Perfect Final Report 1of 1

SOIL STABILIZATION WITH NANO CHEMICAL
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL
Soil stabilization is a way of improving the weight bearing capabilities and
performance of in-situ sub-soils, sands, and other waste materials . Soil stabilization aims at
improving soil strength and increasing resistance to softening by water through bonding the
soil particles together. Usually the technology provides an alternative provision structural
solution to a practical problem. The simplest stabilization processes are compaction and
drainage (if water drains out of wet soil it becomes stronger). The other process is by
improving gradation of particle size and further the improvement can be achieved by adding
binders to the weak soils. Soil stabilization can be accomplished by several methods. All
these methods fall into two broad categories namely:
 Mechanical Stabilization.
 Chemical Stabilization.
A problem that is continuously faced by an engineer is to deal with techniques by

which poor subgrade may be improved by means of stabilization. In many instances,
subgrade soils which are unsatisfactory in their native state can be altered by means of
adding admixtures or quantities of aggregate or by proper compaction and thus make it
suitable for highway subgrade construction. In its broadest sense soils stabilization implies
improvement of soil so that it can be used for sub bases, bases, and in some rare instances,
surface courses. For all engineering design problems the economy of the problem decides the
benefits derived from the stabilization procedure will determine whether the stabilization
process is required or not.
Department of Civil Engineering,

Jain College of Engineering, Belagavi. Page 1
Types of stabilization:
1) Mechanical stabilization
2) Lime stabilization.
3) Cement stabilization.
4) Lime-fly ash stabilization.
5) Using Bitumen.
6) Other chemicals like Stabling, Soil fix and Zydex etc.
 Mechanical stabilization
Under this category, soil stabilization can be achieved through physical process by
altering the physical nature of native soil particles by either induced vibration or compaction
or by incorporating other physical properties such as barriers and nailing.
 Chemical stabilization
Under this category, soil stabilization depends mainly on chemical reactions between
stabilizer (cementitious material) and soil minerals (pozzolanic materials) to achieve the
desired effect. A chemical stabilization method is used in this study and therefore throughout
the rest of this report the term soil stabilization will mean chemical stabilization.
Through soil stabilization, unbound materials can be stabilized with cementitious
materials (cement, lime, fly ash, bitumen or combination of these). The stabilized soil
materials have a higher strength, lower permeability and lower compressibility than the
native soil. The method can be achieved in two ways namely: in situ stabilization and ex-situ
stabilization.
The successful construction of highways requires the construction of a structure that
is capable of carrying the imposed traffic loads. One of the most important layers of the road
is the actual foundation, or subgrade. Where the subgrade is found in an inherently weak soil.
This material is typically then removed and replaced with a stronger granular material.
This “remove and replace” technique can be both costly and time consuming. Where
aggregates are scarce, the use of these non-renewable resources is viewed as non-sustainable,
particularly if haulage distances are significant. An alternative to the “remove and replace”
option is to chemically stabilize the host material. This eliminates the requirement to replace
the material and ensures the engineering characteristics and performance of the host material
is enhanced to allow for its use within the pavement structure.
In general soil stabilization consists of two elements increase the stiffness of soil and
maintain stiffness by maintaining correct moisture content. This practice can be used to lower
the compressibility of soil and therefore reduce the settlement when structure is building on
it. The term soil stabilization means the improvement of the stability or bearing capacity of
the soil by controlled compaction proportioning and or the addition of suitable admixture or
stabilizers. Soil stabilization deals with physico-chemical and chemical methods to make the
stabilized soil serve its purpose as pavement component material.
Soil stabilization is the alteration of soils to enhance their physical properties.

Stabilization can increase the shear strength of soil and control the shrink-swell properties of
soil, thus improving the load bearing capacity of a subgrade to support pavements and
foundations. Stabilization can be used to treat a wide range of subgrade materials varying
from expansive clay to granular materials. This process is accomplished by using a wide
variety of additives, including lime, fly ash & Portland cement. Other material byproducts
used in stabilization lime-kiln dust and cement-kiln dust. Proper design and testing is an
important component of stabilization project. This testing will establish proper design criteria
in determining the proper additive and admixture rate to be used to achieve the desired
engineering properties.
Soil stabilization is the permanent physical and chemical alteration of soil to enhance
their physical properties. Stabilization can increase the shear strength of a soil there by
controlling the shrink-swell properties of soil and, improving the load bearing capacity of a
subgrade. Stabilization can be used to treat a wide range of subgrade materials from
expansive clays to granular materials.
Improvement of soil properties after stabilization
 Bonds soil particle together (increases strength and stiffness).

