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FE Thermodynamics Review
Outline of Thermodynamics topics
Suggestions for FE Exam preparation
Thermo context of exam & reference
handbook
Example test questions
– morning session
– afternoon session
Exam Pointers
Familiarize yourself with the reference handbook
Make educated guesses if you can’t solve the
problem (or don’t have the time)
– cross out answers you know are incorrect
– work problems backwards using the available
answers
If a problem seems difficult
– guess and mark it
– work on it later if you have the time
1
FE pointers - Thermo
Know how to use ideal gas law & steam tables
to evaluate properties
Be able to apply 1st Law to open/closed systems
Know basic definitions/concepts (e.g., adiabatic,
isentropic, Carnot efficiency)
Know how to calculate ∆u, ∆h, and ∆s for ideal
gases & liquids/solids
2
SAMPLE MORNING
QUESTIONS
3
What is the maximum thermal efficiency possible for a
power cycle operating between 600oC and 110oC?
a) 47%
b) 56%
c) 63%
d) 74%
All real gases deviate to some extent from the ideal gas
law. For which of the following conditions are the
deviations smallest?
a) high temperatures and low volumes
b) high temperatures and low pressures
c) high pressures and low volumes
d) high pressures and low temperatures
4
The net entropy change of the universe during an
adiabatic, irreversible process is:
a) positive
b) negative
c) zero
∂Q
d)
∫T
5
Steam initially at 1 MPa and 200oC expands in
a turbine to 40oC and 83% quality. What is the
change in entropy?
a) -0.35 kJ/kg-K
b) 0.00 kJ/kg-K
c) 0.26 kJ/kg-K
d) 0.73 kJ/kg-K
6
SAMPLE AFTERNOON
QUESTIONS
7
What is the enthalpy of the steam as it enters
the condenser?
a) 2380 kJ/kg
b) 2420 kJ/kg
c) 2560 kJ/kg
d) 2600 kJ/kg
8
if
EIT EIJH E£VIE W
(
~pple Problems on ~ermodyn&mics
~)teamente~ a turbine at 300 psia and 700or \lith a veloi:1ty of 200 !'t/sec.
The mass. .flow rate of steam is 10,,000 l'bm/hr" and the heat transfer rate
from the tUrbine is .30,,000Btu./hr. The stesm .flows steadily through the
turbine and leaves the tm-bine at 1; psia as a saturated vapor with -a
velocity of 600 rt/sec. Detem.1ne: (i) the powr output of the turbine,
and (11) the irreversibility for the process" if the SU!"rOtmd1ngtemperature
is ;37~. .
(i) (11)
(A) 890 hp (A.) u;6,hOO Btoa/hr
(B) ~8" 700 hp (B) .30,000 ~
(C) 209 hp .(C) h23,400 Btu/hr
(D) 82.3 hp (D) .30,800 Btu/hr
(E) 6~ hp (E) 0 Btoa/hr .
3. J~reon-12 at 180 psia and lOOor enters an expansion valva in. a va.por-compre.ssion
refrigeration system. The flow through the valve is adiabatic, steady", and
with negligible changes in kinetic energy. Dete~e the temperature of
the Freon (if in the suJ=erheatedvapor regime) or the quality of the Freon
(if in the two-phase region) leaving the expansion valve.
2.
1.
0.37.3
-2
s.. Air is c"anpressed in a reversible steady'-flow system from 1.5 psi a and
l00~ to anrexit pres~ of 100 psia. The compression process is
polytropic, with a polytropic exponent of n -1.2.50 The air may-be
as5'4ed to behave as an ideal ga.s with constant specific heats.
Determine: (i) the change in entroPY'" (ii) the work of compression
-oer \mit ma.ss, and (iii) the heat -ttansferred per unit ma8s.
i) -(ii) (iii)
(A) -0.1)0 Btu/lbm-~ (A) +62.0 Btu/lbm (A.) -8.9 Btu/l.bm,
(B) -101.1 Btu/lbm~~ (B) -70.9 Btu/lbm (B) -26.6 Btu/lbm
(C) +0.221 E~~~-~ (C) -88.6 Btu/lbm (C) -44.3 Btu/lbm
(D) -0.039 Btu/l~-~ (D) +70.9 Btu/lbm (D) -+62.0 Btu/lbm
(E) +0.039 Btu/lbm-~ (E) +hU.3 Btu/lbm (E) +44.3 Btu/lbm
.
