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production of educational materials))
(certificate no. 02.565)
P E T Cambridge PET-style activities 11, 12, 25, 26, 54, 55, 69, 70, 79
80, 93, 94, 95
IBS These symbols indicate the beginning and end of the passages
0 8 s linked.to the listening activities.
Q W h at do you know ?
Here are some places th a t w ill be m entioned in this book. H ow m any
do you kn o w ? See if you can m atch the pictures (A-E) to the names of
the countries (1-5).
O V o c a b u la ry
Most of these w ords are going to be im portant to the next chapter and
all of them w ill appear in the book. M atch each w ord in the box to its
definition. Use the spaces and letters to help you.
4
Why is the
World Learning
English?
The language o f a sm all northern
island has spread to every
corner o f the world. H ow ?
5
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pTW Ji ^ pjK> pbbfvjvhw- Titiw pmtihn* pj' '
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onpn jpitamn lap an htw J&ppfcbp&
man h» mptpze- baft hakp -qtHjv h o p » gimme-
Jtrpin clflp
Ststap hav ma n a y hj-rldj- yep* Cfltp^-
,U re 'fap j-p c pOnm mrvhepe p rtji pSan
jm lifer*** jrpv m p d ea f* p tO rrro p ^ n ^ .
,pwn «t^tP hjwpO-pvf $p,
vpmnnm }ih *ff ^ m ^ n , p ^ f j Cn
jr
^ „ w n,wnam
■^ P^nan&$&** hr* rvLfof. kfrLg,
# #
The Sun N ev er S e ts
MAP OF THE
EMPIRE
SHSWmfe THE MSSESSI8SS THRBiUflOST THE WS#tB «f
The End of an E m p ire
W h a t w a s L eft Behind: t h e L an g u ag e
i+ r O C o m p re h e n s io n c h e c k
Look at the statem ents below. Decide if each statem en t is correct or
incorrect. If it is correct, m ark A. If it is not correct, m ark B.
A B
1 English began to be spoken around the world about fifty
years ago. □□
2 The New W orld was the name Europeans gave to North
and South Am erica and the Caribbean. □□
3 Am erica became independent from England peacefully. □□
4 England sent prisoners to Australia until the 20th century. □□
5 In the ‘scramble for A frica’, European countries took
African land. □□
6 England once controlled almost 25% of the w orld’s people
and land. □□
7 Today England doesn’t control any other countries. □□
Q T a lk a b o u t it
Talk about these questions w ith a friend, and share your answ ers w ith
the rest of the class.
11
P E T © P r a c t ic e
Read the text below and choose the correct w o rd for each space. For
each question, m ark the le tte r next to the correct w o rd — A, B, C or D.
A F a m o u s E n g lis h Q u een
Queen Victoria ruled England at a tim e when the British Empire was
very strong. She is a symbol of England and of a tim e in history.
Victoria became queen when she was only 18 years (0) .....?.....
W h en she (1 ) twenty-one she married her cousin Albert. The
tw o were very happy together and had nine children and 42
grandchildren. W hen Albert died ( 2 ) ........... 1861, Victoria was
(3 ) sad that she did not appear in public ( 4 ) ten years,
and she wore black dresses for the rest of her life.
Victoria never m arried ( 5 ) .......... , but for years she was very close
to one of her servants, who was a man from Scotland named Jam es |
Brown. Their story is told in the film Mrs. Brown (1997). Another
film, The Young Victoria (2009), is ( 6 ) ........... her first years as
queen and her marriage to Albert.
She became very popular in England as the empire became
(7 ) successful. Victoria w as queen for 63 years, ( 8 ) ..........
1837 to 1901, which is longer ( 9 ) ........... any other English queen or
king. This tim e in history is known (1 0 )........... ‘the Victorian era’.
12
Q P la n y o u r jo u rn e y (p a rt 1)
Look through the chapter again. W h a t countries have been w ritte n
about? W ould you like to visit any of these places? Imagine th a t you
are planning a journey around the world, and can go to any of the
places here. W h ich places would you v is it? W h y ? H ow long w ould you
spend in each place? W rite your top three choices.
Look back on this question as you read through the book. M aybe you
w ill change your mind!
H o lly w o o d a n d th e In te r n e t h a v e b r o u g h t s to r ie s a n d
c h a r a c t e r s fro m A m e r ic a in to p e o p le ’s h o m e s .
Q P r e s e n t p e r fe c t a n d s im p le p a s t
Complete the sentences by using the present perfect or the simple
past. Choose the best verb from the box:
13
B e fo r e you read
Q W h at do you know ?
W h a t do you already know about A u stralia and New Zealand? Look at
the pictures w ith a friend and talk about them . Do you know these
places, people and an im als? H ow are th e y connected w ith A u stralia
and New Zealand?
0 V o c a b u la r y
M atch the sentence beginnings (1-5) and endings (A-E) to form
sentences. The underlined w ords in each sentence w ill be im portant in
the next chapter.
14
Australia
and New
Zealand
Life ‘down under: beaches,
bright lights and stunning
natural beauty.
A u stralia
A u s tra lia is one o f th e la rg e st c o u n trie s on e a rth — it is th e six th
l.irgest c o u n try a fte r R u ssia, C an ad a, China, th e U S A and B raz il
and it is th e b ig g est islan d. M o s t o f A u s tra lia , e s p e c ia lly th e
<c n tre , is c o v e re d by a d e se rt called th e O u tb a ck . A u s tra lia also
h as m o u n t a in s , r a in f o r e s t s , b e a u t if u l b e a c h e s , a n d m o d e rn
cities.
The S t o r y
H u n d re d s o f y e a r s ago B r it a in s e n t p ris o n e rs to th is land, b ut
M im e p a r ts o f A u s t r a lia w e r e f o r f r e e s e t tle r s . T h is d oes n o t
m e a n t h a t t h e p e o p le w h o f i r s t c a m e t o A u s t r a l i a w e r e
d an g e ro u s c rim in a ls . A t th is tim e in h is to r y th e re w a s te rr ib le
p o v e rty in Eng lan d , and yo u could be s en t to p rison fo r s te alin g
bread, or e ve n ex ecu ted fo r c u ttin g d o w n a tree .
15
T he jo u r n e y to A u s tr a lia fro m E n g lan d
w a s lo n g a n d d if f ic u lt . P r is o n e r s o f t e n
s p e n t o v e r s ix m o n t h s on a b o a t f r o m
E n g la n d to A u s tra lia . M a n y o f th e p eop le
on th e f ir s t ‘p riso n s h ip ’ to A u s tr a lia died
b ecau se th e y w e re n o t g iven enough food
to s u rv iv e d uring th e ir fir s t fe w m o n th s in
th is n e w c o u n try .
B u t o v e r th e y e a rs p ris o n e rs w e re given
t h e ir fre e d o m , m o re p e o p le a r r iv e d
b e c a u s e g o ld w a s f o u n d , a n d A u s t r a lia
b e c a m e a rich m o d e rn c o u n try . N o w it is
one o f th e b est p laces to live in th e w o rld .
Prison ship ready to sail
from England to Australia.
The L a n g u ag e
E n g lis h is th e f ir s t la n g u a g e o f A u s t r a lia . B u t th e a c c e n t an d
som e o f th e w o rd s are v e r y d iffe re n t fro m En g lish in En g lan d or
A m e ric a . M o st people k n o w th a t in A u s tra lia yo u s a y ‘G ’D a y !’ to
s a y hello, b ut yo u m ig h t no t k n o w th a t ‘f a ir d in k u m ’ m e an s ‘tru e ,
or r e a l’, ‘a r v o ’ is th e a fte rn o o n , ‘ta k e a sq u iz z ’ m e a n s ‘to lo o k ’
an d a ‘c h o o k ’ is a c h ick en . It is v e r y d iffic u lt to s a y w h y th e s e
w o rd s began to be used. So m e p eople th in k ‘squizz’ com es fro m a
m ix o f ‘s q u in t ’ a n d ‘q u iz ’, a n d
U C £
‘c h o o k ’ m a y co m e f r o m an old
w o rd f o r ‘d e a r ’, o r fro m th e
c lu c k in g n o is e t h a t c h i c k e n s
m a k e. T h e re is a s t o r y t h a t Perfh
‘d in k u m ’ com es fro m th e
C hin ese ‘ding g u m ’, or ‘real g old ’,
but th is is p ro b a b ly no t tru e. * H __ _________________ _ rra*
b o u rn e 0
16
Australia and New Zealand
i
M a n y o f t h e p e o p le in A u s t r a l i a a r e d e s c e n d a n t s o f th e
I nglish or Irish people w h o cam e to th e c o u n try in th e 18th and
I ' ) " ' c e n t u r i e s . B u t t h e r e a r e s o m e n a t i v e p e o p le , c a l le d
A borigines, w h o h a v e live d in A u s tr a lia fo r th o u s a n d s o f y e a rs.
At o n e t im e t h e r e w e r e o v e r 3 0 0 la n g u a g e s s p o k e n b y th e
Aboriginal people b ut o n ly 70 o f th e m a re still used.
P e o p le f r o m m a n y o t h e r c o u n t r i e s a r e s t i l l c o m in g to
A u s tra lia to live and th e y are b rin ging th e ir o w n lang uag es w ith
l hem . The second m o st co m m o n lang uag e th a t p eople sp eak a t
11<une is Ita lia n . The th ird and fo u rth are G re e k and C hinese.
