ordinary playing cards or Tarot
cards, which are used only for fortune-telling. Some people say that they can
predict a lot about a person’s future life by looking at these cards.

Many Chinese use the I Ching-or Book of Changes- to find out about their future.
First, the person asks a question, throws some coins and looks at the way in which
they fall. Then the person reads the I Ching to work out what the coins mean.

New Words

fortune-teller a person who tells people what will happen to them

 in the future
claim to say that something is true; to ask for as if by
right
see into the future to know what will happen in the future
focus on to give attention to
palm the underside of the hand
ordinary usual, not different
predict to tell in advance that something will happen
work out to think about and understand

Vocabulary

1. Draw lines to match the words in A to the words in B to make sentences.

A B
a. If I could see into the future, e. to focus on Ancient History.
b. My teacher always claims f. to predict the future
c. At college I’d like g. I could find out who I will marry.
d. I don’t believe that it’s possible h. that I need to study harder

2. In the passage you read,”…see into a person’s future.” Choose and write
the correct expression with see to complete the following.

see into the future see eye to eye see out see to

a. A: Rosie and I had a fight and we don’t _________ anyone.

b. A: Could you ___________ posting these letters for me?
c. A: Are you going tom leave school?
B: No, I’m going to ____________ the end of the year.
d. A: I don’t want to ___________ because I’m enjoying life now.

3. Choose and write the correct word or words.

a. My ____________ are sore from clapping so much. (fingers/ palms)
b. It was just an ____________ day until the accident. ( ordinary/unusual)
c. I still can’t ____________ the correct answer. (focus on/work out)
d. I went to a ______________ to find out about my future. (scientist/
fortune-teller)
 Pre-reading activity

1. Look at the picture. What do we build with

these?
2. What other things can we use to build with?
3. How would you move lots of heavy things from
one place to another?

Vernal is a small town in Utah, USA. In 1916, the owners of the bank in Vernal
wanted a new building. They wanted the new bank to be built of bricks. However,
the bricks came from a town that was very far away, and the brickmakers set a
high price to bring the bricks to Vernal.

The owners of the bank did not have enough money to pay the brickmakers to do
this, so they found another way of getting the bricks to the town. They asked the
brickmakers to send them in the mail, but the brickmakers could only mail ten
bricks at a time. There were too many packages for the mailman in Vernal to take
to the bank, so soon the mail building was full of bricks and transport them to
the new bank.

There are many good stories about what is sent in the mail, including stories about
people being mailed from one place to another!

New words

be built of to be made of a certain thing: My house is built of

wood.
brick a block of stone or baked clay
set a price to decide on a price
in the mail I got a book in the mail from my friend in France.
package The book was in a small package with my name on
it.
be full of to contain as much of something as possible
support to help
transport to take goods and people from one place to another.

Vocabulary

1. Draw lines to match the words in A to the words in B to make sentences.

A B
a. I’m really looking for e. support one another.
b. Friends should always f. lots of packages
c. I’m always full of happiness g.everyone’s help to solve the
problem
d. On my birthday I received h. in springtime.

2. In the passage you read,”…the brickmakers set a high price…” Choose

and write the correct expression with set to complete the following.

set a price set a date set a limit set a topic

a. A: Congratulations! You’ve __________ for the wedding at last!

b. A: The teacher ___________ for the class essay.
c. A: When I go shopping, I ____________ on how much I can spend.
d. A: Even though they have ____________, you should ask for a discount.

3. Choose and write the correct word or words.

a. Have you __________ for your house yet? (set a date/set a price)
b. To build a wall, you need some ____________. (bricks/packages)
c. Will you __________ something about me when you write your story?
(transport/include)
d. When you go to the store, can you put this package ___________ for me?
(in the building/in the mail)
 Pre-reading activity

1. What is the toy animal in this

picture?
2. Is it given a certain name in your country?
3. What toy did you like best when you were a small child?

Children everywhere are crazy about toy bears. People have been making them
for hundred of years. Children also like stories about bears. The most famous
storybook bears include Rupert Bear, Winnie the Pooh (or just Pooh Bear) and
Paddington Bear. Most children in Britain and the United States of America are also
familiar with the story of Goldilocks and the Three Bears. Nowadays toy bears
are so popular-with adults as well as children-that there are stores that sell just toy
bears of all kinds.