 Reduces permeability (fills voids, forms membrane).
 Improves compaction (lubrication, particle restructuring).
1.1 Needs and Advantages

Construction of structures depends a lot on the bearing capacity of the soil
hence we need to stabilize the soil which makes it easier to predict the load bearing capacity

of the soil and even improve the load bearing capacity. The gradation of the soil is also a very
important property to keep in mind while working with soils. The soils may be well-graded
which is desirable as it has less number of voids or uniformly graded which though sounds
stable but has more voids. Thus it is better to mix different types of soils together to improve
the soil strength properties. It is very expensive to replace the inferior soil entirely soil and
hence soil stabilization is the thing to look for in these cases.
 It increases the bearing capacity of soil.
 It is more economical both in terms of cost and energy to increase the bearing
capacity of the soil rather than going for deep foundation or raft foundation.
 It is also used to provide more stability to the soil in slopes or other such places.
 Sometimes soil stabilization is also used to prevent soil erosion or formation of dust,
which is very useful especially in dry and arid weather.
 Stabilization is also done for soil water-proofing; this prevents water from entering
into the soil and hence helps the soil from losing its strength.
 It helps in reducing the soil volume change due to change in temperature or moisture
content.
 Stabilization improves the workability and the durability of the soil.
1.2 Factors Affecting the Strength of Stabilized Soil

Presence of organic matters, sulphates, sulphides and carbon dioxide in the stabilized
soils may contribute to undesirable strength of stabilized materials.

Organic Matter
In many cases the top layers of most soil constitute large amount of organic matters.
However, in well drained soils organic matter may extend to a depth of 1.5 m. Soil organic
matters react with hydration product e.g. calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) resulting into low pH
value. The resulting low pH value may retard the hydration process and affect the hardening
of stabilized soils making it difficult or impossible to compact.
Compaction
In practice, the effect of addition of binder to the density of soil is of significant
importance. Stabilized mixture has lower maximum dry density than that of unstabilized soil
for a given degree of compaction. The optimum moisture content increases with increasing
binders. In cement stabilized soils, hydration process takes place immediately after cement
comes into contact with water. This process involves hardening of soil mix which means that
it is necessary to compact the soil mix as soon as possible. Any delay in compaction may
result in hardening of stabilized soil mass and therefore extra compaction effort may be
required to bring the same effect. That may lead to serious bond breakage and hence loss of
strength.
Stabilized clay soils are more likely to be affected than other soils due to alteration of
plasticity properties of clays. In contrary to cement, delay in compaction for lime-stabilized
soils may have some advantages.
Moisture Content
In stabilized soils, enough moisture content is essential not only for hydration process
to proceed but also for efficient compaction. For soils with great soil-water affinity (such as
clay, peat and organic soils), the hydration process may be retarded due to insufficient
moisture content, which will ultimately affect the final strength.
Temperature
Pozzolanic reaction is sensitive to changes in temperature. In the field, temperature
varies continuously throughout the day. Pozzolanic reactions between binders and soil
particles will slow down at low temperature and result into lower strength of the stabilized
mass. In cold regions it may be advisable to stabilize the soil during the warm season.
Freeze-Thaw and Dry-Wet Effect

Stabilized soils cannot withstand freeze-thaw cycles. Therefore in the field it may be
necessary to protect the stabilized soils against frost damage shrinkage forces in stabilized
soil will depend on the chemical reactions of the binder. Cement stabilized soil are
susceptible to frequent dry-wet cycles due to diurnal changes in temperature which may give
rise to stresses within a stabilized soil and therefore should be protected from such effects.
1.3 Nano Chemical (Terrasil)