17
A u s tr a lia : P la ce s
Sydney is t h e b ig g e s t c it y in
A u s t r a lia and is a n i m p o r t a n t
c e n t r e f o r b u s in e s s , c u lt u r e a n d
spo rts. It is th e hom e o f th e fa m o u s
S y d n e y O p e r a H o u s e , w h ic h is a
Animals o f A u s tr a lia
M<’<.iu s e it is a n is la n d , m a n y o f
A u s tra lia 's a n im a ls , birds, p la n ts
.uni trees are special to th is c o u n try .
.u ii w ill n o t fin d th e m livin g n a tu ra lly
.m y w h e r e e ls e . T h e re a re k a n g a r o o s , o f
<n u rs e , a n d t h e r e a re a ls o la rg e b ird s c a lle d
• im is, w h ic h a re like o s tric h e s b u t s m a lle r. P e o p le h a v e to ld
■lo r ie s a b o u t e m u s t h a t a p p r o a c h h u m a n s in th e w ild . T h e y
■u m e t im e s p o k e 1 p e o p le a n d t h e n ru n a w a y , as if t h e y a r e
1*1.lying a gam e. K o o k a b u rra s are a n o th e r kind o f A u s tra lia n bird.
I Imy h ave a stra n g e c ry th a t sounds like a h u m an laugh. K o ala s
■iif ’ a sym bo l o f A u s tra lia . T h e y are c o m m o n ly called ‘b e a rs ’, but
i hr, is not tru e . P e rh a p s th e s tra n g e s t A u s tr a lia n a n im a l is th e
p la t y p u s . T h is a n im a l h a s f u r a n d is w a r m - b lo o d e d , lik e a
m am m al, but lays eggs and has fe e t and a bill like a d u c k ’s.
In the p ast E u ro p e a n s b ro u g h t th e ir o w n an im a ls w ith them ,
-a an im als h a ve been in tro d u c e d to A u s tra lia to co n tro l p e s t s 2.
I lie re su lts h a ve b een te rrib le . R a b b its
ind cats have d estro yed se veral species
-I p la n t s , a n d c a n e t o a d s , w h ic h a r e
poisono us and in c re a s in g
, k,,T in num bers e v e ry day, are
c a u s in g p r o b le m s fo r
% :^ anim als, p lan ts and people.
19
Food an d H obbies in A u s tr a lia
Y o u c a n f in d a lo t o f d i f f e r e n t k in d s o f f o o d in
A u s tr a lia . V e g e m ite is a d a rk b ro w n p a s te w h ic h is
p ro d u c e d f r o m y e a s t e x t r a c t . P e o p le s p r e a d it on
to a s t. It has a b itte r s a lty ta s te and m a n y people w h o
a r e n ’t fro m A u s t r a lia d o n ’t like it. B u t th e r e a re a lo t o f o th e r
kind s o f fo o d w h ic h a re m o re p o p u la r w ith v is ito rs . S e a fo o d is
p a rt o f A u s tra lia n cooking. Peop le also e n jo y A s ia n food.
Y o u c a n e a t m e a t f r o m k a n g a r o o s , a lt h o u g h t h is is n o t
s o m e th in g A u s tr a lia n s w o u ld e a t e v e r y d a y — a re c e n t s u rv e y
fo u n d t h a t o n ly 14.5% o f A u s tr a lia n s a te k a n g a ro o m e a t m o re
t h a n f o u r t im e s a y p a r . C r o c o d ile a n d e m u m e a t a r e a ls o
a v a ila b le , b ut a r e n ’t w id e ly p op ular. C ooking food on a b arb ecu e,
or ‘b a rb ie ’ as A u s tra lia n s call it, is co m m o n . A b a rb e cu e on th e
b each is a g re a t w a y to relax, and A u s tra lia n s do th is o ften .
O th e r a c tiv itie s are su rfin g , scub a diving, fishing , and p layin g
sp o rts. The m o st p o p u la r sp o rts are crick e t, rugby, and a special
kind o f fo o tb a ll calle d ‘A u s tr a lia n R u le s ’. This g am e is a m ix o f
s o ccer and rugby, and can be v e r y tough.
Australia and New Zealand
A ustralian S t a r s an d B a c k p a c k e r s
I I.m y A u s t r a lia n s h a v e b e c o m e fa m o u s in o th e r
« m intries. T h e re are pop s ta rs like K ylie M inogue,
I Minis such as the old fa v o u rite AC/DC and a cto rs
lil f Mel G ibson, N icole K id m an , Hugh Ja c k m a n and
it* 11h Ledger. Y o u m ig h t re m e m b e r m o vies w h ic h
- i <•set in A u stra lia , like th e M ad M ax series fro m the
I'iMOs, Bab e (1995), or S tric tly B a llro o m (1993). Mel Gibson.
Young A u stra lia n s h a ve a tra d itio n o f tra ve llin g .
Might fro m A u s tra lia to th e n e a re s t E u ro p e an c ity ta k e s a long
so m etim es o v e r 24 hours. B ecau se o f this, yo u n g people
who h a ve fin is h e d u n iv e r s ity or high school o fte n d ecid e to go
I I i veiling and see th e w o rld b efo re th e y s e ttle dow n. 3 T h e y t r y to
visit as m a n y c o u n trie s as possible. It is co m m o n to m e e t you n g
■'Australians w h o tra v e l fo r a y e a r or m o re aroun d Europe, N o rth
A m e r ic a , a n d t h e r e s t o f t h e w o r ld , c a r r y in g n o t h in g b u t a
!»m kpack.
l imes have changed since A u stra lia w a s a B ritish colony. These
•lays m any A u stralia n s see th em selve s as p art o f A sia ra th e r th a n
I m ope, and in s eco n d ary schools Ja p a n e se and C hinese m ight be
offered fo r s tu d y in s te a d
n! E u ro p e a n la n g u a g e s
in h as F re n c h .
Im m ig ra tio n fro m A f r ic a ,
Imli.i, and China as w ell as
I m o p e , is a ls o c h a n g in g
the* c o u n t r y . A u s t r a l i a ’s
h itu re is u n k n o w n , b u t it
will probably be bright.
s e ttle d o w n : to s ta rt a
career and a fam ily.
21
New Z ealan d : Land an d A nim als
22
Australia and New Zealand
Uni New Zealand is not only a w ild place. Auckland, on the N orth
I .l.md, is the biggest c ity in N e w Z ealand and is a m o dern c ity of
m i .my cultures. W e llin g to n is a sm all c ity w h ich is w ell know n fo r its
mi i .md night life. C hristchurch, on the Sou th Island, is often called
' I lie G ard en C ity ’ because of its parks. U n fo rtu n a te ly, C hristchu rch
i . badly dam aged by earth q u ak es in 2010 and 2011.
U oughly 9 8 % o f th e people in N e w Z e ala n d s p e a k Eng lish. The
ond o ffic ia l lang uag e is M aori, w h ic h is spo ken b y th e n a tiv e
t l.inn people.
I he M a o ri h a v e tra d itio n s an d c u ltu re t h a t a re h u n d re d s o f
y r.irs old. T h e ir a rt, e s p e c ia lly t a tto o s , uses d e ta ile d , co m p lex
I '.il tern s and stro n g colours. W h e n th e N e w Z e ala n d ru g b y te a m
( i he-y a re c a lle d th e A ll B la c k s b e c a u s e o f t h e ir te a m c o lo u rs )
p h y , th e y do a sp e cial w a r d an ce b e fo re ea ch g am e called th e
httppa h aka. This is an old M ao ri dance. T h e y do th is to frig h te n
the o th e r te a m . The All B la c k s are v e r y successfu l, so th is m u st
' /<>rk! O th e r sp o rts w h ic h are p lay e d in N e w Z e ala n d are
The English-
speaking
W orld
F a m o u s N e w Z e a la n d e r s
include th e w r it e r K a th e rin e
M a n s fie ld , th e a c t o r R u s s e l
C r o w e , t h e c o m e d y m u s ic
group Flight o f th e Conchords
and the film d ire cto r Sir P e te r
J a c k s o n , w h o d ir e c t e d T he
Lord o f the R in gs trilogy.
R e m e m b e r: d o n ’t co n fu se
N ew Z e a la n d e r s w ith
Australians. The tw o countries
m a y seem s im ilar, b ut n o t to
th e people w h o live th e re !
Russel Crowe.
1110 text and b e y o n d
i 4^ 1 O Comprehension -practice
I or each question, m ark the letters next to the correct an sw er — A, B,
C o r D.
1 Most of the first people from Europe who came to Australia were
A |rich people who had broken the law in England.
B dangerous criminals from England.
C ; poor people who had broken the law.
D |people who were looking for gold around Melbourne.
25
P E T 0 P r a c tic e - re a d in g
The people below are thinking about taking a holiday in Australia.
Decide w hich holiday package to u r would be the most suitable for the
following people. M ark the correct le tter (A-E) next to the right person
(1-3).
Tours
A Historical Australia — Experience the most im portant historical
places in Australia. W e ’ll go far aw ay from the usual city museums
to the old prison colony in Tasm ania and the small country tow n
w here Ned Kelly lived.