Many people call toy bears as teddy bears, but this name has only been used since
the early 1990s. The name “Teddy” is an abbreviation of Theodore, and a man
named Theodore Roosevelt was the American president from 1901 to 1909. He was
very popular and people soon started calling him calling him Teddy Roosevelt. While
he was out hunting one day, Roosevelt refused to kill a bear that was tied to a
tree. As soon as people heard about this, they started calling their toy bears Teddy.

New words

be crazy about to be very enthusiastic about or deeply in love with

be familiar with to know or understand well
nowadays now, in these times, in this period of time
of all kinds various types of the same thing
abbreviation of a short form of a word or phrase
hunt to look for and kill for food or sport; to search
be tied to to be fastened with rope or string
as soon as right after

Vocabulary

1. Draw lines to match the words in A to the words in B to make sentences.

A B
a. To pass your driving test, it is important e. as soon as I was
seventeen years old.
b. Claire is clearly f. because I love animals.
c. I learned to drive g. to be familiar with traffic
rules.
d. I could never hunt h. crazy about her new
boyfriend.

2. In the passage you read,”…bear that was tied to a…” Choose and write
the correct expression with tie to complete the following.

tied to tie in tied up tied down

a. A: The dog was ______________ a fence.

b. A: I don’t want to get married and become ________________.
c. A: Maybe you could __________ a vacation with your business trip.
d. A: Can you give me some advice?
B: Yes, but later on. I’m _____________ at the moment.

3. Choose and write the correct word or words.

a. Tom is _________________ Thomas. (an abbreviation of/a totally different
name from)
b. I love _____________ music. (all kinds of/of all kinds)
c. I am strongly _____________ my family and could never leave them. (tied
in/tied to)
d. ______________ we use computers to do a lot of our work. (In the
future/Nowadays)
 Pre- reading activity

1. Do you know the name of a famous

ship?
2. Find the American Ocean on a map.
3. Have you ever been on a ship? What
was it called? Where did you go?

The Mary Celeste is the name of a ship,

and the story of the Mary Celeste is one of the most famous mysteries of the
ocean. In 1872 sailors on another ship, the Dei Gratia, found the Mary Celeste out
in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. They could tell that something was wrong
because they called out to the sailors on the other ship and no one answered.

They couldn’t make out any people on the Mary Celeste, even when they got
closer to it. So a bunch of sailors from the Dei Gratia climbed onto the Mary
Celeste. They searched everywhere on the ship, but they could not find anyone.
Although there was nothing wrong with the ship, there was no one on it.
Something had happened while the sailors on the Mary Celeste had been eating a
meal. There was still food on the table.

No one has been able to explain what happened to the sailors on the Mary Celeste.
No one has ever seen any of them again.

New words

mystery something that cannot be easily explained

the middle of the center of
can tell to be able to recognize or judge correctly
call out to to speak loudly in order to be heard far
away
make out to be only just able to see, hear or
understand
a bunch of a group of, some
climb into to go up or move onto using hands or feet
nothing wrong with no damage or obvious problem with

Vocabulary

1. Draw lines to match the words in A to the words in B to make sentences.

A B
a. Yesterday I went skating e. I called out to her.
b. It’s so dark that it’s hard f. with a bunch of friends.
c. When I saw Jen, g. there was nothing wrong with it.
d. Although he crashed his car, h. to make out who you are.

2. In the passage you read,”…called out to the sailors…” Choose and write
the correct expression with call to complete the following.

call back call off call by call out to

a. A: Do you think we should _____________ the search?

B: Not yet, we might still find them.
b. A: We need some more fruit.
B: I will ___________ the store on my way to work.
c. A: I’ll be in the kitchen.
B: OK. If I need anything, I’ll ___________ you.
d. A: Mr. Berry isn’t here, but he should be back in ten minutes.
B: I’ll ________ then.

3. Choose and write the correct word or words.

a. I only saw the first half of the movie because I walked out __________ it.
 (at the end/in the middle of)
b. I don’t know who stole my lunch. It’s a ______________. (mystery/story)
c. I ______________ that you’re angry by your face. (think/can tell)
d. Why don’t you _____________the wall and into the garden? (climb
into/climb over)
 Pre-reading activity

1. Look at the picture. What kind of

animals are they?
2. Do you know the name of these
animals?
3. Where do these animals live?

Insects are small animals that have no bones inside their bodies. They live
everywhere on land but not in the ocean. There may be more than ten million
different kinds of insects in the world. Scientists have not discovered all of them yet
and many have not been named.

Insects are very important in the world. They help plants to spread their seeds
and they help to break up the ground. Although some insects, such as locusts,
can hurt people or plants, other insects kill these dangerous ones. Insects are the
food of many other animals.