.)
'jI') 13,100 kW 0..516
. ) 19,500 kW 0..345
:) Uh7 kW 0.484
J) 7570 kW 0.199
17,600 kW 0.250
.r"
(: :11):A)
(. 65.2$ 39 psi
(:( 10.5% ,B) 14.7 psi
(I 89.5% 331 psi
,C),D):E)
46.8% 197 psi
53.2$ 173 psi
)
-3 -
.
9. Methane (qH4) is burned with atmospheric air. The analysis of the products.
of combustion" as determined by m Orsat apparatus (dry- analysis on a
molal bas1s~ "is as folloW's z
The products of' combustion are at 1, psia. Determine: I(i) the air-fuel
ratio on a mass basis, (1.1) the percent theoretical air, and (ill) the dew
point temperature or the products or combustion.
(1) 1:..":'1 (11) (
(A.) 11.3l1bm, air/lbm fuel (J. lS~ ( A) 213~
(B) 9.,2 lbm, air/lbm, 1'u21 (B loot ( B 12S~
(c) 7.93 lbm air/lbm .fuel (C S~ ( C) h2or
(D) 17.2 lbm, air/lbm, .fuel (D 83% ( D,) 63~
(E) 2,.9 lbm, air/lbm ruel (E 27zt ( E) 84~
S:tesmis condensed in & surface condenser at 0.50 psia. Cooling vater
at a mass .flow rate or 26 x 105 J.bm/hr is supplied at an inlet tetlperature
of 68°r. The steaM enters the condenser at a quality or 0.900 and & mass
£low rate of 8O,000 J.bm/hr. No sub-cooling of the condensate occurs.
The overall coefficient of heat transfer is U -490 Btu/br-fta_~.
Determine the square feet of condenser surface required. .
(A) J.8,900 fi2
(B) 53,000 .t't2.
(C) 16,200 .ft2
(D) J.U,OOO.ft2, .
(E) 32,400 ft2. .
10.
iii)
-4 -
.ANSWERS
.- to Sample Problems on 'l'hermod3'namics
1.. The system and the process on the T-s plane are shownbelow. Property
vaJ.ues are taken .tram. the CO!nbustionEngineering Steam Tables.
Q T
lLOOOY
8
'The initial specific volume is:
Fc)r a reversible isothermal process, the energy transfer. as heat is given by:
Q -W -U -U .m(u -u )
].2 ].2 a ]. a ].
~
-s -
(No.-l, cont'd)
.
w
~ 2
W -799.8 -($.0)(2,.0) .799.8 -12$.0 -+674.8 Btu ANS.CD)
~ 2.
2. ~rhe sy-stem is shown below. Propen,. values are taken from the Combustion
Engineering
$teamTables. .
h -1368.9 Btu/lbm (300 psia,
= ---[~.
1m
-30,000Btu/hr
J. .700Cj-) @
h2 -1150.9 Btu/lbm (15 psia, r :;t; I .
.sat.vap.) I
s -1.6758 Btu/lb -~
J. .m I .
W
s , -1. 7552 Btu/J.bm-~
2
IJ
v. ..~ .q.
W/m h -h .(y- -V';;'2)/2g
~ 2 4 2 c.
V .(-30,000/10,000) + (1368.9 -1150.9) .(2002
-6002)/(2)(32.2)(778)
ms. CD)
For stesq no " the irreversibility is given by:
...0
.
I .R
I .426,,360
T (8
0 2
-S
1
) -Q
+ 30,,000 .456,,360
0
.(10,,000)(537
Btu/hr
)(1.7552 -1.6756) -(-30,,000)
ms. (A)
~
p
<!>,---, @
180 @
psia /
'- ---
20
psia ---J..
@
h
Applying the First Law of '!'hemodynamics .f'or stead3-."f1ow" on a unit mass
basis"
q -w'"
(h -h ) ...(~- V2)/2g ...(gig )Ez -z ) .0
.12 12 C .c 1 2
T]le system. is adiabatic (q .0)" there is no mechanism .f'c:r doing work (w .0)"
C11anges in Jdnetic and potential ene rgies are negligible; therefore.. the
FjLrst Law reduces to:
h .- -h
x
2
ANS. (C)
~
-7
~ 6,Sroom
--Qg
'l'g
.