B W ild Australia — Join our lively bus as we go on an exciting journey
through wildlife parks and say hello to some of A ustralia’s famous
native animals. You can’t feed the koalas, but they w o n ’t mind if
you take a picture! Have fun!
C Bondi Beach Pa rty — W e ’re getting the barbecue ready for you!
Australians and other travellers are w aiting to start the biggest
party of the year! If you like beach volleyball, swimming, or just
meeting friendly people, this is your holiday!
D A Cultural Tour of Sydney and Melbourne — Our tour covers the
best museums, art galleries and theatres of these cultural centres.
W e conclude w ith an evening of works by Mozart performed at the
Sydney Opera House. Book it today!
E City Night Life — Dance until you drop! Join our group of tw en ty
young people from Australia and all over the world as w e spend the
nights in the clubs and bars of Sydney! You can spend the days
recovering! Be prepared to party!
26
i in N I I Y P R A C T IC E - G R A D E 4
O ►peaking - S p o rt a n d H o b b ie s
In Australia people like to have a barbecue, go surfing or scuba diving,
or play sports.
o l<in y o u r jo u rn e y (p a rt 2)
Now imagine th a t you have tw o weeks to spend in A u stralia and New
<-.iland. W h a t places would you like to v is it?
I ist your top three choices. Next, ask your friend about his or her top
I liree choices and w rite them below. Ask your friend w h y he or she has
<hosen these places.
1 .........................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
< ...............................................................................................................
1 ...............................................................................................................
2 ...............................................................................................................
< ...............................................................................................................
27
The p e o p le w e call A b o rig in e s ca m e to
A u stralia th o u sa n d s of years ago. No one
know s the e xact year. M ost scien tists agree
th at it w as over 40,000 years ago, and som e
believe it w as closer to 125,000 years ago. The
A b o rig in a l A u s tra lia n s p ro b a b ly c a m e fro m
S outheast Asia using sm all w ooden boats. Over
th ou san d s of years they created a rich culture and
a strong connection to the land.
M o s t A b o r ig in a l A u s tr a lia n s w e re h u n te r s w h o
s o m e tim e s m o ve d fro m p la ce to p la ce if fo o d w as
d ifficu lt to find. They invented special w eapons used
fo r h u n tin g , su ch as th e b o o m e ra n g . T h is is a
special curved piece of w oo d w hich is used fo r
th ro w in g . If you th ro w it th e rig h t w ay, it w ill
c o m e b a c k to yo u . A n o th e r w e a p o n is th e
w oom era, a long spear w hich can be throw n
up to 90 m etres.
A n o th e r fa m o u s in ve n tio n is a m u sica l
instrum ent called the d id geridoo, w hich
is like a long w o o d e n pip e and is
u s u a lly m o re th a n a m e tre lon g.
The sound is s tr a n g e but
unforgettable. 1
29
T he re are o th e r A b o rig in a l
le g e n d s and s tr a n g e
c h a r a c te r s . The m ost
fam ous is the bunyip. This is
a large m onster th a t lives in
rivers and sw am ps. 2 It has
a d o g -lik e fa c e , a h o rs e ’s
ta il and large te e th , and it
eats travellers.
Aboriginal art is im p orta nt to
its c u lt u r e . In th e p a s t,
people painted w ith colours
m ade from natural m inerals
and cla y . T h e y p a in te d on
rocks and in caves, and you
can still see these paintings
to d a y . U b ir r in N o rth
Australia is a good place to
go to see the cave paintings. Paintings were also m ade on tree bark.
This is still continued today, w ith m odern paint and equipm ent.
W hen Europeans arrived in A ustralia in the 18th century, there were
problem s. At the tim e o f C aptain C o o k ’s arrival, there w ere over 250
trib e s or nations o f A b origin al A ustralian s - som e say the num ber
w a s c lo s e to 5 0 0 - a n d m o s t o f th e s e tr ib e s h a d th e ir o w n
languages. Europeans to o k the land w hich belonged to Aborigines,
and they also b rought diseases. A t the beginning of the 20th century,
the population o f Aboriginal Australians w as a bo ut tw o -th ird s low er
than th eir population before the arrival of Europeans.
2. s w a m p s : very w et land, o ften where frogs and w ater birds m ake their
home.
30
A scene from The Rabbit Proof Fence.
Q C o m p re h e n s io n c h e c k
A n sw er the questions.
32
I lo fo re you read
O ■
<>uthern A f r ic a : W h a t d o y o u a l r e a d y k n o w ?
i>
<*you recognise these people, places and things? Match the pictures (A-
i ) to t he words (1-6). W h a t do you think is the connection between these
I ’i<tures and southern A frica? Check again after you read Chapter 3.
I leopard
Z I he Kalahari desert
t diamonds
'\ Victoria Falls
S Nelson Mandela
fi W orld Cup
•ii.in g e n e w w o rd s !
I<r*d the questions and t r y to guess the answers. Choose A, B or C.
I In n, read Chapter 3 and check — w ere you righ t?
33
Southern
Africa
Diam onds, footb all and one
o f the wonders o f the world —
w hat do they all have
in com m on?
T h e s o u th e rn tip o f A f r ic a is k n o w n as s o u th e rn A fr ic a . It has
m a n y c o u n trie s w h ic h use E n g lish as an o ffic ia l lan g u ag e. Th is
p a rt o f A fr ic a has d e se rts, fo re s ts , g ra sslan d s, 1 m o u n ta in s and
b eaches. B u t its m o st v a lu a b le p ossession is b e n e a th th e ground.
S o u t h e r n A f r ic a is ric h w it h d ia m o n d s , gold, p la tin u m an d
o th e r v a lu a b le m in erals. M ining is an im p o rta n t p a rt o f so u th e rn
A f r ic a ’s eco n o m y.
S o u th e r n A frica: t h e S t o r y
In th e la te 19th c e n t u r y E u ro p e a n c o u n trie s , in c lu d in g B r it a in ,
fo u g h t to co n tro l th is p a rt o f A fr ic a and its d iam o n d s and gold.
T h e s e c o u n t r ie s t o o k la n d f r o m n a t iv e A f r ic a n s a n d s e t up
colonies. M a n y o f th e se colo nies w e re passed fro m one E u ro p e a n
34
ZIMBABWE
* m m lry to a n o th e r, e s p e c ia lly a f t e r W o r ld W a r I w h e n G e rm a n y
I** \ 11•. A fric a n colonies.
Animals
35
The English-
speaking
W orld
W ild e b e e s t s a re a n im a ls t h a t a re like
b u f f a lo o r w ild c o w s . T h e y s o m e t im e s
tra v e l to g e th e r in groups o f o v e r 500, and
w h e n t h e y a r e r u n n in g t h e y c a n r e a c h
sp ee d s o f 80 k ilo m e tre s p e r ho u r. T h e re
a re a lso lio n s , le o p a rd s , a n d im p a la s (a
kind o f a n te lo p e ). V e r v e t m o n k e ys, w h ic h
h a ve d a rk fa c e s and light g re y fu r, can be
fo u n d in s o u th e rn A fric a , and e le p h a n ts are com m on .
T h e re are p ro b le m s w h e n h u m an s and large an im a ls such as
e le p h a n ts , rh in o c e ro s e s an d w ild e b e e s ts s h a re th e s a m e land.
F a r m e r s ’ cro ps h a ve been d e stro y e d . Sho uld th e y be allo w e d to
kill th e s e la rg e a n im a ls ? S o m e a n im a ls a re b e c o m in g ra re and
m a y die out. 2 On th e o th e r hand, fa rm e rs also need to m a k e a
living. T h e re is no e a s y a n sw e r.
Food an d C u lture
%
T h e r e a r e m a n y s p e c ia l k in d s o f fo o d in s o u t h e r n A f r ic a . A
p o rrid g e m ad e o f g ro und co rn 3 is co m m o n . T his dish is s e rv e d
w it h m e a t g r a v y an d is c a lle d p ap . M e a t is v e r y im p o r t a n t to
so u th e rn A fr ic a n cooking. B o b o tie is m in c e m e a t w h ic h is b aked
w ith an egg topping. Bo erew o rs is a kind o f sp icy sausag e cooked
on a b arb ecu e. The c o u n try o f S o u th A fr ic a p ro d u ces w in e w h ic h
is v e r y good and is sold in te rn a tio n a lly .
Southern Africa
The L a n g u ag e
In 2 0 1 0 t h e F I F A W o r l d C u p , t h e w o r l d ’s b ig g e s t s o c c e r
c o m p e titio n , w a s held in S o u th A fr ic a — th e fir s t tim e a n y
A fric a n c o u n try had h o sted th e gam es. The 2010 W o r ld
Cup w a s a lso k n o w n f o r th e so u n d o f v u v u z e la s —
lo n g n o is y h o rn s . S o m e p e o p le w h o w a t c h e d th e
g a m e s a t h o m e t h o u g h t t h a t t h e ir T V s e ts w e r e
b roken b ecau se o f th e noise!