Some insects are not good for people. In Egypt thousands of years ago, a plague
of locusts ate all the plants that were growing. There was no food and many people
died.

For most people the worst kind of insect is the cockroach. It is bigger than many
other insects and not easy to kill. People can get sick when cockroaches walk on
their food. In hot countries there are cockroaches everywhere. Some people think
that if most of the world was destroyed, cockroaches would be the only animals to
survive.

New words
insect a very small animal with its skeleton on the outside
of it’s body.
bones the hard parts inside human and some animal
bodies
spread to cover or divide over a larger area or period of
time
seed These seeds will soon grow into new plants.
break up to divide into a smaller pieces; to stop being
together
locust an insect that destroys plants
plague of a large number of things that cause problems
cockroach Cockroaches like living in warm places.

Vocabulary

1. Draw lines to match the words in A to the words in B to make sentences.

A B
a. To grow plants, e. is the locust.
b. Cockroaches are common f. you need seeds.
c. An insect that will damage plants g. in countries with warm climates.
d. It was hard for people to survive h. after the plague of locusts.

2. In the passage you read, “…to break up the ground.” Choose and write
the correct expression with break to complete the following.

broken off broke down break into break up

a. A: What happened to you?

B: The car _____________, so I had to walk.
b. A: If you ____________ the bread, you can feed it to the birds.
c. A: I’ve __________ a piece of the plant so that I can study it.
d. A: What do you think that man is doing?
B: It looks like he’s trying to _____________ that car.
3. Choose and write the correct word or words.

a. It was the death of their baby that _______________ their marriage.

(survived/broke up)
b. Some animals eat _____________ for food. (insects/meals)
c. Children need to drink milk to make their _______________ healthy.
(eyes/bones)
d. The sickness is _______________ to other towns. (growing/spreading)
 Pre-reading activity

1. Do you know who is the American

president now?
2. What do you know about President
Lincoln?
3. Do you know how he died?

Abraham Lincoln and John F. Kennedy were both American presidents. Lincoln
became president in 1861 and Kennedy was appointed president in 1961. Both
men were assassinated by being shot in the head. They were both assassinated
on a Friday. The wives of both men were present when they died.

John Wilkes Booth, the man who assassinated Lincoln, was born in 1839. Booth was
shot soon after he killed the president. The man who assassinated Kennedy was
Lee Harvey Oswald. He was born in 1939 and was also shot shortly after he killed
the president.

Lincoln had a secretary named Kennedy. This secretary told him not to go out on
the day he was shot. Kennedy had a secretary named Lincoln. This secretary told
Kennedy not to go out on the day that he was shot. The name of the man who
became president after Lincoln was Johnson. The name of the man who became
president right after Kennedy was also Johnson. What a lot of coincidence!

New words

be appointed to be chosen to take up a particular position.

assassinate to kill an important person
be shot to be killed by someone using a gun
be present to be in a particular place
shortly after soon after, a short time after
secretary a person who helps someone else with their work
right after immediately after
coincidence when two or more things happen unexpectedly at
the same time

Vocabulary

1. Draw lines to match the words in A to the words in B to make sentences.

A B
a. He was appointed e. to see you at the airport.
b. I hope that you were f. shortly after it became dark.
c. The storm started g. chairman of the company.
d. It was such a coincidence h. present in school today.

2. In the passage you read,”…right after Kennedy…” Choose and write the
correct expression with right to complete the following.

right after right away right back right into

a. A: A van drove ______________ the back of my car yesterday.

b. A: Make sure you come home ____________ school.
c. A: Do you like my new hoes, Mom?
B: No, I don’t. Take them ___________ to the store!
d. A: I need you to type this letter ____________; it’s very urgent.

3. Choose and write the correct word or words.

a. Take me to the ____________ of your country. I must speak to him.

(secretary/president)
b. This man has been ___________. He needs a doctor. (shot/killed)
c. Our friend was ___________ in a car accident. (assassinated/killed)
d. The injured man was taken to the hospital _____________ the accident.
(right into/ right after)
 Pre-reading activity

1. Can you make things with paper?

2. Name something that is made out of
paper.
3. What do we use paper for in the
home?

People have been creating things out of

paper since the Chinese invented it more
than 2,000 years ago. In China, when
someone died, their relatives made houses, tables and chairs, and all kinds of
other things out of paper. Then they burned them so that the smoke could go to
the “next world” where the dead person could use them.