Terrasil is a water soluble, easy to apply, nanotechnology based organo-
silane. It is a UV & heat stable reactive soil modifier to stabilize & waterproof soil subgrade.
It is a green technology enabling minimal use of aggregates. Terrasil is a non leachable and
safe chemistry, works with all types of soils and makes it impervious to water.
It reacts permanently with the soil surface and chemically converts water absorbing silanol
groups to water resistant alkali siloxane surface room temperature.
Reduces expansiveness
Hydrated soil expands horizontally & vertically creating swelling pressure

in the soil bases due to water absorption & absorption causing undulation and can also lead to
cracking the top bituminous layers. Terrasil reduces expansiveness of the soil. Cement
addition of 1% ensures additional strength. Zycobond is an acrylic co-polymer dispersion for
bonding soil particles and imparting resistance to soil erosion and dust controls. It is mixed
with terrasil solution and sprayed on compacted soil
Builds Impermeabily
Terrasil solution (2:300 dilution with water) applied at can waterproof upto
10mm soil depth and reduce permeability upto 10-8 cm/sec. Water will take minimum of 100
days to travel through the barriers. Maintains breathability by creating a one way barrier.Soil
sub-base remains dry with Terrasil treatment throughout the rainy season due to >99.5%
reduction in water ingress.
Increases Compaction

Terassil the negative charge & Lubricity Effect of alkly chains helps the soil
to pack better even with variability of OMC near the optimum range.Maintains dry CBR in
rainy season.
Figure No. 1.3.1 Structure of treated and untreated soil
Table No 1.3.1 General dosages of terrasil

CBR(%) Terrasil(Kg/m3) Cement
4-6 0.70
6-8 0.50
1% by weight
>8 0.35 of soil
<4 >=1.0
1.4 Objectives of Present Study
 To study the Index and Engineering properties of soil.

 To investigate the effect of chemical stabilization of the road construction.
 To increase the CBR value of soil this in turn reduces the thickness of pavement and
strengthens the subgrade.
 To study the permeability property of soil to improve the resistance to capillary

action.
 At the optimum dosage of chemical we can obtain improved soil properties.
CHAPTER 2
Literature Review

 Agus Settyo Munttohar & Roslan Hashim (2002) experimented that expansive
soil is a problem in India and many such other countries. Current research found
that there is a potential of using silica waste was resulting from the burning of rice
husk as a pozzolanic materials. This paper presents the results of study on the
silica waste utilization produced from open field rice husk burnt in Yogyakarta
(Indonesia). The rice husk ash and lime was mixed to stabilise expansive soils. In
this research, a series of laboratory tests has been conducted namely the physical
and index properties, compaction, CBR, consolidation, and shear strength tests.
The research shows that lime – rice husk ash decreased the swell of expansive soil
and improved its strength and bearing capacity. It implies that the agricultural
waste can be turned into a practical use.
 Justyna mrugala (2007) carried out study on soil stabilization with foamed
bitumen , foamed bitumen is a new material used for soil stabilization. Its
suitability was assessed by conducting laboratory tests for uniform-grained soil. It
is reported that by applying foamed bitumen it is possible to produce a semi-rigid
layer of stabilised soil. The conclusions are, the use of 3.0% foamed bitumen and
2.0% cement contents ensures meeting the requirements according to the
standards with regard to compressive strength and frost resistance of the stabilized
soil. With the addition of foamed bitumen and cement increase the final fraction
content, it is possible to create a semi-rigid stabilized soil layer, which not only
has the proper compressive strength. The use of foamed bitumen to stabilize
uniform grained soil can create improved ground layer but also a surface base.
 Folagbade Oriola, et al, (2010) carried out a study on ground nut shell ash
stabilization of black cotton soil, The stabilization of black cotton soil with
groundnut shell ash is thus unattainable. However, groundnut shell ash shows
progressive strength development with longer curing periods from the
observations of the 7, 14 and 28 days cured unconfined compressive strength of
specimens.

 Ogunniyi, et al, (2011) determined the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil

modified with sugarcane straw ash with a view to obtaining a cheaper and
effective replacement for the conventional soil stabilizers. Geotechnical strength
tests (compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR), unconfined compression test
and triaxial) were also performed on the samples, both at the stabilized and
unstabilized states (adding 2, 4, 6, and 8% sugarcane straw ash). The results
showed that sugarcane straw ash improved the geotechnical properties of the soil
samples. Sugarcane straw ash was therefore found as an effective stabilizer for
lateritic soils.
 Amu Olugbenga Oludolapo, et al, (2011) evaluated the suitability and lime
stabilization requirement of some selected lateritic soil samples as pavement
construction materials.. Results of the preliminary tests classified the samples as
fair to poor pavement construction materials.. The compressive and shear
strengths were also improved.The stabilized soil satisfies the requirement of
subgrade material.
 P. Ramesh et al (2012) conducted experiments on black cotton soil using

Calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate. And after addition of chemicals the
study shows decrease in the optimum moisture content and increase in the
maximum dry unit weight. The maximum improvement in strength occurs at 0.5
% of the chemicals. The California Bearing Ratio values of the admixed soil are
higher than that of the unstablilized soil.
 P. Venkara Muthyalu et al (2012) noted that the expansive soils, such as black
cotton soils, are basically susceptible to detrimental volumetric changes, with
changes in moisture. This behavior of soil is attributed to the presence of mineral
montmorillonite, which has an expanding lattice. Understanding the behavior of
expansive soil and adopting the appropriate control measures have been great task
for the geotechnical engineers. Extensive research is going on to find the solutions
to black cotton soils. There have been many methods available to controlling the
expansive nature of the soils. Treating the expansive soil with electrolytes is one
of the techniques to improve the behavior of the expansive ground. Hence, in the

present work, experimentation is carried-out to investigate the influence of

electrolytes i.e., potassium chloride, calcium chloride and ferric chloride on the
properties of expansive soil.
 Rajesh Prasad Shukla, Rajendra Prasad Tiwari & Bal Krishna Agrawal
found out that many houses and roads had experienced cracks and damages due to
black cotton soil swelling and contractive characteristics of soil. Sea salt had been
used as an additive as it is easily available at low price. Index properties such as
liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index of fine grained soils has been
decreased with addition of salt in soil. Swelling characteristic is a main
characteristic of black cotton soil and it is observed that with the addition of salt,
swelling pressure and swelling index has been reduced by a significant amount.
Optimum moisture content has decreased and density has been increased with
addition of black cotton soil.
 Lekha B.M et al (2013) conducted laboratory experiments on black cotton soil

using terrasil as chemical additive in different dosages and study shows
improvement in subgrade strength and hence reduction in pavement thickness and
also permeability test results indicated that stabilized soil becomes waterproof
with addition of chemical.
 Keerthi Y, et al (2013) the study carried out by the authors is to overcome the
disposal cement kiln dust research had been carried out in different parts of the
world to find out the economical and efficient means of using cement kiln dust
(CKD) various applications like soil stabilization,Treatment with cement kiln dust
was found to be an effective option for improvement of soil properties, based on
the testing conducted as a part of this research. By examining the values obtained
ideal values are obtained at 50% proportional mix of CKD in total percentage.
 Rama Chavali, et al, (2014) in their study an attempt was made to assess the
effectiveness of clayey soil blended with Beas sand and fly ash for soil
stabilization by studying the subgrade characteristics. It gives solution for proper
disposal of fly ash and also provides good subgrade material for pavement

construction. The results show substantial improvement in compaction and

California bearing ratio of composite containing clay, sand and fly ash (70: 30:
10). The stabilized soil which can be used as a sub-grade material for construction
of flexible pavements in rural roads with low traffic volume.
CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS USED
Soil
For the present study soil sample is collected from near by area of Gokak fall, district
Belagavi. The various properties of soil before and after treatment are determined.
Stabilizer
Terrasil, a commercially available chemical stabilizer, is used in the present

investigation. It is available in concentrated liquid form and is to be diluted with water in
specified proportion before mixing with the soil. The stabilizer used in this study was bought
from Zydex Industries,Hubli.
Table No 3.1 Technical specifications of terrasil
Property Description
Appearance Pale yellow liquid
Viscosity at 25ºC 20-100poise
Specific gravity 1.01
Flash Point Flammable 12ºC
Solubility Forms water clear solution
Mineral Additives
The various mineral additives such as Fly ash, cement, GGBS, Metakaolin
and Silica fume can be used which makes the soil stiff and increases the strength of
soil.
In this study cement by 1% of weight of soil is used as an additive, so as to

accelerate alkali reaction and to increase the strength. Addition of cement to the soil
increases its stiffness.

CHAPTER 4
4.1 STUDY METHODOLOGY
Material collection
The various materials are collected such as soil, cement and

stabilizer (Terrasil).The various tests are conducted to evaluate the basic soil
properties.
Evaluation of soil properties
The basic soil properties such as wet sieve analysis, CBR, Compaction test,
UCS, Consistency limits, Permeability test are conducted.

