Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
CONTENTS
Preface
Acknowledgement
Certificate
Product
Transformer
Introduction To Stabilizer
Introduction of Inverter
Conclusion
SHRI A.D.K.MAHILA POLYTECHNIC, MATHURA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT
2017-18
PREFACE
This is a short training for the students about their related field. This training
gives on experience to the student for a particular job in which the possible
difficulties, that can arises between and the way in which they may
handling it successfully this training makes student more aware about the
advantages of related field.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
PRODUCT
LED Lights And Televisions
Established in 2015, we, “Grande Energy Solutions Pvt. Ltd.”, are an eminent
organization, engrossed in manufacturer a commendable range LED
Products such as LED Bulbs, LED Lights, LED Panel Lights, LED Ceiling
Light, LED Street Lights, etc.
LED Bulbs
LED Light Bulb
LED Lights
LED Track Lights
LED Modules
LED Modules
LED AC Modules
LED Sign Modules
LED Strips
LED TV
HD LED TV
Slim LED TV
High Definition LED TV
A LED lamp or LED light bulb is an electric light for use in light fixtures that
produces light using light-emitting diode (LED). LED lamps have a lifespan
and electrical efficiency which are several times greater than incandescent
lamps, and are significantly more efficient than most fluorescent lamps,
with some chips able to emit more than 300 lumens per watt (as claimed by
Cree and some other LED manufacturers). The LED lamp market is
projected to grow by more than twelve-fold over the next decade, from $2
billion in the beginning of 2014 to $25 billion in 2023, a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of 25%.As of 2016, LEDs use only about 10% of the
energy an incandescent lamp requires.
Similar to incandescent lamps and unlike most fluorescent lamps (e.g.
tubes and compact fluorescent lamps or CFLs), LEDs come to full
brightness without need for a warm-up time; the life of fluorescent lighting is
also reduced by frequent switching on and off. The initial cost of LED is
usually higher. Degradation of LED dye and packaging materials reduces
light output to some extent over time.
Most LEDs do not emit light in all directions, and their directional
characteristics affect the design of lamps, although omnidirectional lamps
which radiate light over a 360° angle are becoming more common. The
light output of single LED is less than that of incandescent and compact
fluorescent lamps; in most applications multiple LEDs are used to form a
lamp, although high-power versions are becoming available.
1.PC cover
According to appearance, LED tube PC cover can be approximately divided into three types: Transparent PC cover,
milky PC cover, strip PC coverr. Different PC covers will be used in different ways. Here are some tips to show how
to choose LED tube PC cover:
Transparent PC Cover
The brightness of transparent PC cover is high, which is dazzling to our eyes. It can be applied when LED tube can
be installed on a dizzy height(4 meters above).
Milky PC Cover
Luminance of milky PC cover is much lower than transparent PC cover. The light is very soft and mild. Milky PC is
suitable to be employed in hospitals, banks, family home use and so on to create warm atmosphere.
Strip PC Cover
The brightness of strip PC cover is between transparent PC cover and milky PC cover. It can satisfy the brightness of
the LED tube as well as our eyes's fitness. However, the light is not well-distributed.
Before purchasing, customers should be clear about the advantages and applications of different PC covers and
choose the right PC covers as needed.
PCB Cores
Engineers design printed circuit boards to work best within their particular application. The designs can specify the
nature of the circuit, the PCB coating material, the size of the PCB and a variety of other qualities. One of the most
basic qualities to change, however, is the core of the circuit board.
SHRI A.D.K.MAHILA POLYTECHNIC, MATHURA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT
2017-18
PCB bases come in a variety of materials, including:
FR-4: Most common of these materials is FR-4, a base composed of glass and epoxy. While fire-retardant,
FR-4 tends to be relatively inefficient at transferring heat.
Epoxies: Another, albeit less common substrate for PCBs is a material known as an epoxy. While less durable
than other options, epoxy-based PCBs are much cheaper to manufacture.