39
Sw azilan d an d L e s o th o
W it h in S o u th A f r ic a th e r e a re tw o sm all c o u n trie s w h ic h h a v e
t h e ir o w n t r a d it io n s a n d la w s . B o t h o f th e s e c o u n t r ie s h a v e
E n g lish as an o ffic ia l lang uag e, and both w e re once co lo n ies of
B r ita in . L e s o th o b e c a m e in d e p e n d e n t fro m B r it a in in 1966 and
S w a z ila n d in 1968.
S w a z ila n d is b o rd ere d by S o u th A fr ic a on th re e sides. It is a
c o u n t r y o f o n ly 1 7 ,0 0 0 s q u a r e k ilo m e t r e s , b u t y o u c a n fin d
m o u n ta in s, p lains and ra in fo re s ts here. S w a z ila n d is also k n o w n
fo r th e t r a d itio n o f th e R e e d D a n ce in A u g u st an d S e p te m b e r,
w h e n yo u n g girls c u t reeds, p re s e n t th e m to th e K in g ’s m o th er,
and dance.
L e s o th o is a n o t h e r s m a ll c o u n t r y in s id e S o u th A f r ic a . It is
so m e tim e s called th e M o u n ta in K in g d o m b ecause it is lo ca ted in
th e m o u n ta in s ; in fa c t, it is th e o n ly in d e p e n d e n t c o u n try w h ic h
is all m o u n ta in s. M ore th a n 7 5 % o f th e
land is a t le a st 1,800 m e tre s high.
B o th o f th e s e s m a ll c o u n trie s
h a d p r o b le m s r e c e n t l y . M a n y o f t h e
p e o p le a r e v e r y p o o r . A I D S is a ls o a
te r r ib le p ro b le m . H a lf o f all p eo p le aged
20-30 in S w a z ila n d h a ve th is d isease, and
a lm o s t a th ird o f th e p o p u la tio n o f Leso th o .
40
Southern Africa
N amibia
B otsw an a
42
11le text and b e y o n d
Q C o m p r e h e n s io n
Match the statem ents (1-12) w ith the countries th ey are about (A-G).
You m ay use each cou ntry more than once.
IIJ IN IT Y P R A C T IC E - G R A D E 5
Q S p e a k in g - M u s ic
Prepare a short talk. Be sure th a t you answ er these questions. Practice
w ith a friend.
43
It w a s t h e firs t t im e t h a t a n y A fr ic a n c o u n tr y h a d h o s te d th e
W o r ld C u p . . .
W e often use the past perfect to show that an action happened before
an earlier action in the past. The past perfect is used w ith the simple
past in the same w a y that the present perfect is used w ith ‘now ’.
Q P a s t p e r fe c t
Read the follo w in g sentences and choose p resent perfect, past
perfect, or simple past.
0 South Africans were happy when they heard that the com m ittee
..b.G.d.£.b.<?.$.en.. (choose) their country to host the W orld Cup.
1 I .......................(listen) to you long enough. It’s tim e for me to talk
now.
2 Stan reached for his phone and realised that h e .......................
(forget) it at home.
3 S u e ........................ (live) in Japan for ten years in the 1990s.
4 My lottery ticket won, but m y m o th e r.......................(throw ) it
aw ay the day before.
5 By the tim e the game ended, M a ra d o n a .......................(score) three
goals.
Q W ritin g - a p o s tc a rd h o m e
Im agine th a t you have
been in the d iffe re n t
co u n trie s of so u th ern
A fric a fo r tw o w eeks.
W h a t did you see and do?
H ow did you feel about
it? W rite a postcard to
your fam ily or a friend at
home. R em em b er to
w rite the address of the
person you are w ritin g to
in the box to the right.
44
I Jefore you read
O W h a t d o y o u a lre a d y k n o w ?
Look at the names of these eastern and w estern A frican countries. Do
you know anything about th em ? W h a t do th e y m ake you th in k o f? (For
example, G hana might make you th in k of chocolate or coffee. Or you
might know some of these countries from the news.) W o rk w ith a
friend. If you can only th in k of a fe w w ords in connection w ith one or
I wo of these countries, don’t w o rry. Y ou’ll know a lot more a fte r you
read this chapter.
Kenya ............................
Ghana ............................
Sudan ............................
Nigeria...................... ......
I he G a m b ia ............................
Lib eria............................
Sierra Leo n e............................
O W h a t is it?
The following words and phrases are used in Chapter 4. W h a t do you
t hink th ey are? Make guesses and fill in the blanks. A fte r you read the
chapter, check your answ ers — w ere you righ t?
45
Eastern and
Western Africa
From the quiet o f safari
dawns to the bright
lights o f Lagos...
(j H H www.blackcat-cideb.com
46
Eastern and Western Africa jfl
K e n y a ’s M a a s a i p e o p le a re w e ll k n o w n ,
t h o u g h t h e y a r e n o t a la r g e p a r t o f t h e
p o p u la tio n . The M a a sa i are no m ad ic, w h ic h m e an s th e y
m o ve fro m p lace to p lace and d o n ’t h a ve a p e rm a n e n t hom e.
M aasai.
Eastern and Western Africa
T h e y w e a r c o lo u r fu l c lo th e s a n d a re w e ll k n o w n f o r t h e ir
dancing and th e ir u n usu al je w e lle ry .
K e n y a n s are also fa m o u s fo r sp o rts. T h e y are am o n g th e b est
In the w o rld a t long d is ta n c e and m idd le d is ta n c e ru nning . K e n y a
w as A f r ic a ’s m o st su ccessfu l c o u n try a t th e 2 0 0 8 O lym p ics.
B a r a c k O b am a, th e A m e ric a n p re s id e n t, is p a r t K e n y a n . H is
la th e r w a s fro m th is c o u n try . So m e o th e r fa m o u s K e n y a n s are
the w r ite r Ngugi w a T h io n g ’o fo r his 1964 n o vel W eep N o t C h ild ,
about K e n y a n life u n d e r B r itis h rule, and C a th e rin e N d ereb a , a
g reat a th le te w h o w o n th e B o s to n M a ra th o n fo u r tim e s.
l a s t A frica: U g a n d a
U g a n d a is o f t e n c a lle d
‘T h e P e a r l o f A f r i c a ’ .
I ake V ic t o r ia is on th e
U g a n d a n b o r d e r . T h is
la k e is 6 8 ,0 0 0 s q u a r e
k ilo m e t r e s a n d is t h e
la r g e s t la k e in A f r i c a
and th e s e c o n d la rg e s t
on e a r t h , a f t e r L a k e
Su p e rio r, w h ic h lies on
th e b o rd e r b e tw e e n
C a n a d a an d th e U S A .
l or y e a r s U g a n d a w a s
one o f th e p o o re st c o u n trie s in th e w o rld , Fishers on
Lake Victoria.
but its e c o n o m y h as im p r o v e d r e c e n t ly
and h ea lth ca re is also im p ro vin g .
Bu t th e re are still p ro b lem s — u n til re c e n tly th e re w a s te rrib le
lig h tin g in th e n o rth and c h ild re n w e r e o fte n used as so ld iers.
I here are also la w s w h ic h are u n fa ir to m a n y U g an d an citizens.
49
E a s t A frica: S u d an an d S o u th Sud an
W e s t A frica: N igeria
I lie C ulture
W e s t A frica: The G am b ia
T h e G a m b i a is a v e r y s m a l l
n a rr o w c o u n try w h ich is on th e
G a m b ia n R iv e r . It c o v e r s o n ly
1 0 ,0 0 0 s q u a r e k ilo m e t r e s . In
th e p a s t th is c o u n t r y w a s th e
p la c e w h e r e m o s t s la v e s h ip s
s a ile d to A m e r i c a a n d o t h e r
co lo n ies. T h e re w a s fig h tin g in The G a m b ia in th e 1990s w h e n
th e g o v e r n m e n t w a s t a k e n o v e r b y th e m ilit a r y . N o w it is a t
peace, but it is a poor c o u n try .
W e s t A frica: Liberia
2. h e a lin g : som ething th at makes you feel b e tte r if you are sick or hurt.
52
Eastern and Western Africa
W e s t A frica: S ie r r a Leone
P E T O C o m p re h e n sio n
Look at the statem ents below. Decide if each statem ent is correct or
incorrect. If it is correct, m ark A. If it is not correct, m ark B.
A B
1 Children have fought as soldiers in some African wars.
2 Most of the people who live in Kenya are Maasai.
3 Barack Obama w as born in Kenya.
4 Sudan recently became tw o counties.
5 Nigerians make up 25% of the population of Africa.
6 The colours of some kinds of cloth in Ghana have
special meanings.
7 Liberia was never a colony of England.
Q W h ich c o u n try ?
Fill in the blanks w ith the name of the right country and find the name
of a m ineral w hich has brought m oney but also trouble to several
A frican countries.
54
fin © Liste n in g
<1 | You w ill hear a guide talking to a group of people w ho are beginning a
safari h o lid ay in K enya. Fo r each q uestion, fill in th e m issing
inform ation in the num bered space.
© P lan yo u r jo u rn e y (part 3)
Look at Chapters 3 and 4 again. Im agine you have tw o weeks in Africa.
W h a t countries w ill you v is it? H ow long w ill you spend in each place?
W h a t w ill you do th e re ? W h a t w ill you see?
Fill in the table and com pare w ith a friend.
55
B e fo r e you read
Q S p e a k in g
Everyone has an opinion about Am erica. W h a t ’s yo u rs?