Treating the soil with chemical to determine the optimum

dosage by conducting CBR
The soil is treated with various dosages such as 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 Kg/m 3 by
volume of soil+1% cement. The optimum dosage is then determined.
Improved soil properties at optimum dosage
The various tests are conducted to determine the soil properties are at the
optimum dosage of the stabilizer. The improved properties of soil are observed.
CHAPTER 5
5.1 EVALUATION OF BASIC PROPERTIES OF SOIL
The laboratory evaluation of strength parameter i.e. CBR test, for soil classification
wet sieve analysis, Liquid limit and Plastic limit tests and to check the maximum dry density
(MDD) & optimum moisture content (OMC) Compaction test were carried out as
recommended by IS 2720 (Part I - XVI) standard.
5.1.1 Wet sieve analysis:
A soil of 200gm is weighed and washed through 75 micron sieve till the clear water
passes from sieve. residue is then subjected to air dry and oven dry and sieve analysis was
carried out on soil as per IS 2720 (part IV) and results are tabulated in Table 5.1.1.1

Figure No 5.1.1 Set of Sieves
Sample taken=200g
Residue left after sieve analysis= 103.3g
Table No 5.1.1.1 Observation of wet sieve analysis
Mass of soil Corrected Percentage Cumulative % Finer

Sieve size retained on mass(gm) mass % retained
(mm) each retained on
sieve(gm) each sieve
4.75 11 11.011 10.66 10.66 89.34
2.36 4.6 4.604 4.46 15.12 84.88
1.18 2.4 2.402 2.32 17.44 82.56
0.85 5.1 5.105 4.94 22.38 77.62
0.6 8.3 8.308 8.04 30.42 69.58
0.425 6.4 6.406 6.20 36.62 63.38
0.3 17.1 17.116 16.57 53.19 46.81
0.15 36.2 36.235 35.08 88.27 11.73

0.075 11.1 11.111 10.76 99.03 0.97

Pan 1.0 1.000 0.0097 99.04 0.96
Graph No 5.1.1.1 Wet Sieve Analysis
The grain size distribution of soil sample is shown in above graph. The respective value of
% finer to sieve size D 10, D20 and D30 are determined. The co-efficient of uniformity (C u) and
curvature(Cc) are 2.86 and 1.03.
Table No. 5.1.1.2 Results of wet sieve analysis
Grain size distribution Result in (%)

Gravel Size 5.5
Sand size 48.5
Silt and clay 46
The above results show that the soil sample is Clayey Sand.
5.1.2 Consistency limits
Consistency for a particular soil is defined by the water content present when it
changes its response to stress. This measurement has been further refined by establishing
Atterberg Limits. These limits divide four different "states" of consistency. If a soil is heavily
saturated with water and then is dried out it will move from a liquid state to a plastic state to
a semisolid state and then to a solid state.
The dividing line between the liquid and plastic states is the liquid limit (LL). The dividing
line between the plastic and semisolid states is the plastic limit (PL) Liquid limit and plastic
limit was carried out on only native soils as per IS 2720 (part V). The liquid limit and plastic
limit was not carried on blended soils because, as we are using soil passing 425 micron and
in the study we are used coarse sand there is no scope for LL & PL changes from native soil.
(a) Liquid limit (LL)
Liquid Limit was carried out on soil passing through 425 micron using
Casagrande Apparatus. The water is so added that the standard groove should close within 20
to 30 number of blows. The moisture content respective to the 25 blows gives the liquid limit
(LL) of the soil. The observation are shown in table no. 5.1.2.1
Figure No 5.1.2.1 Casagrande apparatus

Table No 5.1.2.1 Observation of liquid limit (LL)
Determination Number. 1 2 3 4
Container Number 1 2 3 4
Weight of container (W1) 5.9 5.5 5.5 5.6
Weight of container+Wet 8.6 7.6 8.3 8.0

soil (W2)
Weight of container+Dry 7.9 6.9 7.4 7.1
soil (W3)
Weight of water (W2-W3) 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9
Weight of oven dry soil 2.0 1.4 1.9 1.5

(W3-W1)
Moisture content( %) 35 40 47 60
Number of blows 29 23 26 22
Graph No. 5.1.2.1 Liquid Limit

Liquid limit estimated for 25 blows is = 49%
As liquid limit of the soil sample is above 35% hence soil is medium compressible.
(b) Plastic limit(PL)
Plastic Limit test was carried out on soil passing through 425 micron. The Plastic limit is the
moisture content at which 3mm thread rolled starts crumbling.
Figure No 5.1.2.2 Soil rolled in threads
The soil sample is found to be non-plastic.
(c) Plasticity Index(PI)
The plasticity index is defined as difference between liquid limit(LL) and plastic limit(PL)
The plasticity index of soil sample (LL-PL) = Nil
5.1.3 Compaction test:
Compaction test was carried out on soil sample. The test was carried out as per IS 2720 (part
VIII) and the results are tabulated in Table 5.1.3.1
To obtain the optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD) Standard
proctor compaction test was conducted i.e. light compaction and the soil has been compacted
in three layers with rammer of 50 mm diameter, 2.5 kg weight with a free drop of 310 mm.