Metal-core: Metal-core PCBs are very effective for a variety of applications, specifically those involving heat
transfers. These bases consist of metal, usually aluminum, laminated with copper. These metals give the circuit
board improved electrical insulation and thermal conductivity.
When thermal qualities are not as important, FR-4 or epoxy bases are more common, as these tend to be relatively
less expensive. However, when thermal qualities are important for the proper function of the end product, metal-core
printed circuit boards are likely the solution.
About Aluminum PCBs
Most common among metal-core printed circuit boards is the aluminum PCB. This type of printed circuit board is
built on top of an aluminum alloy base, instead of a fiberglass base. The alloy usually consists of a combination of
magnesium, aluminum and silumin, altering the properties of the metal to best suit the needs of the application.
All aluminum PCBs consist of the following layers:
The Base Layer: The base layer of the PCB is the aluminum alloy sheet upon which the rest of the PCB
builds. This alloy is typically designed to provide maximum electrical insulation and thermal conductivity.
The Thermal Insulation Layer: This layer is extremely important in the design of the PCB. Consisting of a
ceramic polymer, this layer protects the PCB from mechanical or thermal damage by offering thermal
resistance and viscoelastic properties. This works by absorbing the heat created as the current moves through
the circuits and transferring it to the aluminum layer — there it disperses.
The Circuit Layer: This layer contributes most to the end function of the board, containing the copper foil
circuits needed for the PCB to function.
These layers occur in any number of variations, with one or several thermal and circuit layers depending on the
particular application. The layers listed also lend a number of different benefits to aluminum PCBs, which can be of
use to several key industries.
SHRI A.D.K.MAHILA POLYTECHNIC, MATHURA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT
2017-18
However, one of the major problems with LED lighting is its thermal limitations. The temperature at which these
LED lights operate influences the color of the lighting, its efficiency and the overall lifespan of the light. This is
especially problematic as 70 to 80 percent of the electrical power applied to LED lights is converted into heat, and
every 10°C increase in temperature decreases the lifespan of the LED by as much as 50 percent! As brighter, higher
density LED arrays hit the market, more efficient thermal management solutions are needed to keep these arrays
functioning as long and as strong as possible.
Aluminum PCBs and the LED Lighting Industry
For many companies within the LED industry, aluminum PCBs are the new standard. This is because of the
numerous benefits and features aluminum PCBs contain. Some of these benefits include the following:
Less Expensive: You can find aluminum in mines across the world, making it easy to access and refine,
especially compared to other metals. This abundance means aluminum is much less expensive than other rarer
metals. As a result, manufacturing with aluminum is also less expensive, especially when it comes to
aluminum PCBs.
Aluminum-based circuit boards are also inexpensive when compared to other methods of heat transfer, such as heat
sinks. While heat sinks may be slightly more effective at transferring heat than aluminum bases, they are much more
expensive to add on to the PCB.
SHRI A.D.K.MAHILA POLYTECHNIC, MATHURA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT
2017-18
Environmentally Friendly: Most of us know that aluminum soda cans are recyclable, and aluminum boards
are no different. Aluminum PCBs are recyclable and non-toxic, which means disposing of them is relatively
easy and environmentally sound.
Improved Durability: Compared to ceramic and fiberglass, aluminum is much sturdier. This strong, durable
material is much more resistant to breakage, and can better handle the stresses of the manufacturing process.
This also means that the end PCB is much more resistant to damage from everyday handling, especially in
impact-prone environments.
Lightweight: Despite how durable it is, aluminum is very lightweight. This means a PCB can have improved
resilience without additional weight, an important factor in manufacturing. Not only does this result in a lighter
end product, but it makes shipping and handling of the circuit boards and end products much cheaper and
easier to handle in large quantities.
Better Heat Transfer: In electronics, consistently high temperatures can cause serious damage, negatively
affecting functionality. This makes heat transference one of the most important parts of a finished PCB.
