Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
3 Conic Sections
1.3 Conic Sections
Def. A line lying
entirely on the
cone is called a
generator of the
cone, and all
generators of a
cone pass
through its
vertex .
1.3 Conic Sections
FP = QP ⇒ ( x − p) + y = x + p
2 2
⇒ y = ( x + p) − ( x − p)
2 2 2
⇒ y = [ ( x + p ) − ( x − p ) ][ ( x + p ) + ( x − p ) ]
2
⇒ y = ( 2 p )( 2 x ) = 4 px
2
⇒ y = 4 px
2
Standard Equation of a Parabola
4p .
Example
For each of the given equation of a parabola,
find the
vertex
focus
principal axis
directrix
endpoints of the latus rectum
Draw a sketch of the parabola.
2
a. x = − 8y b. y 2 = 16 x
Solution for (b) x2 = − 8 y p= −2
vertex ( 0,0)
principal axis y − axis
parabola opens downward
focus ( 0, p ) = ( 0,− 2)
directrix y= − p⇒ y= 2
endpoints of the latus rectum are
(± 4,− 2 ) = ( − 4,− 2 ) and ( 4,− 2 )
2p units to the left and right of the focus,
Sketch of the graph of x2 = − 8 y
y= 2
( − 4,− 2) ( 4,− 2)
F ( 0,− 2)
Solution for (a) y 2 = 16 x p= 4
vertex ( 0,0)
principal axis x − axis
parabola opens to the right
focus ( p,0) = ( 4,0)
directrix x= − p⇒ x= −4
endpoints of the latus rectum are
( 4,± 2 p ) = ( 4,± 8) = ( 4,8) and ( 4,− 8)
Sketch of the graph of y 2 = 16 x
( 4,8)
V F ( 4,0 )
( 4,− 8)
x= −4
General Equation of the Parabola
a. ( x + 1) 2
= 3( y − 1) b. ( y + 4 ) 2
= − 4( x − 2)
Solution for (a) ( x + 1) 2 = 3( y − 3) = 4 34 ( y − 3) 3
p=
vertex ( − 1,3) 4
( − 1,3)
x= −1
Solution for (a) ( y + 4) 2 = − 4( x − 2) p= −1
vertex ( 2,− 4)
parabola opens to the left
principal axis y= −4
directrix x = h− p = 2− p ⇒ x = 3
y= −4
( − 1,3)
Sources of Figures/Pictures
http://math2.org/math/algebra/conics.htm
http://www.mathacademy.com/pr/prime/articles/conics/index.asp
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conic_section
http://xahlee.org/SpecialPlaneCurves_dir/ConicSections_dir/conicSe
http://www.clausentech.com/lchs/dclausen/algebra2/conic_se
ctions.htm
End of 1.4
1.5 The Ellipse
An ellipse is the set
of all points on the
plane, the sum of
whose distances from
two fixed points is a
constant.
→ ( x − c) 2
+ y +2
( x + c) 2 2
+ y = 2a
→ ( x − c) 2 2
+ y = 2 a− ( x + c) 2
+ y2
→ ( x − c) 2
+ y = 4 a − 4 a ( x + c) + y + ( x + c) + y
2 2 2 2 2 2
→ x − 2cx + c = 4a − 4a ( x + c ) + y 2 + x 2 + 2cx + c 2
2 2 2 2
→ 4a ( x + c ) + y 2 = 4a 2 + 4cx
2
a ( x + c ) + y 2 = a2 + cx
2
→
→ ( )
a 2 x 2 + 2cx + c 2 + y 2 = a 4 + 2a2cx + c 2 x 2
→ (a 2
) (
− c2 x2 + a2 y2 = a2 a2 − c2 ) (1)
In the triangle ∆ PF1F2 ,
___ ___ _____
PF1 + PF2 > F1F2
P(x,y)
→ a> c
2 2
→ a −c > 0
→ (a 2
) (
− c2 x2 + a2 y2 = a2 a2 − c2 )
Leta
2 2 2
−c = b . Then b 2 x 2 2 2
+ a y = ab . 2 2
2 2
x y
Dividing (1) by a 2b 2 becomes + = 1 .
a2 b2
x2 y2
Consider 2 + 2 = 1.
a b
(0,b)
The x-intercepts of the
graph are a and –a.
(-a,0 (a,0)
)
(0,-
The y-intercepts of the b)
graph are b and –b.
c
a > c
Since <1
,athen . This ratio is
the eccentricity of the ellipse while the
directrices of the ellipse are at the
lines
2
a a
x= ± = ± .
e c
2 2
The x y
equation
+ 2 =1 where a> b
2
a b
2 2
y x
2
+ 2
= 1
a b
(0,a)
• center at the origin
(-b,0) (b,0)
• y-axis is the principal axis
• vertices at (0,a) and (0,-a)
(0,-a)
• foci at (0,c) and (0,-c) with c = a - b2
2 2
x2 y2 a = 3 and b = 2.
+ =1
9 4
Solving for the value of c,
2 2 2
c = a −b
2
c = 9− 4
c= 5
Therefore, x2 y2
+ =1
• principal axis: x-axis 9 4
• vertices: ( 3,0) and ( − 3,0 )
• endpoints of the minor axis ( 0,2 ) and ( 0,− 2 )
• foci ( )
5,0 and − ( 5 ,0 )
• length of the major axis6
• length of the minor axis4
• c 5
eccentricity =
a 3
• equations of the directrices given by
9 9 5
x= ± = ±
5 5
9 5 9 5
x= − x=
5 5
(0,2)
x2 y2
+ =1
9 4
Example. Given the ellipse with equation
2 2
x y
+ =1
4 16
2
x 2
y
a = 4 and b = 2.
+ =1
4 16 Solving for the value of c,
2 2 2
c = a −b
2
c = 16 − 4
c= 12 = 2 3
Therefore, x2 y2
+ =1
• principal axis: y-axis 4 16
• vertices: ( 0,4) and ( 0,− 4 )
• endpoints of the minor axis( 2,0 ) and ( − 2,0 )
• foci (0,2 3 ) and (0,− 2 3 )
• length of the major axis 8
• length of the minor axis 4
• c 2 3
eccentricity =
a 4
• equations of the directrices given by
a2 16 8 3
y= ± = ± = ±
c 2 3 3
8 3
y=
3
(0,4)
(0,2 3 )
(-2,0 (2,0)
) (0,− 2 3 )
(0,- y= −
8 3
4) 3
2 2
x y
+ =1
4 16