During the seventh century people in Japan started folding paper to make things.
The Japanese called it origami, and today they still produce many beautiful things
from folded paper. They make not only birds and ships, but also insects and a
variety of other animals.

Some very notable people have been skilled at origami; for example, Leonardo
da Vinci and Lewis Carroll, who wrote Alice in Wonderland.

New words

make out of to produce or create from a particular

material
all kinds of many different types of
century a period of 100 years
fold to bend something so that one part covers
another
produce from to make or grow things from something
a variety of a number of different examples of
notable famous, well-known or interesting
skilled at having the ability to do something well

Vocabulary

1. Draw lines to match the words in A to the words in B to make sentences.

A B
a. This necklace is so heavy e. can be produced from gold.
b. I met some notable people f. at the party last night.
c. My brother is skilled at g. creating beautiful jewelry.
d. Many beautiful things h. it must be made out of gold.

2. In the passage you read,”…made…out of paper.” Choose and write the

correct expression with make to complete the following.

made out of made for made out made off with

a. A: This dress fits perfectly! It was _________________me.

b. A: You shouldn’t have ________________ you were telling the truth when
you were lying.
c. A: Why are you so angry?
B: The dog ______________ my sandwich and ate it!
d. A: What’s in this cake?
B: It’s ______________ flour, butter, sugar and chocolate.

3. Choose and write the correct word or words.

a. People disagree about whether 2000 or 2001 is the start of the new
______________. (century/year)
b. Oh, no! Who has eaten ___________ the bread? (all kinds of/all of)
c. That’s hot. Be careful not to ______________ your fingers. (fold/burn)
d. We grow ___________ flowers in our garden. (all/a variety of)
 Pre-reading activity

1. How often do you go to the movies?

2. Do you usually see movies that have been
made in your country?
3. What is the name of the best movie you have
ever seen?

One of the most famous movie prizes in the

world is the Oscar. Every year in the United States of America, the Academy of
Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presents Oscars to people who have done well
in the movies. There is an Oscar for the best movie of the year, another for the best
actor, and Oscars for doing many other things well in the movies.

The Oscars are very significant because people want to see movies that have won
them. They also want to see actors who have won Oscars. This means that movies
that have won Oscars make a lot of money. The academy first gave prizes to
movies in 1927, but they were not called Oscars then. That happened four years
later. Most people think that Oscar was someone famous in the movies, but he
wasn’t. He was no one important. A woman named Margaret Herrick knew him. She
worked for the academy and one day she saw the prize on a table. She said it
looked like her friend, Oscar, and from that time on the prizes were called the
Oscars.

New words

prize a reward for being good at something

academy an association formed to promote the arts, science,
etc.
 motion picture a movie
present to give something (often a prize) in a formal way
do well in to carry out properly or successfully
significant important
look like to look similar to
from that time on from the point (in time) that something happens

Vocabulary

1. Draw lines to match the words in A to the words in B to make sentences.

A B
a. I need to practice more e. to look like a model.
b. If you win the competition, f. to do well in the competition.
c. I’d need to lose a lot of weight g. any significant information.
d. You should tell the police if you have h. they will present you with a prize.

2. In the passage you read,”…and from that time on…” Choose and write
the correct expression with from to complete the following.

from that time on from one to the other from time to time
from one day to the next

a. A: Where have you been? I never know where you are _________________.
b. A: The children passed their illness __________________.
c. A: Do you see Mira every day?
B: No, but I do see her ______________________.
d. A: I lived in Canada as a child and have loved snow ___________________.

3. Choose and write the correct word or words.

a. Have you ever won a ________________? (movie/prize)
b. When I was six, I was in the school play, and ________________ I wanted
to be an actor. (from that time on/from time to time)
c. After school, I’d like to study at ___________________. (academy/college)
d. My parents often go to the theater to see ________________(motion
pictures/exhibitions)
 Pre-reading activity

1. Do you like numbers?

2. Where do you use numbers the most?
3. Why are numbers important?

There have been many different number systems in the world. A long time ago
the Babylonians counted in sixties, and today computers count using only ones and
zeroes. We call this two-number system the binary system. Most systems, however,
count in tens. This is because we have ten fingers. We call this system the decimal
system, which comes from decem-the Latin word for ten.

The Romans used letters like I, V, X and C to count in tens, but these are not very
easy to use. The number system used by most people today came from India. We
think it was invented by the Hindu people there. In the Hindu system the position of
each numeral is important. For example, 832 is a different number from 238 or
382. The Arabs also used the Hindu system, so we now call our system of numbers
Arabic numbers. In about the twelfth century an Italian named Leonardo Fibonacci
wrote a book about Arabic numbers, and people all over Europe took to using them.