Heat transference is a term referring to how well thermal energy moves from one place to another. How effectively a
material does his depends on the materials conduction, convection and radiation. Conduction refers to how easily a
material will transfer thermal energy from one area to another, while convection is the transfer of thermal energy
from a material to a fluid and radiation refers to the amount of thermal energy a material gives off.
Aluminum has some of the best qualities for heat transfer, because it conducts thermal energy fairly easily,
transferring it away from critical parts and minimizing thermal damage to the PCB. Comparatively, fiberglass is
much less conductive. This difference results in PCB boards that are much more efficient at thermal energy transfer
— in fact, aluminum-backed designs can be up to more efficient than fiberglass-backed designs by up to 10 times!
Because of these qualities, specifically the incredible ability to dissipate heat, aluminum PCBs have become the new
PCBs of choice within the LED lighting industry. This growing popularity within the LED industry is due to a few
incredible capabilities and improvements upon LED PCB designs made possible with aluminum PCBs. These
include:
Increased LED Density: Each PCB design allows for a greater number of LEDs to mount onto it. Each of
these LEDs produces heat, heating up the PCB more quickly. This can be a serious problem for the longevity
of the LED lights, because each LED must stay within a strict range of temperatures in order to function
properly.
Traditional fiberglass-based designs have a cap on the density of lights per board, purely because the board can get
too hot. This is because fiberglass transfers heat relatively slowly, causing the heat to build up. With aluminum
boards however, more LEDs can function simultaneously without exceeding the specified temperature tolerance.
This is because in an aluminum-core PCB, heat transfers quickly and efficiently, due to the high thermal
conductivity of the material.
Longer Operating Time: As with most electronics, the longer you use them, the hotter they get. This can
negatively impact the functionality of the system and alter its operation, especially in more complex systems.
In the case of LEDs, the quality and color of the lights change depending on how hot they get, and operating at
a hotter temperature reduces the overall lifespan of the LED.
With aluminum LED PCBs, the improved heat transferring qualities of the material results in the LEDs operating at
a lower temperature for a longer amount of time. This means aluminum PCB LEDs can operate for much longer
before they finally fail.
The Applications of Aluminum LED PCBs
SHRI A.D.K.MAHILA POLYTECHNIC, MATHURA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT
2017-18
The above benefits make LEDs with aluminum-based printed circuit boards very desirable for a number of
applications and industries. Some of the more prominent applications of Aluminum PCB LEDs include:
Telecommunications: Telecommunications equipment often uses LED indicators and displays, and because
of the surrounding machinery, the improved heat transfer ability of aluminum-based LED PCBs is extremely
useful in this application. Improved durability and decreased weight also make these aluminum PCB LEDs
quite desirable within telecommunications applications. Not only that, but aluminum PCBs are commonly used
in other components of telecommunications equipment as well, including filtering appliances and high-
frequency amplifiers.
Automotive: You can also find aluminum PCB LEDs in cars on indicators, in headlights and brake lights, and
other applications. The durability, longevity and relatively low price makes these aluminum PCBs ideal within
the automotive industry. Their applications don’t end at LEDs either – aluminum PCBs are commonly used
within electronic regulators and power controllers.
Computer: LED displays and indicators are becoming increasingly common within computer applications,
and the heat sensitivity of computer machinery makes aluminum PCB LEDs the ideal solution. In addition to
LED applications, computer parts like power devices, floppy drives and CPU boards are commonly use
aluminum PCBs because of their ability to handle and transfer heat.
Medical: Lighting tools used in surgeries and medical examinations commonly use high-powered LED lights,
and these LED lights often use aluminum PCBs. This is primarily due to the durability and heat transfer
capabilities of aluminum PCB LEDs — this ensures medical equipment is functioning properly regardless of
the number of patients cycling through a medical office. In addition to lighting tools, medical scanning
technology often uses aluminum PCBs as well.