CJPJlO'l' The heat transfer rat..e to the roan. is:
REF. w
QL 10,000
~ .10,,000Btu/min. ~ -T
H
L
(-)
T
-(540°)(
4400
)
r OOLDSPACE
. ~ -J.2,270 Btu/min.
TL .-20or .hhO~ Then, 12,270
.6,Sroom
-
5400
.+ 22.7 Btu/min.-~ ANS. (D)
~Sroom
Note that the entropy of the room incre ases. because hea't is ~ to the room.
Jon alternate solution is as follows. The COP for a Carnot refrigerator is:
- -~
TH -TL 5hO -b4o w
'lben,
w .10,000/4.40 .2270 Btu/min. .53.5 hp
~
-B
p (n-1)/n 100 (
T -T (-!). -(5600,&)( -) J..2~-J.)IJ..215 -(560°)(6.667)°.2.00
2 J. P 15
1
T -(';-60°)(1.161) -R1A_),~
8 -s
2 1
s -8
2 J.
s -s
2 1 ANS. CD)
-- ~2 V dp - n(p v
2 2
n R(T -T )
.a ].
, 1 -n
~ 1 -n
- (1.25)(53.34)(818.4 -560)
(778)(1 -1.25) ANS. (0)
p (k-l)/k
T -T (-a.) -(S40~)( ~ )(~.~o-l)/~.~O
2 J. . ., (5hOO)(O.20)O.286
100
pJ.
T
2 -(540°)(0.631) .340.9~
or
~
-9
(No.6, cont'd)
ANS. (D)
~~e specific volume at the exit is found frOM the equation of stete,
v
2.
--=.- (20)(lh4)
RT (S.3..3u)(.3hO.90)
~['he required
P2
e.xit cross sectional. area. is fo1md from:
.-
m .J. V Iv
.
mv (3.0)(6.314)
2 2 2
ANS. (E)
7. TJle system and the cycle on the temperature-entropy plane are sho n below.
.Ul property. values are taken from the Canbustion Engineering S~am. Tables.
T
@
m .100,,000 700~
lbm/hr
~~ t
~
-- @
@ POMP
. "
@ ~~
-.~~ '4 -
.~~
]:1
1.
. 69.73 Btu/1~ ; V
1
h
2
-h
~
+ v (p
~ 2-
- P1 ) .69.73 + (0.016136)(400 -1)(144)/(778) .69.73 + 1.19
]~
2.
-70.92 Btu/l~
]:1
3 3
~
-10 -
(No.7, cont'd) The expansion through the turbine is isentr~icj therefore,
the quality ~t the exit of the turbine (point 4) is found from:
Jlpplying the First Law to the turbine, for steady now with negligible
c:hanges in kinetic and potential energies,
...
Wt .m (h -h ) -(lOO,OOO)(l363.h -9l6JL) .(100,000) (4h7.0).
. 3 4
12.925
~
-11
Tbe cy-cle 'on the p-v and T-s planes is sho\o'nbelow. Properties or air are:
'~ .'O.2hO Pt.u/lbm-~ ; Cv .O.l71lL Btu/lbm-Op. ; R .53.34 rt-lbr/l~-Op.
:k .J..400 .
4500Dr : @
@ @
p @ @
T
@) @
@
---@
lh.7
ps:1a (;)
v s
The temperature at the end of the compression process is found from the
isentropic relationship,
v
J.
.
The pres~ at the end of the cornpression stroke is:
RT (S3.3U)(4960°)
V
3
-~- .3.107 .ft3/J.bm
(591.h)(~)
The temperature
P3
at point 4 is fO'1nd frm
.
the isentropic relationship,
k-l
qH .h -h
3 2
8.
AHS. (E)
net work
mep-
pi~on displacement
--
v
Wnet
-v
. (442.9)(778)
1 2
mep .196. 7 1b,rl1n~
AIlS. CD)
2
-~
CO + 0.4 co + 7.,7 0
2
2
+ 84.8 N + CH 0
2. 2.
(1 + 3.76) b
AFR.-~ - --
a (7.50)
..ANS. (E)
" 2 2
-~ co
2
.
7.1
4a.
~
1.3 -
AFR
. -(2 + 7.52)/(1) .9.52 lbmole air/lbmOle fuel
theo.