1 W rite down the first three words you think of when someone says
‘Am erica’. Compare your words w ith a friend, and w ith the class.
W hich words are used most often?
2 Do you have an opinion about Am erica or Am ericans? Talk about it
w ith a friend. Talk for one m inute each.
3 Do you w atch Am erican TV program m es? If so, which ones? How
about Am erican m ovies? Do you listen to Am erican m usic? If so,
which singers or groups? Think of answers for these questions and
then ask a friend.
4 W h a t Am erican places do you know ? W rite down as m any as you
can in one minute. Compare your list w ith a friend’s.
5 Have you been to Am erica or Canada? W hen did you go? W h a t part
did you visit? If you’ve visited the U SA or Canada, tell the class
about it in a few sentences.
6 W hich Am erican or Canadian places do you think will appear in this
chapter?
Q V o ca b u la ry - S p o rts
M atch the picture of the sport (A-D) w ith its name (1-4).
W h ich sport is the toughest (rough and dangerous)? W h ich needs the
m ost protective gear?
56
The USA
and Canada
Britain s form er colonies
grow up.
The USA 0©
U nited S t a t e s o f A m e r ic a : The S t o r y
A! f ir s t th e o n ly p e o p le w h o liv e d in N o r th A m e r ic a w e r e th e
n a tiv e p e o p le . E u ro p e a n s b e g a n to a r r iv e in th e 16th c e n tu ry .
I ranee, Eng lan d , H o llan d and S p a in s e n t people to A m e ric a and
I h e y s e t up c o lo n ie s . B u t a f t e r s e v e r a l w a r s a n d b a r g a in s
b e t w e e n c o u n t r ie s , a ll t h e c o lo n ie s in N o r t h A m e r ic a w e r e
( o n tro lled b y B rita in , ex cep t F ra n c e ’s co lo n y o f Lo u isian a.
57
The Colonies of America rebel against Britain.
A f t e r a tim e th e co lo n is ts s ta rte d to th in k o f th e m s e lv e s as
A m e ric a n s ra th e r th a n En g lish m en , and so th e y d ecid ed to stop
p ay in g ta x e s to B rita in . In 1775 th e A m e ric a n R e v o lu tio n began
w ith a p ro te s t in B o s to n . Six y e a rs la te r A m e ric a w o n th is w a r
and b ecam e an in d e p e n d e n t c o u n try .
B u t t h e r e w e r e p r o b le m s . M o s t o f t h e w o r k on la rg e
A m e r ic a n f a r m s in th e S o u t h w a s d o n e b y s la v e s f r o m
A fr ic a . N a tiv e A m e ric a n s w e r e also v e r y
b ad ly tre a te d . O nce th e re w e re aro u n d
18 m illio n n a t iv e p e o p le in th e U S A .
N o w t h e y a re r o u g h ly 1% o f th e
p o p u latio n , a p p ro x im a te ly 2.5 m illion.
M a n y n a tiv e people died in w a rs w ith
th e B ritis h and th e A m e ric a n co lo n ists. M a n y
m o re w e re killed by d ise a se s t h a t E u ro p e a n s
b ro u g h t to th e N e w W o r ld w ith th e m .
The In d ia n W a r s , w h ich to o k place in th e east
fro m 1775-1842 and in th e w e s t fro m 1823-1918,
The USA and Canada
w e re c o n flic ts b e tw e e n
I he A m e ric a n g o v e rn m e n t
.md the N a tiv e A m erican s.
I .in d w as ta k e n fro m
N .itiv e A m e r ic a n s an d a t
least 3 0 ,0 0 0 o f th e m w e re
I ille d . In t h e m id - 1 9 th
( c n tu ry th e f ir s t
r e s e r v a t io n s w e r e s e t up
s m a ll a r e a s o f la n d
w h ic h w e r e s e t a s id e f o r
N a tive A m e ric a n s .
T h e re w a s also tro u b le
b e tw e e n th e n o rth e rn
•dates a n d t h e s o u t h e r n
tates o f A m e ric a . In 1860
(h e r e w a s c iv il w a r . O n e
23S KS*T
r e a s o n f o r t h is w a r w a s SIT T IN G BULL., S W I F T B E A R , S P O T T E D TA
Ml-nu-lton-yi.il Chler. «
■>
!'. llroulo Chief.
• d avery. M a n y p e o p le in J U L I U S M E Y E R , R E D CLO UD ,
IKOI^S^l^fiKPBElES, Tradt* 4 Bissau » iKten, e«oti» and Japawrw CurtMlttw, Chief.
Ih e N o rth d is a g re e d w ith
.lavery, b ut it w a s co m m o n in th e So u th . The Some of the most
important Native
N o r th w o n th e C iv il W a r . T h e n th e s la v e s American chiefs
w e r e f r e e , b u t t h e y c o n t in u e d to h a v e in a 1875 photo.
p ro b le m s w i t h r a c is m . S o m e w e n t to th e
L i b e r ia o r t h e c o lo n y o f S i e r r a L e o n e in
Af rica, b ut m o st o f th e m s ta y e d in A m e ric a .
A f t e r th e C iv il W a r , A m e r ic a b e c a m e ric h an d s tro n g , an d
people fro m m a n y c o u n trie s w e n t th e re to live.
N o w A m e ric a is a land o f m a n y d iffe re n t ra ce s — a t le a st six
m a jo r ra ces are listed b y th e U S C ensus B u re au . T he p re s id e n t
o f A m e r i c a is B a r a c k O b a m a , t h e f i r s t B l a c k ( o r A f r i c a n
A m e ric a n ) p re s id e n t o f th e U SA .
59
A m e r ic a :
The Land,
t h e Peop le a n d 1
t h e L an g u ag e
A m e ric a has f if t y
s ta t e s , an d a lm o s t
e v e ry s ta te is t h e
size o f a c o u n try . In
2011, th e p o p u la tio n
o f A m e r ic a w a s 3 1 2 ,3 3 3 ,0 0 0 . A m e r ic a c o v e r s a hu ge a r e a o f
a lm o s t 10 m illio n sq u are k ilo m e tre s , an a re a a lm o s t as large as
th e w h o le c o n tin e n t o f E u ro p e . T h e re a re f o r e s ts , m o u n ta in s ,
plain s, d e se rt, b each e s, th e islan d o f H a w a ii an d s n o w c o v e re d
land in A lask a. A n d o f course, th e re are A m e ric a ’s fa m o u s cities.
E n g lis h h a s th e h ig h e s t n u m b e r o f s p e a k e r s . T h e s e c o n d
b iggest lang uag e is Sp an ish , w ith o v e r 3 5 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 sp ea kers, and
th e th ird is C hinese, w ith a p p ro x im a te ly 2 ,6 0 0 ,0 0 0 .
M a n y w o r d s in A m e r i c a n E n g lis h a re t a k e n fr o m th e
lang uag es o f people w h o cam e fro m o th e r c o u n trie s to live here.
F o r ex am p le th e w o rd s ‘k lu tz ’ (a c lu m s y 1 p erso n ), ‘s c h m u c k ’ (a
lo s e r ), an d ‘c h u tz p a h ’ (o v e r - c o n f id e n c e ) c o m e fro m a J e w is h
lang uag e called Y id d ish , w h ic h w a s f ir s t spoken b y Je w is h people
in E u r o p e a n d is v e r y c lo s e t o G e r m a n . N a t i v e A m e r i c a n
lang uag es h a ve b ro u g h t w o rd s like ‘p e c a n ’ and ‘c h ip m u n k ’ (b oth
fro m O jib w a ), as w e ll as ‘to b o g g a n ’ (a long sled ) an d ‘c a r ib o u ’
(fro m M ic m a c ). T h e w o rd ‘s lo g a n ’ (a p h ra s e w h ic h is
used in a d v e rtis in g ) com es fro m th e G a e lic
w o rd slogdy or ‘p h ra s e ’. T he list cou ld go
on an d on.
60
The USA and Canada
61
A m e ric a m o vie s are sh o w n in cin e m a s all o v e r th e w o rld , and
m o st p eop le k n o w th e fa c e s o f A m e ric a n s ta rs . H o lly w o o d is a
n e ig h b o u r h o o d in Lo s A n g e le s w h e r e p e o p le b e g a n m a k in g
m o v ie s in 1909. S in c e t h a t tim e A m e r ic a n m o v ie s h a v e m a d e
m o r e m o n e y t h a n a n y o t h e r c o u n t r y ’s f ilm s . T h e b ig g e s t
H o lly w o o d f ilm s o f th e p a s t t w e n t y y e a r s h a v e b e e n A v a t a r
(2 0 0 9 ), w h ic h m a d e ro u g h ly 7.6 b illio n d o lla rs , T ita n ic (1 99 8),
w it h 6 b illio n , a n d The D a r k K n ig h t (2 0 0 8 ) w h ic h m a d e
a p p ro x im a te ly 5.3 billion.
