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Chapter 2
AGGREGATE
2.1 Classification of Aggregates
2.2 Type of Aggregates
2.3 Physical Properties
2.4 Grading of Aggregates
Aggregate is needed for any kind of constructions. Normally, natural sources for
aggregates include gravel pits, river run deposits and rock quarries. Gravel
deposits are crushed to obtain the needed size distribution, shape and texture.
Aggregate
i. Quick stiff.
Workability of concrete ii. Aggregate require wetting before mixing
in the mixer
Water and aggregates are usually premixed
Concrete mixing operation
prior to addition of cement
i. coarse surface texture
ii. lower tensile strength
Others (concrete using LWA)
iii. lower Modulus of Elasticity
iv. Higher creep and shrinkage
Bulk Density
Bulk density is a property of particulate materials. It is the mass of particles of the
material divided by the volume they occupy. The volume includes the space between
particles as well as the space inside the pores of individual particles
Specific Gravity
Specific gravity (SG) is a special case of relative density defined as the ratio of the
density of a given substance, to the density of water. Substances with a specific gravity
greater than 1 are heavier than water, and those with a specific gravity of less than 1 are
lighter than water.
2.3.1 Strength
Aggregate cannot transmit tensile force from one particle to another, but
very well in resisting compressive forces.
P kN
Example:
Concrete Strength Aggregate Strength
20 N/mm2 to 50 N/mm2 70 N/mm2 to 350 N/mm2
Environment Underground: and as lava Deposition basin: mainly Mostly deep inside
flows sea mountains chains
Major types Granite (90 MPa), basalt Sandstone (40Mpa), Schist, slate
with (160Mpa) limestone, clay
compressive
strength
2.3.2 Hardness
2.3.3 Durability
The soundness test is described in BS 812: Part 121: 1989 or ASTM C88.
As described in ASTM C 88, the soundness of aggregate is tested by
simulating the weathering effect by soaking the different sized fractions of
oven-dry sample, in sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate solution for 16
hours to create freezing effect. The sample is subjected to five cycles of
soaking and drying procedure. Tested samples were then washed and
weighted to determine loss percentage of entire samples. The results will
be compared with allowable limits to determine whether the aggregate is
acceptable.
2.3.4 Toughness
2.3.5 Porosity
Porosity is defined as the ratio of the volume of pores in particle to its total
volume (solid volume Plus the volume of pores)
All aggregates are porous; some are more porous and some are less
depending on types of aggregate.
Most of granite and limestone have very low porosity whereas a large
majority of sandstone rocks have high porosity as high as 13% and 30%.
Granite 1
Shale 3
Clay 50
Sandstone (fractured) 15
Sand 30
Gravel 25
Limestone (cavernous) 5
Chalk 20
Porosity = 100WGs .
( W + 100 )percent
Where:
W : water absorption in percent
Gs : specific gravity on saturated surface-dry basis
2.3.6 Absorption
Aggregate can capture fluid (water, moisture, asphalt binder and etc) in
surface voids. Voids represent the amount of air space between the
aggregate particles. The amount of void normally expressed as void
content and can be determined by using equation below:
Where:
SG : specific gravity
W : density of water
B : bulk density
b) Air dry : The aggregate may have some moisture but the
saturation state is not quantified.
c) SSD : The aggregate’s voids are filled with moisture but the
main surface area of the aggregate particles is dry.
The water added to the concrete mix must be adjusted to take account on
water absorption of aggregates when making concrete, to obtain constant
and required workability and strength of concrete. The determination of
MC of an aggregate is necessary to determine the net water cement ratio
for a batch of concrete. High moisture content will increase the effective
water-cement ratio to appreciable extent and make the concrete weak
unless a suitable allowance is made. BS 812: Part 109: 1990 and MS 50
described method of determination of moisture content and absorption of
aggregate. They are:
a. Displacement method
It gives the moisture content as a percentage by mass of saturated
surface dry sample
a. Shrinkage
b. Modulus of elasticity
c. Chemical reactivity
The grading curve can be drawn from this analysis and the curve showing
cumulative percentages of the material passing the sieves. The grading
curve indicates whether the grading of a given sample conforms to that
specified, or is too coarse or too fine or too deficient in particular size. The
reading of the grading curve will indicates the followings:
a. If the actual grading curve is lower than specified grading curve, the
aggregate is coarser and segregation of mix might take place.
b. If the actual grading curve lies well above the specified curve, the
aggregate is finer and more water will be required, thus increasing
the quantity of cement also for a constant water cement ratio.
Therefore, this is uneconomical.
d. If the actual grading curve is flatter than specified grading curve, the
aggregate will be deficient in middle size particles.
Uniform size of particle will contain more voids after compaction, whereas
various particle sizes will give a mass containing lesser voids.
Too fine an aggregate requires too large water cement ratio for adequate
workability. Meanwhile, larger size of aggregate will reduce the cement
requirement for a particular water-cement ratio.
Crushing rock produces angular particles with sharp corners. The corners
of aggregates break down due to weathering effect and creating
subangular particles. When the aggregate being transported in water, the
corners become completely rounded.
Rounded
Full water-worn or completely shaped by attrition
or abrasion. E.g. river or sea shore gravel
Irregular
Naturally irregular or partly shaped by attrition and
having rounded edges. E.g. Other gravel land or dug
flint
Angular
Processing well defined edges formed at the
Intersection or roughly planes faces. E.g. Crushed
focks of all types
Flaky
A material of which the thickness is small relative
to other two dimensions. E.g. Laminated rock
Elongated
The aggregate is usually angular, is shape, and the
length is considerably larger than the other two
dimensions.
An aggregate with rough and porous texture may increase the aggregate-
cement bond up to 1.75 times, in which may increase the compressive
and flexural strength of concrete up to 20%.