Figure No 5.1.3.1 Mechanism of compaction
Table No 5.1.3.1 Observation of compaction

test
Dry Density KN/m3 Moisture Content(%)

15.83 17.64
15.89 17.86
15.97 18.46
16.05 20.96
15.15 22.58
Graph No 5.1.3.1-Nature of Compaction curve
The above graph shows the ;
Optimum Moisture Content (OMC)=20.96%
Maximum Dry Density (MDD)=16.05 KN/m3

5.1.4 Permeability test:
The permeability specimen was prepared using the standard compaction method. The
permeability was conducted on untreated soil specimen. The observation shows that
the soil sample specimen was fully saturated.
The value of permeability of soil sample (falling head 1cm) = 10-6 cm/sec
5.1.5 Unconfined Compressive Strength
The specimen was prepared using the soil passing through 425 microns with water
added at OMC. The Unconfined Compressive Strength(UCS) was conducted
according UCS (IS:2720, Part-X).
The Unconfined compressive strength test was conducted on unstabilised soil

specimen the results are tabulated in Table no. 5.1.5.1
Figure No 5.1.5.1 Unconfined Compressive strength testing machine

Dimensions of specimen:
Initial : Ho=7.5cm, Do=3.8cm.
Table No 5.1.5.1 Observation of UCS test
No. of divisions Proving ring constant (kg) Failure load (kg)

20 0.6 12
Final: D1=4.2cm, D2=4.35cm,D3=4.2cm, D avg=4.216cm.

H1=6.5cm
Aavg=13.96cm2
Compressive strength of unstabilised soil specimen=91Kpa
5.1.6 CBR (California Bearing Ratio)
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test was developed by the California division of
highway as a method of classifying and evaluating soil subgrade and base course materials
for flexible pavements. CBR test is an empirical test which is used to determine the material
properties for pavement design. The test is carried out as per IS 2720 (part XVI).
Standard load for 2.5mm penetration=1370kg
Standard load for 5.0mm penetration=2055kg

Figure No 5.1.6.1 California Bearing Ratio test setup.
CBR test results are tabulated in Table No. 5.1.6.1
Table No 5.1.6.1 Observations for CBR for untreated soil
Penetration (mm) CBR%

2.5 1.38
5 1.15
CHAPTER 6

6.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1.1 California Bearing Ratio (CBR):
The CBR test was carried on various dosages i.e, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kg/m3 of volume soil
used and tests were conducted after 96 hours of soaking. The diluted solution of chemical in
the ratio of 2:300 is prepared and sprayed on the both faces of mould to make surface
waterproof and then kept for soaking.
(a) Before treatment (b) After treatment
Figure No 6.1.1.1 Test samples of CBR (Soaked)

Graph No 6.1.1.1-Comparison of CBR values of untreated and treated soil for

various dosages of stabilizer.
From the above graph it is observed that the increase in CBR value at 0.5, 1.0 Kg/m3 dosage
and decrease at 1.5 Kg/m3. Hence the optimum dosage is 1.0 Kg/m3.
6.1.2 UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH:
The compressive strength test was conducted on optimum dosage (immediately after
treating with chemical and after 7 days curing) there was significant increase in strength seen
in both specimens. This is due to the chemical action, which makes the soil particles water
proof and stiff, and the load bearing capacity of soil gets improved. The observation are
shown in Table no. 6.1.2.1
Table No 6.1.2.1 Observations of UCS test
Dosage (Kg/m3) Compressive Strength (Kpa)

0(Untreated) 91
1.0(Immediately after treating) 119.2
1.0 (7 days curing) 187

Graph No 6.1.2.1 Comparison of results of UCS
6.1.3 PERMEABILITY:
At optimum dosage the soil behaved as impermeable and its surface was dry.