D is n e y s tu d io s in H o lly w o o d m a k e c h ild r e n ’s film s . T h e s e
m o v ie s h a v e b e e n p a r t o f p e o p le ’s c h ild h o o d s f o r y e a r s . T h is
began w ith th e fir s t M ic k e y M ouse
W a ll- E th e ro b o t e ig h ty y e a rs la te r
Ja z z b eg an a t th e b e g in n in g
o f th e 2 0 th c e n t u r y in A f r ic a n
A m e r i c a n a r e a s as a f o r m o f
m u sic th a t m ixed E u ro p e a n and
A f r ic a n s t y le s . B lu e s , a n o t h e r
fo rm of A fr ic a n A m e r ic a n
m u sic, s ta r t e d in th e s o u th e rn
s t a t e s a t t h e e n d o f t h e 19th
ce n tu ry . In th e 1950s ro ck and
ro ll b e c a m e p o p u la r, an d n o w
A m e r ic a n r o c k an d p op s o n g s
a re h e a rd a lm o s t e v e r y w h e r e .
i!
62
The USA and Canada
A m e ric a n p la c e s
:
N o rth . F a r th e r n o rth on th e w e s t c o a st yo u
can fin d g ia n t R e d w o o d fo r e s ts . R e d w o o d s a re
trees th a t can live fo r o v e r a th o u sa n d y e a rs and
( an g ro w to be 115 m e tre s high and 9 m e tre s across.
The G re a t Lakes are in th e n o rth , in th e c e n tre o f th e
co u n try. T h e y are th e 5 la rg e st lakes on e a rth . In to ta l
they c o v e r 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 sq u are k ilo m e tre s. The U S A sh ares
these lakes, and N ia g a ra Falls, w ith C anada.
The c ity o f C hicago is on La ke M ichigan. It is a c e n tre
lo r business, cu ltu re, sp o rts and m usic.
N ia g a r a F a lls is t h e m o s t p o w e r f u l w a t e r f a l l in
N orth A m e rica . O v e r 12 m illio n p eople com e to v is it th e
falls each y e a r. In th e p a s t th e y w e re a p o p u lar p lace
for h o n eym o o n s. If yo u go to N ia g a ra Falls yo u can go
on a b o a t c a lle d The M a id o f the M ist. T h is b o a t w ill
t ake you u n d e r th e falls. W e a r a ra in c o a t!
Canada
To th e n o r t h o f A m e r ic a
t h e r e is a n o t h e r E n g lish -
s p ea k in g c o u n try w ith its
o w n la w s and w a y o f life.
It m a y s e e m s i m i l a r t o
A m e r ic a , but th e tw o
c o u n tr ie s are v e ry
d iffe re n t places.
C a n a d a : The S t o r y
a n d t h e Land
p o rts an d P la c e s in C a n a d a
I O C o m p re h e n sio n
For each question, m ark the letters next to the correct an sw er — A, B,
C or D.
69
I •
Listening *
Listen to the conversation between a wom an, Anna, and a man, Chris,
about the difference between Canadians and Am ericans. Look at the
six sentences below and decide if each sentence is correct or incorrect.
If it is correct, put a tick ( / ) in the box under Y ES. If it is not correct,
put a tick ( / ) in the box under NO.
Y E S NO
1 Anna believes that Canadians are better looking than
Americans.
2 Chris believes that all Canadians are polite.
3 Chris and Anna agree that the laws in Canada are different.
4 Chris agrees that it’s easy to buy a gun anyw here in
America.
5 Chris and Anna agree that the question m ay not be fair.
6 Chris says that it’s im portant not to mistake Canadians for
Americans.
70
Q Y o u r n ew life
Imagine th a t you have been living or w orking for 6 m onths in one of
the following cities: N ew York, Los Angeles, Chicago or M ontreal.
Now you are w ritin g an em ail to this friend. W rite your em ail in about
100 words.
eon
Q P lan y o u r jo u rn e y (part 4)
W o rk w ith a friend. You both have one w eek to explore Am erica and
Canada. You have all the m oney you need, but you m ust stay together.
This means you have to agree on w hich places you w ill visit, how long
you w ill stay, and w h at you w ill do there. Fill in the schedule.
71
ACTIVITIES
1
B e fo r e you read
Q Places
Look at the list below. All of these islands w ill appear in this chapter.
If you know something about any of these places, w rite it in a few
words.
1 Ja m a ic a .........................................
2 B e rm u d a .........................................
3 B a rb a d o s .........................................
4 The B a h a m a s .........................................
5 M a lt a .........................................
6 Hong K o n g .........................................
72
Island English
Sun, sand and
skyscrapers
T h e re a re m a n y m o re c o u n t r ie s w h e r e p e o p le s p e a k E n g lis h .
S e v e r a l o f t h e m a r e g ro u p s o f s m a ll is la n d s . M a n y o f t h e s e
islands are in th e C arib b ean .
T h e C a r ib b e a n is k n o w n f o r its b lu e w a t e r , w h it e s a n d y
b e a c h e s an d s u n s h in e . P e o p le co m e h e re in g re a t n u m b e rs to
relax an d e n jo y a h o lid a y on th e beach. T h e se v is ito rs are v e r y
im p o rta n t to th e e c o n o m y o f th e islands.
T he En g lish d is co v e re d land in th e C a rib b ea n in th e la te 16th
c e n t u r y . T h e B r it is h s e t up h u g e f a r m s (c a lle d
p la n t a t io n s ) to g ro w s u g a rc a n e . T h e w o r k on
■ 11
hese sugar p lan ta tio n s w a s done by slaves w h o
w e re ta k e n fro m A frica. N o w a high p ercen tag e
o f th e p o p u latio n o f the C arib b ean are
d esce n d an ts o f these A frican s.
73
Bahamas Islands
o M iam i
O r e a / BAHAMAS
T od ay m ost o f B r ita in ’s C aribbean 1f ' ^ ”
A
SanHago n f i I t
islands are independent fro m Britain . deCuba DOMINICAN
Puerto R k i
HAHI ?EP
M ost of them b ecam e independent in °SanJuan
AND NEVIS r
th e 1960s, 70s a n d 80 s. E n g lis h is Caribbean Venezuelan 1
Sea Basin
Cartagena ) m .T t 1aracaibo
B r ita in still co n tro ls som e o f th e 0 / Bawuislm elo 0
A R IC A f VENEZUELA
sm aller islands, like the Caym ans and f PANAM A^( ^ j
M o n ts e rra t. T h ere is also an area, th e U S V irg in Islands, w h ic h is
Eng lish-sp eakin g b ecau se it is co n tro lle d b y A m e ric a .
H ere are ju s t a fe w o f th e islan ds and groups o f islan ds in th e
C arib b ea n w h e re Eng lish is spoken.
J a m a i c a : L an g u ag e, Music an d S p o rts
^ iff riH iM h r ir i i f r *
Y o u h a v e p ro b a b ly h e a rd o f Ja m a ic a n m u sic.
Reg g ae m u sic is e s p e c ia lly fa m o u s . T h e re is also
ska, d an ceh all, and ragga. Bob M a rle y , w h o died in
1981, is t h e m o s t f a m o u s r e g g a e s t a r f r o m
Ja m a ic a . O t h e r fa m o u s Ja m a ic a n m u s ic ia n s a re
Sea n Paul, G ra c e Jo n e s , and Sh a b b a R an ks.
C ric k e t is th e n u m b e r one spo rt. Ja m a ic a n s are
a lso g o o d a t a t h le t ic s , e s p e c ia lly ru n n in g , a n d
re g u la rly w in m ed als a t th e O lym p ics. N o w n etb all
is th e m o st p o p u la r s p o rt in Ja m a ic a fo r w o m e n . T he Ja m a ic a n
n e t b a ll t e a m , th e S u n s h in e G irls ,
h a ve been v e r y successfu l.
F o r a f e w y e a r s Ja m a ic a h ad a
b o b s le d d in g te a m , an d t h e y w e n t
t h e 1 9 8 8 O l y m p i c s in C a l g a r y ,
C a n a d a . B o b s le d d i n g is a s p o r t
w h e r e y o u s lid e d o w n ic e in a
special sled. This w a s v e r y u n usu al
b ecause Ja m a ic a has no snow !
The B a h a m a s , B a r b a d o s , B e r m u d a
T h e se is la n d s a re v e r y b e a u tifu l an d m a n y p e o p le d re a m o f a
h o lid ay th e re . M o st o f th e people w h o live th e re are d e sc e n d a n ts
o f A fric a n s .
The B a h a m a s is a group o f 29 islands. This w a s th e fir s t place
C h r is t o p h e r C o lu m b u s fo u n d in 1492, w h e n he w a s t r y in g to
re ach India. D uring th e 18th c e n tu ry it w a s co m m o n fo r p ira te s to
c o m e h e r e , in c lu d in g th e f a m o u s B la c k b e a r d . T h e B a h a m a s
b e c a m e a B r it is h c o lo n y in 1718, p a r t l y b e c a u s e th e B r it is h
g o v e rn m e n t w a n te d to re s to re o rd e r th e re and d e s tr o y it as a
p ira te base.
75
The English-
speaking
W orld
N o w th e islan d s a re q u ite rich and life is en jo y a b le . T h e re is
still a s tro n g c o n n e c tio n w ith A fric a . E v e r y y e a r a f t e r C h ristm a s
t h e r e is a t r a d i t i o n a l A f r ic a n s t r e e t p a r a d e w it h m u s ic a n d
co lo u rfu l co stu m es, called Ju n k a n o o .