'~e percent theoretical air is:
%TA.
.
AFR
. 14.31
-1..50 -1.50 % theoretical air ANS. (A)
AFRtheo. 9.$2
The mole fraction of vater in the products is:
y(H 0) .(1,.00)/(100.0 + 1,.00) .0~304
2;
The partial pressure of the water vapor in the products of c~bustion is:
p v .P m
,.(H2 0) .(1, psia.)(O.l304) -1.9,6, psia
From the Combustion Engineering Steam Tab1es~ the sa.turation tempera-ture
corresponding to this pressure is:
ANS. (B)
:From the Combustion" Engine:ring Steam TablesJ we find the .following propertie~:
T
T .68°r 2
1.
!!E~ A.P'nIlP handles liq\1id vs.ter at 6Oor and a flow rate of 20 gallons/min.
The 1n1et and outlet pressures are 20 psia and 80 psia, respectively.
Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energies, the ~~~~mumpower
required is:
(A) 5.24 hp
(B) 0.10 hp
(C) 1.00 hp
CD) 0.0.31.1hp
(E) 0.70 hp
(D) 10.00
(E) S.70
}foe 9. .An ideal Ot.to cycle uses sir as the wor1dng fluid. The compression
rai~o is 7.00 J and tJ1e max:1Jn\Z
temperature of the cycJ.e is 1400°&. The
thermal efficiency for the cycle is:
(A) 16.7%
(B) 43.3
(0) 6l.~
CD) lh.Jt
(E) 51.1.1$
No. 10. An ideal simple BrQ"ton cy-cle uses air as the wor]d.ng fluid. The maximum
and JrlniDttml.temperatures in the cy-cle are 1 aX>Dr and 6Oor, respectively. The
pressure ratio across the compressor and the turbine is 6.00 The thermal
efficiencY' for the cy-cle is:
(J..) 51 %
(B) 49 %
(C) indeterminate
(D) 60 %
(E) 110%
-3 -
water 0 @ vater at
at 6OOp 10l.74Dr
@ condenss.te
saturated liquid
101.74 Op'
The heat transfer from the stesm is:
Substituting
111 W
the numerical
23
.m 0 @
.steam at
w -~
'values, 'water I 60 Rsia and
at BOOF '
(100)(1$32.0) + 48.04 =w 100 F sprht.
.(mw + 100)(1229.8)
..
:m
w
(100)(1$32.0 -1229.8)
. (100)(312.2) -25.57 lbm/min. .ANs. (c)
(1229.8 -lIB.oll)
.
(1181.76)
~
-h-
~l,. From the Hollier chart, it is .found that
the entering state o! the ate- is in the
." 't1«>-phase region; there!ore J the steam
..t.aperature is the saturatim1 temperature
" at a preSBm"e o! 280 psia.
h
t .4U~ ANS.(D)
~ -
JNS. (E)
h28~
COP
.. TL .3.311--~
TH -TL 5560 .;. 4280 W
The irreversibill ty is I
~
-s -
~Z.!. The enthalpy values at the various
.~ts in the RsnJdne cy-cle are :
(!){I
.69.73 + 1.49 .71.22 Btu/lbm
(7---
h s
3
s -S 1.9781 -1.11921
(1 -.x) . g4~ -~ ..0.2633
4, 1.8455
Big"
h -h -(1 -x )h.r
4 g4 4 ..g"
'!be net worlc is:
."wi -W -h ) -(h -h)
Vnet turbine P1Jmp .(h 3 ..2 ].
I. A- ft -g~~.~~J
.~~~~.~ o..~ r\r'\ - 1.119 .398.25 -1.49 -.396.76 Bt.u/lbm
wnet .
The be:at added in the boiler is:
396.76 ANS.(E)
"}-- .O.JaJ .34.3t
~ U;9.98
h
1.
h
h
h
3 4
,0/
~
]~o. 8 J cont' cr. The heat absorbed in the qg
'evaporator is:
-h -h -78.335 -.33.531
% 1 "
" 0,..' ~'-~'-
% .U4.oUU D't.W.1.~
The work input to the compressor is:
w .h -h .90.853 -78.335
net 2 ~
Wnet .12.;'18 Btu/lbm
k-l 1.11-1
-1 -0.459
No.10. The thermal efficiency for the ideal Bray"ton cycle i~ given by:
1 (k-l)/k 1 (1.4-1)/1.4
"rJ -1-(-) -l-{-) .1 -0.600
6
rp
"r? .O.lJOO .40 % ANS.