CHAPTER 7
7.1 DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT:
Considering a National Highway of 3.5 m width and 1 km length and cumulative

traffic of 10 million standard axels.
Pavement design has carried out according to IRC: 37-2001.Guidelines for the design of
flexible pavements.
Table No 7.1.1 Pavement design at CBR value of 2%
% of dosage 0 (Untreated soil)

CBR (%) 2
Cumulative traffic 10 msa
Granular Sub Base
460
(mm)
Granular Base (mm) 250
Pavement
Dense Bituminous
composition 100
Macadam (mm)
Bituminous Concrete
40
(mm)
Total Pavement thickness (mm) 850

Table No 7.1.2 Pavement design at CBR value of 6 %
% of dosage 1.0 Kg/m3

CBR (%) 6
Cumulative traffic 10 msa
Granular Sub Base
260
(mm)
Granular Base (mm) 250
Pavement composition Dense Bituminous
65
Macadam (mm)
Bituminous Concrete
40
(mm)
Total Pavement thickness (mm) 615

CHAPTER 8
8.1 COST EVALUATION:
Table No 8.1.1 Cost Evaluation for unstablized

subgrade
Untreated Items of Length Width Depth Quantity Rate Amount

soil work (m) (m) (m) (m3) (Rs/m3) (Rs)
Granular
1000 3.5 0.46 1610 818 13,16,980
Sub Base
Granular
1000 3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
Base
Dense 1000 3.5 0.10 350 7836 27,42,600
Bituminous
Macadam

Bituminous
1000 3.5 0.04 140 9523 13,33,220
Concrete
Grand total 62,51,174/-
Table No 8.1.2 Cost Evalution for stabilized subgrade

Items of Length Width Depth Quantity Rate Amount
work (m) (m) (m) (m3) (Rs/m3) (Rs)
Granular
1000 3.5 0.26 910 818 7,44,380
Sub Base
Granular
1000 3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
Base
Dense
Treated
Bituminous 1000 3.5 0.065 227.5 7836 17,82,690
soil
Macadam
Bituminous
1000 3.5 0.04 140 9523 13,33,220
Concrete
15 cm thick
Subgrade 1000 3.5 0.15 525 870 4,56,750
soil
Grand total 51,75,415/-
CONCLUSION:
1. The optimum dosage determined for soil sample is 1kg/m3.

2. CBR value increases by almost 3 times than that of untreated soil.
3. The soil becomes completely impermeable.
4. Compressive strength increase by 2 times than that of untreated soil.
5. Addition of chemical to the soil shows increase in the value of CBR, which
inturns reduces the thickness of pavement. The reduction is 38.21% thus this
saves usuage of mineral aggregates.
6. The reduction in construction cost is around 21%.Hence it is economical.

SCOPE OF PROJECT
1. The same work can be carried out on various soils
2. Soil improved by this technique can be used for various applications such as
building blocks, construction of slopes and embankment construction.
3. The combination of additives can also be used to improve the soil properties.

INSTRUMENTS USED FOR DETEMINATION OF VARIOUS

PROPERTIES OF SOIL
LIQUID LIMIT DETERMINATION BY CASAGRANDE’S APPARATUS
PLASTIC LIMIT DETERMINATION CBR APPARATUS
STANDARD PROCTOR UNCONFINED COMP. TEST APPARATUS

APPARATUS

IMAGE GALLERY
CBR SOAKED (UNTREARED) UCS MOULD AFTER

FAILURE
EQUIPMENTS AND VARIOUS MATERIALS USED

CBR MOULD KEPT FOR SOAKING SPRAYING OF CHEMICAL

SOLUTION
CBR SPECIMEN AFTER SOAKING CBR MOULD AFTER TESTING
(96hrs)

WATERPROOFING TEST
TERASSIL BOTTLE (50gm)

REFERENCES:
 Amu Olugbenga Oludolapo et al, (2011), “Lime Stabilization for Lateritic Soil
Samples” International Journal of Appplied Science Technology.
 B M Lekha et al, (2013) “ Laboratory investigation of soil stabilized with nano

chemical” Indian geotechnical Conference Paper.
• Dr.S.K.Khanna et al, (2013) “Highway materials and pavement testing manual