B a rb a d o s is a n o th e r rich islan d and a v e r y p o p u la r p lace fo r
h o lid a y s. E v e r y y e a r th e re is a C rop O v e r f e s tiv a l a t th e s u g ar
h a r v e s t w it h m u s ic c o m p e titio n s . M u s ic is v e r y im p o r t a n t to
B arb ad o s, and th e sin g er R ih a n n a is fro m th ere .
B e rm u d a is a group o f 181 islands. It is still a B ritis h te rr ito r y .
M a n y o f B e r m u d a ’s b each e s are a c tu a lly pink, b ecau se o f sm all
sea an im a ls w h o se shells are cru sh ed in to sand by th e ocean.
B e r m u d a is a ls o k n o w n f o r a s tr a n g e m y s t e r y c a lle d ‘T h e
B e rm u d a T ria n g le ’. Ships and p lan es d is ap p ea re d in a p a rt o f th e
o cea n w h ic h w a s close to B e rm u d a . So m e peop le said th a t th is
w a s b ecau se o f U F O s , b ut la te r s c ie n tis ts fo u n d t h a t th e ships
and p lan es w h ich d is ap p ea red w e re p ro b a b ly cau g h t in sto rm s.
In th e M e d it e r r a n e a n S e a , to th e n o rth o f A f r ic a , t h e r e is
a n o t h e r s m a ll g ro u p o f E n g lis h - s p e a k in g is la n d s w it h lo v e ly
s c e n e ry w h e re people like to go on h o lid ays: M alta .
M alta
M a lt a is m ade up of
th re e is la n d s : M a lta , G ozo an d
C om ino. M a lta is th e m a in island, and
the m o st b u sy and m o d e rn one. Life on
the islan d o f G ozo is re lax ed and th e re are
m a n y f a r m s . P e o p le s a y t h a t lif e on G o z o
m akes th e m th in k o f th e p ast. T he islan d o f C o m in o is fa m o u s
fo r its Blu e Lagoon, an a re a o f b rig h t blue w a t e r o v e r w h ite sand.
M a lta w a s an English colony fro m 1814 until 1964. B efo re this,
M a lta w a s im p o rta n t to E u ro p e a n c u ltu re fro m th e tim e o f th e
Rom ans to the Ren aissance. M a n y fam ous a rtists cam e to live here,
including Caravaggio. It w a s also im p o rtan t to shipping and trade.
N o w M a lta is a m o d e rn c o u n try w ith a stro n g eco n o m y. One
w a y th e islands m ake m o n e y is th ro u g h th e film business. M a n y
m ovies have film ed scenes there, including, G la d ia to r (2 00 0), The
D a V in c i C od e (2 0 0 6 ), an d T ro y
(2004).
T h e re a re m a n y c u s to m s an d
t r a d it io n s . W h e n a w o m a n g e ts
m a rrie d , she w a lk s th ro u g h to w n
w ith h e r frie n d s an d fa m ily w h o
c a rry a c an o p y 1 o v e r her head.
Im p o r t a n t f e s tiv a ls a re C a r n iv a l
in F e b ru a ry or M arch , w h ic h is a
t im e o f c o s t u m e s , d a n c in g a n d
p arad es, an d M a n a rja a t th e end
o f J u n e , w h ic h is a c e le b r a t io n
w ith g re a t food and m usic.
H ong Kong
Eng lish and C h in ese a re th e o ffic ia l lang uag es o f H ong Kong. The
m a jo r it y o f th e p o p u la t io n s p e a k C a n t o n e s e , a v e r y s im ila r
l a n g u a g e t o C h in e s e . M a n d a r in C h in e s e is a ls o b e c o m in g
c o m m o n as a s p o k en la n g u a g e as m o re p eo p le fro m m a in la n d
C hin a com e to live on th e islands.
H o n g K o n g is m a d e up o f H o n g K o n g Is la n d , th e K o w lo o n
P e n in s u la , th e N e w T e rrito rie s , an d 2 00 islan d s. T he la rg e s t o f
th e s e is L a n ta u .
H o n g K o n g b e c a m e a B r it is h c o lo n y in 1842, a f t e r th e f ir s t
O pium W a r b e tw e e n B r ita in and C hina. It w a s re tu rn e d to C hin a
in 1997, b ut it has its o w n la w s w h ic h are d iffe re n t fro m th e law s
in th e re st o f C hina, and is a c e n tre fo r business and cu ltu re.
H o n g K o n g is o n ly a b o u t a t h o u s a n d
s q u a r e k ilo m e t r e s . M o s t o f t h is la n d is
m o u n ta in o u s . In fa c t, o n ly a b o u t 2 5 % o f
th e land in H ong Ko ng has buildings on it.
O v e r 7 m illio n people live th e re , and H ong
K o n g ’s p o p u la tio n is still g ro w in g .
W h a t w a s H ong K o n g ’s s o lu tio n ? Build
u p w a rd s! Hong Kong has th e m ost
s k y s c ra p e rs o f a n y c ity in th e w o rld . M a n y
people live in ta ll a p a rtm e n t buildings and
w o rk on high flo o rs in o ffic e buildings. A t
n ig h t y o u can see th e re s u lts o f so m a n y
p e o p le liv in g c lo s e t o g e t h e r . T h e n ig h t
lights in H ong K o n g are an am az in g sight.
The text and b e y o n d
i "I ►r Q C o m p re h e n s io n
Look at the statem ents below. Decide if each statem ent is correct or
incorrect. If it is correct, m ark A. If it is not correct, m ark B.
A B
79
PET 0 W ritin g
Here are some sentences about the islands in this chapter. For each
question, com plete the second sentence so th a t it means the same
thing as the first, using no m ore than three words. W rite only the
missing w ords below. The first one has been done for you as an
example.
Q P la n y o u r jo u rn e y (p a rt 5)
Find tw o friends and w o rk as a group of three. Imagine you have the
chance to vis it the countries in this chapter. You have all the m oney
you need, but you just have three days and you can only see one
country. You also m ust stay together. Decide as a group w hich place
yo u ’ve chosen, w h y you chose it, and w h at you w a n t to do there.
80
Real Pirates
of the Caribbean
There really w ere pirates in the C aribbean in the 17th and early 18th
centuries. A t this tim e there w ere w ars betw een England, France and
Spain. The British governm ent paid privately ow ned ships to a tta ck
and rob French and Spanish m erchant ships. The sailors on these
s h ip s w e re c a lle d p riv a te e rs . W h e n th e w a r e n d e d , th e p ira te s
co ntin ue d th e ir actions, but these pirates w ere called buccaneers,
and w e re th o u g h t o f as c rim in a ls . T he y ro b b e d m e rc h a n t s h ip s
around the C aribbean and the east co ast o f North Am erica.
It w as d ifficu lt fo r England and o the r co untries to govern the m any
islands of the Caribbean, and there were several places w hich seemed
to have no laws. Pirates gathered in Port Royal in Jam aica and at the
French island of Tortuga, w here they spent the m oney that they stole.
Did pirates really have eye patches 1 and keep
parrots as pets? This seem s to be true. It is
also true th a t m any pirates w ore earrings
- th e y b elieved th a t e arrin gs p re ven te d
sea sickness. But a lot o f the ideas about
pirates from books and m ovies aren’t true.
Life fo r a pirate w a sn ’t fun and exciting - it
w a s d a n g e ro u s , d if f ic u lt a n d s h o r t. M o s t
p ira te s w ere ve ry p o o r and th e re w ere te rrib le
sto rm s at sea and dangerous battles.
fr S o m e ve ry fa m o u s p ira te s s a ile d in th e C a rib b e a n ,
f B la c k b e a rd , o r E d w ard T ea ch, w as p ro b a b ly th e m o s t
!****'' fa m o u s . B la c k b e a rd o fte n p u t s lo w - b u rn in g fu s e s fro m
cannons in his beard and hair. W hen he attacked ships, he set the
fuses on fire so th a t he looked like a devil w ith dark sm oke all around
him. Edward Teach tried to retire to Virginia, but he becam e bored
and w en t b ack to his old w ays. He w as killed in a b attle w ith the
governor o f V irgin ia ’s men in 1718.
A n ne B o n n y and M ary Read w ere fe m a le p ira te s w h o sa ile d th e
C aribbean Sea in the early 18th century. Both of them w ore m en ’s
clothing. They w ere dangerous fighters and successful pirates. Both
w om en w ere arrested to g e th e r in 1720. The o the r pirates on th e ir
s h ip s w e re h a n g e d , b u t A n n e a nd M a ry w e re a llo w e d to live -
because they w ere both pregnant. M ary died of a fever in prison, but
Anne disappeared. No one is sure w ha t happened to her.
By the late 19th ce ntu ry pirates w ere legends o f the past. In 1883
R o b e r t L o u is S te v e n s o n w r o te a
p o p u la r b o o k ca lle d Treasure Island.
82
This b oo k helped to m ake pirates fam ous as characters
from a d ve ntu re stories. Later th ere w ere p irate m ovies, from
s ile n t film s such as The Black Pirate (1926) to M u p p et Treasure
Island (1996) and the Pirates of the Caribbean film s.
H I C o m p re h e n s io n
A n sw er the questions.
1 W h a t is the first word (or name) that you think of when someone
says:
A In d ia B P a k is ta n .................................