We have no idea who invented the decimal point, but we know that in 1585, a
man named Simon Stevin wrote a book called The Tenth about the decimal point.
Before the decimal point was invented, we had to use fractions like ½ (a half) and
¾ (three-quarters) when we talked about numbers smaller than one. The invention
of the decimal point meant that we could use decimal fractions, such as 0.5 and
0.75. Numbers that can be evenly divided by one are called whole numbers.

New words
system Computers use a two-number system to count.
binary having two parts
decimal having to do with the number ten
numeral a letter or figure used to express a number
take to to like doing something immediately
have no idea who to not know who
fraction a part of a whole; a number that is smaller than
one; a much smaller number.
whole not divided or broken

Vocabulary

1. Draw lines to match the words in A to the words in B to make sentences.

A B
a. I have no idea who e. I don’t want a whole one.
b. I’m not hungry, so f. I’m beginning to take to it.
c. I didn’t like the idea at first, but g. makes counting easy.
d. The decimal system h. this bag belongs to.

2. In the passage you read,”…Europe took to using…” Choose and write

the correct expression with take to complete the following.

take to take on take in take along

a. A: There have been so many surprises today that I can’t _____________

anymore.
b. A: Could you ______________ your brother ______________ to the park?
c. A: How’s work?
B: Terrible! I always seem to _______________ too many things.
d. A: I know your parents don’t like me.
B: Don’t worry. They’ll _____________ you eventually.

3. Choose and write the correct word or words.

a. In the Babylonian ______________ of numbers, they counted in sixties.
(system/computer)
b. Half and three-quarters are both _____________. (fractions/decimal points)
c. The ______________ system uses only two figures to express numbers.
(decimal/binary)
d. My watch is easy to read as it has Arabic _____________ on its face.
(numbers/numerals)
 Pre-reading activity

1. Look at the picture. What is this

animal?
2. Do you think that it is
dangerous? Why?
3. Does this animal live near your
country?

When people think of dangerous sea

animals, they often think of large animals like sharks. However, the sea wasp-a
kind of jellyfish that lives in the tropical waters of Australia-is even more
dangerous. Since 1980 the sea wasp has killed about eighty people in Australia.
They were mostly children. Sharks in Australia have not killed nearly as many
people as sea wasps.

Although its body can grow bigger than a person’s head and its tentacles can be 3
meters long, the sea wasp can be very difficult to see in the water because it is
made mostly of water. Their tentacles have a poison in them that helps the
jellyfish to kill its prey. The poison hurts a lot, and is so dangerous that it can kill a
person in five minutes. Even a small sea wasp can kill a child.

Everyone comes out of the ocean when the sea wasps appear in the water in
summer. If people have to go out into the water for some reason, they must wear
clothes. Nowadays we know how to help a person who is hurt by a sea wasp, and
not many people die any longer.

New words

jellyfish a sea animal with a body like jelly

 tropical of the hottest parts of the world
not nearly as many a lot less than
tentacle a long thin part of sea animals
made mostly of Ice cream is made mostly of milk and sugar.
prey an animal hunted for food.
come out of to leave or get out of
not any longer not happening anymore

Vocabulary

1. Draw lines to match the words in A to the words in B to make sentences.

A B
a. In order to survive, the jellyfish e. because not many exist any
longer.
b. I have not seen nearly as many f. before it gets cold.
c. It’s hard to find tigers in India g. wild animals as you.
d. You should come out of the bath h. must kill its prey.

2. In the passage you read,”…it is made mostly of water.” Choose and

write the correct expression with make to complete the following.

made mostly of made up made up for made into

a. A: Sam ___________ being rude by buying his mother a present.

b. A: That’s so unhealthy! It’s ___________cream.
c. A: Cocoa beans are ____________ chocolate.
d. A: Did you tell the teacher the truth?
B: No, I _____________ a story.

3. Choose and write the correct word or words.

a. You shouldn’t touch that _____________. This plant is poisonous.
(leaf/tentacle)
b. The temperature in ______________ countries is higher than other
countries. (European/tropical)
c. Milk can be ______________ cheese.(made mostly of/made into)
d. Some _____________ are very poisonous. (sharks/jellyfish)
 Pre-reading activity
1. What do people throw over couples
when they get married?
2. Do you believe that some things can
give you good luck?
3. What is unlucky for you?

