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COMPRESSORS
STATIC DYNAMIC
Principle
Function of a To render a specific volume of gas from a given initial condition into a desired final condition (pressure/temperature)
a compressor
▲
2
6
▲
▲
▲▲
5
3
Impellers
Page 3 © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.
Compressor basics
Flow characteristics
The theoretical performance curve typically has a shape as
is shown in the figure below.
Friction losses
Friction losses are the
energy losses occurring in
the various flow passages
THE
of the stage caused by
SH OR gas friction (like pipe
DIS ETI
LO OCK KF CA
SSE
S RIC LC
HA
losses).
TIO RA
Shock losses
HEAD
N& CT
LEA ER
IST
KA
GE IC Shock losses occur at the
LO impeller vanes, diffuser
SSE
FR S
ICT vanes and return guide
IO
NL vanes. At high positive or
OS
SES
negative incidence (inlet
SH
OC
K
angle of the gas) the flow
LO separates from the vane
SPEED = CONSTANT SSE
S
surfaces, leading to
FLOW increased losses.
Page 4 © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.
Compressor basics
Centrifugal compression theory
Energy transfer through impeller
U = Circumferential velocity
W = Relative velocity
C = Absolute velocity
1 = Impeller inlet
2 = Impeller outlet on outlet
Theoretical head without losses:
Rc/ Rprocess,2
∆Pc/
Rprocess,1
Hp
Rc2
Rc1
Compressor
curve for a
specific speed
N1
Q2 Q1 Qs /
Qv /
Qm
process limit
Rc
adding control
margins
maximum speed
surge limit
power limit
stonewall or
choke limit
Actual available
stable zone
operating zone
of operation
minimum speed
Qs, vol
H
B A Pd
Pv
D
Rlosses
C
Qs, vol
Compressor
FT PsT PdT
1 1 1
• Also called:
– Throughput control
– Capacity control
– Process control
• Matches the compressor throughput to the load
Process
PT
1
PIC
1
• Also called:
– Throughput control
– Capacity control
– Process control
• Matches the compressor throughput to the load
PT
1
PIC
1
• Also called:
– Throughput control
– Capacity control
– Process control
• Matches the compressor throughput to the load
• Blow off PT
1
PIC
1
• Also called:
– Throughput control
– Capacity control
– Process control
• Matches the compressor throughput to the load
• Blow off PT
1
• Recycle
PIC
1
• Also called:
– Throughput control
– Capacity control
– Process control
• Matches the compressor throughput to the load
• Blow off PT
1
• Recycle
• Guide vanes PIC
1
• Also called:
– Throughput control
– Capacity control
– Process control
• Matches the compressor throughput to the load
– Discharge pressure 1
– Suction pressure
– Net flow to the user Process
• Blow off PT
1
• Recycle
• Guide vanes PIC
1
• Speed
Page 16 © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.
Compressor basics
P1 Throttling
P2 Throttling Design Point
Recycle
Control
Disch. Press
Speed
control