3 Have you ever seen an Indian movie, or a movie which was filmed
in India?
0 Vocabulary
Fill in the blanks w ith a w o rd from the box below. You m ay need to use
a dictionary.
1 W hen people fight against the governm ent and try to take control
of their country it is called a .............................
84
CHAPTER SEVEN
India
and Pakistan
A land that is both ancient
and very modern
India I
85
India: The Land, t h e P la ce s
A n o th e r fa m o u s s ig h t is
he K h a ju ra h o T em ples,
v h ic h a r e a lm o s t o n e
th o is a n d y e a r s old . T h e y
are H ind u te m p le s m ad e o f
s a n d s t o n e , a n d t h e y a re
co vered w ith s to n e
ca rvin g s.
87
T h e A ja n t a C a v e s a re 29 c a v e s in th e side o f a hill o f ro ck.
T h e y w e r e m a d e b y B u d d h is t m o n k s o v e r tw o th o u s a n d y e a r s
a g o . T h e s e c a v e s c o n t a in p a in t in g s a n d s t a t u e s w h ic h a r e
th o u g h t to be th e g re a te s t B u d d h is t a r t in h isto ry.
T h e c i t y o f M u m b a i, w h i c h u s e d t o b e B o m b a y , h a s a
p o p u la tio n o f o v e r 12 m illio n. It is an ex citin g c ity and a c e n tre of
business, te c h n o lo g y and cu ltu re . The e c o n o m y th e re is strong .
B u t u n fo rtu n a te ly th e re are still m a n y people in th is c ity w h o are
e x tre m e ly poor.
Indian Cu lture
If y o u w a n t to h e a r m o d e rn In d ia n p op
m usic, yo u can go to a d an ce club in M u m b ai,
or go to see a B o lly w o o d M usical.
W h a t is B o lly w o o d ? B o lly w o o d f ilm s a re
p ast M u m b ai w a s called B o m b a y, so th e n am e aM
B o lly w o o d is a m ix o f B o m b a y and H o llyw o o d .
M a n y serio us, re a lis tic film s h a ve been m ade in M um b ai, but n o w
In d ia n m o v ie s a re fa m o u s fo r sin g in g and d an cin g . In th e p a s t
th e d a n c in g w a s t r a d i t i o n a l , b u t n o w it is c o m m o n to m ix
tra d itio n a l In d ia n d an ces w ith m o d e rn d ance m o ve s.
T h e r e h a v e b e e n h u n d re d s o f A m e r ic a n a n d B r it is h f ilm s
w h ic h w e r e m a d e in In d ia as w e ll. Ju s t a f e w a re A P a s s a g e to
In d ia (1984), The D arjee lin g Lim ite d (2 0 0 7 ), and Slu m d og
M illio n a ire (2 0 0 8 ).
Indian Food
The m o st p o p u la r sp o rt in In d ia is cric k e t. In fa c t, m a n y In d ia n s
fe e l m o re s tr o n g ly a b o u t th is g am e th a n th e E n g lis h do! F ield
h o c k e y is also p lay e d by m a n y people.
Chess w a s in v e n te d in Ind ia, as a gam e called c h a tu rn g a in th e
6th c e n tu ry , and it co n tin u e s to be p layed to d a y . T h e re are also
sp o rts like k a b a d d i, w h ic h is a kind o f te a m w re stlin g .
The co lo u r and b e a u ty o f In d ia is sh o w n in its fe s tiv a ls . T w o
im p o rta n t fe s tiv a ls are th e H ind u fe s tiv a ls o f D iw a li and Holi.
Diwali lasts fo r five days in O ctober or Novem ber. It is also called
the festival of light. E v e ry home is lit w ith small clay lamps, and there
are firew orks in the sky. People hang flow ers and m ango leaves on
th eir doors and w ind ow s and th ey give each other gifts.
H oli is a spring fe s tiv a l o f colours. Peop le p ut colo u red p o w d e r
on each o th e r’s fa c e s and th r o w colo u red w a te r
on e a c h o th e r . T h e re a r e a ls o s t r e e t
p arad e s and fo lk songs and dances.
P a k is ta n
W h e n In d ia b e c a m e
in d e p e n d e n t in 1947,
it s p lit in to tw o
c o u n t r ie s . P a k is t a n ,
in th e n o rth , b e c a m e
s e p a ra te fro m Ind ia.
O v e r 170 m i llio n
people live here, m o st
o f th e m M u s lim s . P a k is t a n has a c u ltu re w h ic h
goes b ack to a n c ie n t tim e s, w h e n it w a s a p lace
w h e re m a n y o f th e im p o rta n t old tra d e ro ad s m et.
P a k i s t a n h a s h a d m a n y p r o b le m s . T e r r o r is m h a s b e e n a
t h r e a t , a n d t h e r e h a v e b e e n s e r io u s e a r t h q u a k e s . H o w e v e r ,
P a k is ta n is also a b e a u tifu l land o f fo re sts , m o u n ta in s and plains,
as w e ll as a n c ie n t te m p le s and m osques, and th e people here are
v e r y frie n d ly to stra n g e rs.
In P a k i s t a n t h e m o u n t a in r a n g e s o f t h e H im a la y a s , t h e
K a ra k o ru m s, and th e H ind u Kush m o u n tain s m eet, and th e v ie w s
are s p e c ta c u la r. If you w a n t a good v ie w o f th e m o u n tain s, you
can ta k e th e K a ra k o ru m h ig h w a y th ro u g h them . The K a ra k o ru m
h ig h w a y is 5 0 0 0 m e tre s high, th e high est p aved road in th e w o rld .
The c ity o f La h o re is a large and co lo u rfu l c ity full o f shop and
b az aa rs. The B a s h a h i M osq u e is in La h o re. It w a s b u ilt in 1671,
an d is o n e o f th e la r g e s t an d m o s t b e a u tifu l m o s q u e s in th e
w o rld . T h e re a re a lso th e ru in s in T a x ila , w h ic h w a s o n c e an
im p o r t a n t c e n tr e f o r H in d u an d B u d d h is t c u ltu re an d a p la c e
w h e re th re e m a jo r tra d e ro ad s m et, and lo v e ly sig hts like Lake
Sa ifu l M uluk, w ith its b rig h t blue w a te r u n d er s n o w y m o u n tain s.
Leg en ds s a y t h a t th e lake is so b e a u tifu l th a t fa irie s com e d ow n
to see th e lake in th e full m oon.
91
C u lture, Food an d
F e stiv a ls in P a k is ta n
PET Q Comprehension
For each question, m ark the letters next to the correct an sw er — A, B,
C or D.
W h a t happened in 1947?
A Pakistan fought against India.
There was a rebellion against England.
| India became independent and divided into tw o countries.
India became independent from the British East India
Company.
W h a t is Bollyw ood?
A □ It’S a name for Indian films which are made in Hollywood.
B j It’s a name for old films which used to be made in Bombay.
C These are Hollywood movies which are filmed in India.
D These are Hindi language films which are made in Mumbai.
93
T R IN IT Y P R A C T IC E - G R A D E 4
Q S p e a k in g - F o o d
A n sw er the questions.
The passive voice is used when the object of the action becomes the
subject of the sentence. It is formed using a form of ‘to be’ and a
particle of the main verb.
People fo llo w these religions, (active)
These religions are follow ed, (passive)
You can often use an adverb between ‘be’ and the participle.
These religions are s till followed.
PET Q T h e p a s s iv e v o ic e w ith a d v e rb s
Change the following sentences from active to passive and choose the
best adverb from the box. You only need to w rite three words.
94
P ET Q Writing
Y our English teach er has asked you to w rite a story. Y o u r sto ry m ust
begin w ith this sentence.
I was lonely a t the top o f the m ountain in the H im alayas.
Or this one:
A t the H oli fe stiva l, someone sm iled and em ptied a bucket o f coloured
w ate r over m y head.
Places
1 The Taj Mahal
2 The Karakorum mountain highway
3 Corbett National Park
4 Mumbai
5 Lake Saiful Muluk
6 The Ajanta Caves
95
This reader uses the E X P A N S IV E R E A D IN G approach, where the text
becomes a springboard to improve language skills and to explore historical
background, cultural connections and other topics suggested by the text.
The new structures introduced in this step of our R E A D IN G & T R A IN IN G
series are listed below. Naturally, structures from lower steps are included
too. For a complete list of structures used over all the six steps, see The
Black Cat Guide to Graded Readers, which is also downloadable at no cost
from our website, www.blackcat-cideb.com.
The vocabulary used at each step is carefully checked against vocabulary
lists used for internationally recognised examinations.
Step T w o B 1 .1
All the structures used in the previous levels, plus the following:
Verb tenses
Present Perfect Simple: indefinite past with yet, already, still; recent past
with just\ past action leading to present situation
Past Perfect Simple: in reported speech
Modal verbs
Can’t: logical necessity
Could: possibility
May: permission
Might (present and future reference): possibility; permission
Must: logical necessity
Don’t have to / haven’t got to: lack of obligation
Don’t need to / needn’t: lack of necessity
Types of clause
Time clauses introduced by when, while, until, before, after, as soon as
Clauses of purpose: so that; (in order) to (infinitive of purpose)
r / M ik
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