There are different superstitions in

different countries. In Britain, for example,

many people think that walking under a
ladder or opening an umbrella indoors will bring bad luck. If they spill salt, they
will often throw some of it over one of their shoulders to stop bad luck. A black cat
walking in front of you is also thought to bring bad luck, but other things are
thought to bring good luck.

When people get married, their friends often tie old shoes to the back of the
wedding car. This is so that the shoes can kick bad spirits away. Another wedding
superstition is to throw rice or confetti-small pieces of colored paper-over the
couple. Some people believe that throwing confetti will help the couple to have
many children. At one time people wanted to have many children, but nowadays
people usually want only one or two. However, people still throw confetti over newly
married couples!

Most superstitions are silly, but people still like to believe in them.

New words

superstitions a belief in things that aren’t real or possible

indoors inside a house or other building
some of an amount or part of, but not all of
in front of ahead of or close to the front of
spirit a ghost or supernatural being
throw over to toss with the arm in order to cover
silly foolish, stupid or pointless
believe in to think that something is true, correct or
has value.

Vocabulary

1. Draw lines to match the words in A to the words in B to make sentences.

A B
a. I’m probably being silly, but e. broken mirrors are bad luck.
b. It would be better to eat indoors f. the car in front of you.
c. I have a superstition that g. as it’s really hot outside.
d. You shouldn’t drive too close to h. I’m scared of the dark.

2. In the passage you read,”…to throw rice…over…” Choose and write the
correct expression with throw to complete the following.

throw up throw over thrown away throw open

a. A: Do you still want these old shoes?

B: No, they can be ___________________.
b. A: It’s too hot in here. Let’s _________________ a window.
c. A: I’m feeling a bit sick.
B: You’re not going to _________________, are you?
d. A: If you don’t stop screaming, I’ll ________________ some water
_______________ you.

3. Choose and write the correct word or words.

a. Some of the things that we believe in are only ________________. (bad

luck/superstitions)
b. There are a lot of _________________ in this old house.
(spirits/superstitions)
c. There isn’t much cake left, so I can only give you _____________ it. (some
of/all of)
d. Do you _______________ spirits? (know/believe in)
 Pre-reading activity

1. Look at his picture. What kind of

painkillers are they?
2. Can you name two other kinds of painkillers?
3. Do you ever have aches or pains? What do you do about them?

In most countries of the world there is one medicine that nearly everyone takes.
It is called aspirin. People take aspirin when they have an ache or a pain, and
sometimes when they have a fever. Doctors believe that it can also help people who
have heart disease and some other diseases, too. Some people, however, cannot
take aspirin because it hurts their stomach. Aspirin must never be given to
children less than twelve years old.

Before aspirin was invented, some people made a drink from the bark of a tree
called the white willow. This drink made their pains and fever go away. People had
been drinking white willow bark for thousands of years, but no one knew why it
helped. Then, in the 1830’s, scientists in England analyzed all the things that were
in the bark of the white willow. They discovered which part of the plant stopped
pain. They called this pain-stopping substance salicin. Soon people were making
medicine with salicin and selling it.

Scientists later discovered how to make salicin without using any plants at all. They
called this new substance acetylsalicylic acid, the scientific word for “aspirin”.
Aspirin was first sold in 1899 by the German company Bayer.

New words
disease sickness
hurt to cause a feeling of pain
stomach the place in your body where food is broken down
less than not as much; lower in importance
bark the hard outer part of a tree
go away to leave
analyze to study carefully
substance a solid, powder, liquid or gas with particular
properties

Vocabulary
1. Draw lines to match the words in A to the words in B to make sentences.
A B
a. A good scientist must be able to e. use a computer too much.
b. Most drugs are made from f. should go away.
c. If you take a painkiller, your headache g. a variety of substances.
d. My eyes hurt when I h. analyze a lot of information.

2. In the passage you read”…pains and fever go away.” Choose and write
the correct expression with go to complete the following.

go away go without goes by gone down

a.
b. A: I want some fruit.
B: Well, we don’t have any. You’ll have to _______________.
c. A: Have oranges _____________ in price in the past week?
B: Yes, they dropped to $1.50 two days ago.
d. A: Why don’t you ______________ and leave me alone!
e. A: We all get older as time _____________.

3. Choose and write the correct word or words.

a. I don’t like the taste of this _______________. (disease/medicine)

b. I exercise ___________ you, but you can still run faster than me! (less
than/more than)
c. I have a pain in my ____________. (fever/stomach)
d. I planted a ____________ tree near my house. (willow/bark)