3.Heat sink
ny material that can conduct heat away from the LED can serve as a heat sink. Most
metals are excellent conductors of heat and therefore many LED manufacturers suggest
that mounting materials containing metal frames, fasteners and connectors be used, and
that the contact area between the LED and its mounting surface be maximized. It is also
important to make a good thermal contact between the LED and its mounting surface.
Recent illumination-grade LEDs contain metal fins and wings to assist in heat sinking as well
as large, flat areas suitable for attachment to heat sinks. Even larger heat sinking devices,
such as those used in some computer systems, consisting of metal slugs shaped to
SHRI A.D.K.MAHILA POLYTECHNIC, MATHURA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT
2017-18
maximize their surface area, can be incorporated into LED systems containing arrays of
LEDs. These could even be integrated into the design of the system to increase
attractiveness (Figure 10).
4 LED driver
An LED driver is an electrical device which regulates the power to an LED or a string (or strings) of LEDs. An LED
driver responds to the changing needs of the LED, or LED circuit, by providing a constant quantity of power to the
LED as its electrical properties change with temperature. An LED driver is a self-contained power supply which has
outputs that are matched to the electrical characteristics of the LED or LEDs. LED drivers may offer dimming by
means of pulse width modulation circuits and may have more than one channel for separate control of different
LEDs or LED arrays. The power level of the LED is maintained constant by the LED driver as the electrical
properties change throughout the temperature increases and decreases seen by the LED or LEDs. Without the
proper driver, the LED may become too hot and unstable, therefore causing poor performance or failure.
There are several different kinds of LED drivers. At Future Electronics we stock many of the most common types
categorized by output current per channel, supply voltage, output voltage, maximum switching frequency and
packaging type. The parametric filters on our website can help refine your search results depending on the required
specifications.
The most common sizes for supply voltage are 2.3 to 5.5 V, 2.7 to 5.5 V and 3 to 5.5 V. We also carry LED drivers
with supply voltage up to 630 V. The output current per channel can be between 250 µA and 50 A, with the most
common chips having an output current per channel of 20 mA, 25 mA and 100 mA.
Future Electronics has a complete selection of LED drivers from several chip manufacturers that can be used as a
high power LED driver, constant current LED driver, RGB LED driver, dimmable LED driver, 24v LED driver, in an
LED driver IC (integrated circuit) or LED driver board as well as for any circuits that might require LED driver chips.
Future Electronics has a complete selection of LED drivers from several chip manufacturers that can be used as a
high power LED driver, constant current LED driver, RGB LED driver, dimmable LED driver, 24v LED driver, in an
LED driver IC (integrated circuit) or LED driver board as well as for any circuits that might require LED driver chips.
SHRI A.D.K.MAHILA POLYTECHNIC, MATHURA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT
2017-18
When you are looking for the right LED drivers, you can filter the results by various attributes with the
FutureElectronics.com parametric search: by Supply Voltage (-0.3 to +20 V, 2.7 to 5.5 V, 3 to 5.5 V,… ), Output
Voltage (up to 198 V) and Maximum Switching Frequency (from 200 Hz to 200 GHz) to name a few. You will be
able to find the right LED driver chip that can be used as a constant current LED driver, high power LED driver,
RGB LED driver, 24v LED driver, dimmable LED driver, in an LED driver board or LED driver IC (integrated circuit)
and for any circuits that may require LED driver chips.
If the quantity of LED drivers required is less than a full reel, we offer to customers many of our LED driver
products in tube, tray or individual quantities that will help you avoid unneeded surplus.
In addition, Future Electronics offers its clients a unique bonded inventory program designed to eliminate potential
problems that could arise from an unpredictable supply of products containing raw metals and products with long
or erratic lead times. Talk with your nearest Future Electronics branch so you can find out more on how you can
avoid possible shortages.
5 Lamp holder
SHRI A.D.K.MAHILA POLYTECHNIC, MATHURA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT
2017-18