(Fifth edition)”Tests conducted as per IS.
 Munttohar Agus Settyo & Roslan Hashim(2002), Silica waste utilizattion in

ground improvement.
 Muthyalu P. Venkara et al, (2012), Study on performance of chemically stabilized
expansive soil .Conference Paper.
 P.Rames et al, (2012) “Efficacy of sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate in
stabilising a black cotton soil” International Journal of Emerging Technology and

Advanced Engineering. Volume-2.
 Oriola, Folagbade, Moses, George (2010) “Groundnut Shell Ash Stabilization of

Black Cotton Soil” Dept. of Civil Engg., Nigerian Defense Academy, Kaduna,
Nigeria.
 Chavali Rama Vara Prasad, Dr. R. K. Sharma (2014) “Influence of sand and fly
ash on clayey soil stabilization” Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute
of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India. IOSR-JMCE.
 Ogunniyi, S.A. and Oladeji (2011) “Geotechnical properties of lateritic soil

stabilized with sugarcane straw ash” Department of Civil Engineering, Nigeria,
American Journal Of Scientific And Industrial Research.

 Justyna Mrugala (2007) “Soil Stabilization with Foamed Bitumen” Kielce university
of technology, Dept of Civil Engg Poland.
 Y. Keerthi et al, (2013) “Stabilization of Clayey Soil using Cement Kiln Waste”
International Journal of Advanced Structures and Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 02.
 IRC 37:2012, “Guidelines for the design of flexible pavements” ,third revision Indian
Standards
 IS 2720, “Methods of test for soil”.
 Zydex Industries, www.zydexindustries.com.


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SOIL STABILIZATION WITH NANO CHEMICAL

A problem that is continuously faced by an engineer is to deal with techniques by

Department of Civil Engineering,

Soil stabilization is the alteration of soils to enhance their physical properties.

Improvement of soil properties after stabilization

 Bonds soil particle together (increases strength and stiffness).

1.1 Needs and Advantages

Department of Civil Engineering,

 It increases the bearing capacity of soil.

 Stabilization improves the workability and the durability of the soil.

1.2 Factors Affecting the Strength of Stabilized Soil

Department of Civil Engineering,

Department of Civil Engineering,

1.3 Nano Chemical (Terrasil)

Hydrated soil expands horizontally & vertically creating swelling pressure

Department of Civil Engineering,

Figure No. 1.3.1 Structure of treated and untreated soil

Table No 1.3.1 General dosages of terrasil

1.4 Objectives of Present Study

 To study the Index and Engineering properties of soil.

Department of Civil Engineering,

 To investigate the effect of chemical stabilization of the road construction.

 To study the permeability property of soil to improve the resistance to capillary

 At the optimum dosage of chemical we can obtain improved soil properties.

Department of Civil Engineering,

Department of Civil Engineering,

 Ogunniyi, et al, (2011) determined the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil

 P. Ramesh et al (2012) conducted experiments on black cotton soil using

Department of Civil Engineering,

present work, experimentation is carried-out to investigate the influence of

 Lekha B.M et al (2013) conducted laboratory experiments on black cotton soil

Department of Civil Engineering,

construction. The results show substantial improvement in compaction and

Terrasil, a commercially available chemical stabilizer, is used in the present

Table No 3.1 Technical specifications of terrasil

Appearance Pale yellow liquid

Viscosity at 25ºC 20-100poise

Specific gravity 1.01

Flash Point Flammable 12ºC

Solubility Forms water clear solution

In this study cement by 1% of weight of soil is used as an additive, so as to

Department of Civil Engineering,

The various materials are collected such as soil, cement and

Evaluation of soil properties

UCS, Consistency limits, Permeability test are conducted.

Department of Civil Engineering,

Treating the soil with chemical to determine the optimum

Improved soil properties at optimum dosage

5.1 EVALUATION OF BASIC PROPERTIES OF SOIL

5.1.1 Wet sieve analysis:

Department of Civil Engineering,

Figure No 5.1.1 Set of Sieves

Residue left after sieve analysis= 103.3g

Table No 5.1.1.1 Observation of wet sieve analysis

Mass of soil Corrected Percentage Cumulative % Finer

Department of Civil Engineering,

0.075 11.1 11.111 10.76 99.03 0.97

Graph No 5.1.1.1 Wet Sieve Analysis

Table No. 5.1.1.2 Results of wet sieve analysis

Grain size distribution Result in (%)

5.1.2 Consistency limits

(a) Liquid limit (LL)

Figure No 5.1.2.1 Casagrande apparatus

Department of Civil Engineering,