--
r-,
~
KIT 'EI.AH HEVIEW
5. In the pressure-temperature diagrmn for H2O sho.-n below, what is the name
of
(A) thepour
point labeled -P?
point
(B) isentropic point ~
~
(C) cri tic;l point ~ ~
C/]
(D) triple point C7) 0
C/)
(E) nomal boiling point ~ p
VAPOR
m-iPERAI'URE
1.
4.
-2 -
The ma:x:im-um
thermal efficiency that can be obtained in an ide al reversible
heat engine operating between lS40~ and 340~ is cJ,osest to:
(A.). lO~ '
(B) 6\Yp
(0) 7~
(D) hot
(E) 2~
10.
.9.
3
The rate of heat transfer through a given section of' a un1.form ve1.l for a
gi Ten temperature di.f"ference is:
(A.) directly proportimlal to the coe;fficient of' thermal conduct! vi t7 and
'to the thickness ot the vall .
(B) inversely proportional to the c~tficient of thermal conductivity and
dire ctly proportional to the thickness of' the vall
(C) directly proportional to the c~tticient of' therm&1. coMuctivit,- and
iDversely proportional to the thickness ot the vill
(D) inverselY' proportional to the coefficient of thermal conductivit.v and
'to 'the thickness at the vall
(E) independent ot the thicIaless of the vall
Given a vall ha'rlng an inner surface temperature of BOor and the outer
S"ar.tace is exposed. to abient .wind and surraandings at .$O~. The. ~nvecti va
heat trmsfer coefficient for a 1.$ mph wind is about 7 Bt"1J/hr-ft2_~.
Neglecting 8%]j"' radiatian losses.. cal~ate the overall heat tranSfer
coefficient for the Cmlduction and convection heat transfer. The heat nux
t.hrough the wall'is 2h Bt1J/hr-fta..
(A) 0.14 BtWhr-ft 2- or
(B) 0.80 Btu/hr-ft2_~
(c) J..2.$Btu/hr-ft2_or
(D) 7.J.0 Btu/hr-ft2_or
(E) 8.20 Btu/br-ft2-or
"
-4-
2.
(c)
4. CD)
5.
7. (A.)
B. (C)
.
".Q -w. u
(B)
engine)
60%.is The
given
thermal
by: efficien~ of an ideal reversible heat engine (Carnot
BOo~
22. (B)
(C)
~. (C)
(B)
u .(2h)/(BOO
-50°) .0.80 ~~~
hr-!t -F
u.
6.
3.
1.
13.
10.
15.
EIT Exmn Renew -~ODmA.\!ICS Section
~"J."U
JJI 0UTLDl.E
1. Conce'Ct,sand Definitions
outle2:ts me (h~!
Q -W +
inl~Smi(hi
d. Closed systeD1:
.-a;e.d.........
-2 -
Ste ady'-!'low
7]carnot.
TH -TL
T
., roP carnot .T TL
-T
H H L
c. Clausius and Ielvi!1-Planck etateIl1.ents of the Second Law
t.
d.
e.
b.
3-
-dQ
g. Closed system:
-+P -(s
T S 2 -S1,) stored
Stsad3'-flow sys'tem:
-
dq
-+p'S -s
"T s e i
GE!neralirreversibi1i ty equation:
I .TASstored + L meTose
outlets
oj. Stead:'1-i'lowsystem:
RS"Hne cy-cle
&aheat cy-cle
c.d.Regenerati va cycle ( with open or ~osed
Vapor-compression refrigeration cy-cle
feedwater hea~rs)
e.
..
Otto cycle (spark-ignition intemaJ. combustion engine)
#
Die~el c7cle
Stirling cy-cle (external combustion engine)
g.h.1.
Brqton C7c1e (gas turbine engine)
Brqton cy-cle with:
intercooling
rehe at
regeneration
isentropic efficienay for compressor and turbine
1.
h.
a.b.
-4-
-
c~-~1
7c
~rf
rf
- ... - ...
to)
~ Co) g.
ft
~ ~
CI
g, ~
= Eo4
I
fot
I
0 .
~ c~
.""--'"
C P4 .
~
g.P4 E-t_ , io4P4
. ...
I
..ft
ft
rof
I
-
~ft
g.
ft
I
f"'f fot
-Q.
C)
«
2 g. E-t~1 E-t g, c
~
=
!
c .of -rt
c
~ ~ ~ Eo4
.of ~
H
t)
re
~
g
e...
~
.
0
~
. ~
~
I
~cw r-4
CI
~
I
~CI
~
N
~
I
I
Eo4
-0-
c
CW
0
H E-cftlE-c ~ ~
~ - - -..
~
is ~ I .
~ct
ct
~"1 ~
- - >~I p
-~
~
~
.
0
~
~
..
c:
r-I
P4
~
rf
0 ~ ~
~
r-.
~
0 >..
~
~P4
~
Prf
c..
=
~
~
H - -.. -..
.
r4 E-t Eo4
~ 0 ... to-
I
~ ~
~
rJ]
.
0
Q,
.('I
E-t,
>NI ~
I
I (-4
~ - ~
t
cw
to-
0
Eo4
->
()
~ ~
~
g.
e H
5
&{
~ - -"
.I
~
~
fo4
.
0
~
~
~
r4
.
e... E-o
I
~ ~ E-4
ft l
E-4
r4
0
~
0
tJ
m
~
H
C
0
ori ~ D- ~
f'f
.c
~
~
"
~
~ ~ ~
~ ~
~
Po
oc
p
I I ,
~ I N N (II
CJ' Po
~
~ t'a r4 cq ... = .:: m
~ ~
..
-.5
~eic'l~~ ~c1_~
@ TURBnlE
_c- ,.-
~
A rom;R c ~Wt
@CONIENSER
~ @~~~;~. ~
s
Wp"""'"
QH -h -h ,.w t .h 3 .' h" -h
1
2
~hee.t_C1'c1e
-h ) + (h -h) .h -p )
2 s -I 2 ~
3
.{h -h)
c.-h -h 3 6
~.L. & 1
~~!rati ve Cy-~
--~-
@)
@
l
~ ""1..~- Wt
~ ~ ~-
W
~ ~
-J@~;~~-~ ~
5
p2 WPJ.
-h )/(h
e.
~.h -h
" 3 2.
"
l3(!)
~
-6 -
JIR-ST.A!fDARDPO~ CYCLES
Otto Cycle
~e~l Qzc_l~
p T
~tirling Cycle
~
-7 -
REI.ATIONSHIPS FOR AIR-SfANDARD R)'Q CYCLES
v p~
D1&X
compression ratio .-.presS'tlre ratio
rv ~p
Vmin Pmin
T v t
---~ -temperatureratio ~ -~ -thermal e.t'.t'iciency
rT
TJdn qH
Otto Cycle
k-l k
"'J -1-(-)
1 T .T r
k-l
] ) . P r
r 2 1. v 2. 1. V
.v
k-l k-l
T .T ]) - P r Ir
r -V Iv:. v Iv .. 1 rirv '4 J. 1" V
v 2.2. 43
r", -T tr
3 J.
Diese1 Q:9'cle
T
; r .2. .cut-off ratio
~ c T
2.
k-J. k
r -v Iv T -T r
Pa -p1,ry
v 2. a a J. v
k-l k
T .T r r P3 .P2. -P1, rV
3 1. c v
k k
T .T r P4. P1, rC
" 1. C
~t~lin~ Cycle
T .T .T P2, ry
~ 2 1. L
T .T .T
rv ..3 H
r .r r D P /p
p T v 3 1.
rT
Pa.
-8 -
~
caiP.
~j--~~;~-i~2 @TURBnlE
C~BUS1'ER
-w:c~ 1
Vnet
..-~
@~4~
~
1 (k-l)/k
"'J -1-(-) (k-l)/k
r T
2.
-T r
1 p
p
T -T
" 3. rir~k-l)/k
0 ,QH @
-~~I~~~;:;;;:.."'-l CQ!PP.E
S5OR
,-
VAI.VE~
!}= -.-w
~ I .-0
EVAPORATOR
h
h -h
COP-qt -- 1. 3
~-h -h -h-h
w b -h ~ 1 " 1 3
c 1
W .h -h
c 2 1 q .h -h
B 2 3
I/i-;: