Experiment 1: Measurement of basic length

I. Experimental Result and Data process:

a. The hollow cylinder:

m=59,3  0,1(g)

The accuracy of the vernier: 0.02mm

Trial D (mm) d (mm) h (mm)
1 50,26 41,78 12,24
2 50,30 41,80 12,28
3 50,32 41,76 12,26
4 50,32 41,82 12,28
5 50,30 41,80 12,26
∑5𝑖=1 𝐷𝑖 ∑5𝑖=1 𝑑𝑖 ∑5𝑖=1 ℎ𝑖
Average ̅=
𝐷 = 50,30 𝑑̅ = = 41,79 ℎ̅ = = 12,26
5 5 5

∆𝐷 = 0,02 ∆𝑑 = 0,02 ∆𝐷 = 0,02


- The formula of the volume of the hollow cylinder: V   (D 2  d 2 )  h
4
m
- The formula of the density of the hollow cylinder:  
V

+ Volume of the hollow cylinder:

1
- Error of D, d and h: ∆𝑥 = √∆𝑥𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 2 + ∆𝑥𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 2 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ ∆𝑥𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 2 × 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒

Apply the formula above, we have: ∆𝐷 = 0,02 mm ; ∆𝑑 = 0,02 𝑚𝑚; ∆ℎ = 0,02 𝑚𝑚

- Relative error of V:

V  D.D  d .d h 0,01 50,30.0,02  41,79.0,02 0,02

   2    2. 
V  D d
2 2 h 3,14 50,30 2
 41,79 2
12,26

0,01
  0,006  0,98%
3,14

- Average value of V:
  
V  (D 2  d 2 )  h  .(50,30 2  41,79 2 ).12,26 (mm3)
4 4

V  7,54 . 103 (mm3) = 7,54 (10-6 m3)

- Absolute error of V:
V    V  0,98%.7,54  0,07 (10-6 m3)
- Final volume of the hollow cylinder:

V  V  V  7,54  0,07 (10-6 m3)

+ Density of the hollow cylinder:

- Relative error of the density  :

 m V 0,1.10 3 0,07.10 6
      1.10%
 m V 59,3.10 3 7,54.10 6

- Average value of the density  :

m 59,3.10 3
  6
 7,86 (103 kg/m3)
V 7,54.10

- Absolute error of the density  :

      1,10%.7,86  0,09 (103 kg/m3)

- Final value of the density of cylinder:

      7,86  0,09 (103 kg/m3)

b. The steel ball:

The accuracy of the micrometer: 0,01mm

Trial Db (mm)
1 11,65
2 11,66
3 11,64
4 11,67
5 11,65
5
∑𝑖=1 𝐷𝑏𝑖
Average ̅̅
𝐷̅𝑏̅ = = 11,65
5
∆𝐷𝑏 = 0,01

+ Volume of the steel ball:

- Error of diameter D :

∆𝐷 = √0,0052 + 0,012 = 0,01 (10-3 m)

- Relative error of the volume V :

V  D 0,001 0,01
   3   3.  0,2893%
V  D 3,141 11,65

- Average value of volume V :

1 3 1
V    .D     (11,65.10 3 ) 3  0,8277 (10-6 m3)
6 6

- Absolute error of the volume V :

V    V  0,2893%.0,8277.10 6  0,0024 (10-6 m3)

- Final value of volume V of the steel ball :

V  V  V  0.8277  0,0024 (10-6 m3)

 Experiment 2

Verification of conservation of momentum and kinetic energy using air track

I. Experimental result and Data process:

1. Elastic collision:

m1 = 262.4  0.1 (g); m2 = 241.4  0.1(g); s1 = s2 = 0.03 m

𝑠 ∆𝑠 2 ∆𝑡 2 ∑10
𝑖=1 𝑡𝑖 ∑10 ̅ 2
𝑖=1(𝑡𝑖 −𝑡 )
We have: 𝑣̅ = ̅; ∆𝑣 = 𝑣̅ × √( ) + ( ̅ ) ; 𝑡̅ = ; ∆𝑡 = √
𝑡 𝑠̅ 𝑡 10 10

Trial t1(s) t2(s) t1+t1’(s) t1’(s)

1 0.193 0.263 0.727 0.534
2 0.167 0.219 0.700 0.533
3 0.193 0.266 0.727 0.534
4 0.190 0.262 0.715 0.525
5 0.168 0.230 0.690 0.522
6 0.194 0.271 0.731 0.537
7 0.170 0.233 0.717 0.547
8 0.162 0.218 0.691 0.529
9 0.191 0.248 0.792 0.601
10 0.197 0.275 0.776 0.579
𝑡̅1 =0.1825 𝑡̅2 =0.2485 ̅̅̅
𝑡1 ′ =0.5441
∆𝑡 = 0.0131 ∆𝑡 = 0.0207 ∆𝑡 = 0.0243
𝑣1 =0.1644
̅̅̅ 𝑣2 =0.1207
̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝑣1 ′ =0.0551
∆𝑣1 = 0.0131 ∆𝑣 = 0.0101 ∆𝑣 = 0.0025

a. Momentum:

The average momentum before collision:

𝑘𝑔. 𝑚
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 × ⃗0 → ̅̅̅̅
𝑃1 = 𝑚1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃1 = 𝑚1 × ̅𝑣̅̅̅
1 = 0.0431 ( )
𝑠
The absolute error of the momentum before collision:

2 2
 m   v 
2 2
 0.1   0.0131 
P1  P1   1    1   0.0431      0.0034(kg.m / s)
 m1   v1   262.4   0.1644 

Therefore: P1  P1  P1  0.0431  0.0034(kg.m / s)

The average momentum after collision:

𝑘𝑔. 𝑚
𝑃2 = 𝑚1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣1 ′ + 𝑚2 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃1 = 𝑚1 × ̅̅̅̅
𝑣2 → ̅̅̅̅ 𝑣1 ′ + 𝑚2 × ̅̅̅
𝑣2 = 0.0436 ( )
𝑠
The absolute error of the momentum after collision:

2 2 2 2
 m   v '   m2   v2 
P2  P2   1    1       
 v 
 1   1   2   2 
m v ' m
2 2 2 2
 0.1   0.0025   0.1   0.0101 
 0.0436           0.0042(kg.m / s)
 262.4   0.0551   241.4   0.1207 

Therefore: P2  P2  P2  0.0436  0.0042(kg.m / s)

The percent changes in momentum:

| P2  P1 | | 0.0436  0.0431 |
C%    1.1601%
P1 0.0431

b. Kinetic energy:

The average kinetic energy before collision:

262.4 103
m1 v1  
1
K1   0.16442  0.0035( J )
2

2 2
The absolute error of kinetic energy before collision:

2 2
 m1   v1 
2 2
   0.1   0.0131 
K1  K1     2
   0.0035   262.4    2 0.1644   0.0005( J )
 m1   v1 

Therefore:

K1  K1  K1  0.0035  0.0005( J )

The average kinetic energy after collision:

 1 1  262.4 241.4 
K2  m1  v1 '2  m2  v2    0.05512   0.1207 2   10 3
2

2 2  2 2 
 0.0022( J )

The absolute error of kinetic energy after collision:

2 2 2 2
 m1   v1 '   m2   v2 
K 2  K 2      2       2 
 m1   v1 '   m2   v2 
2 2 2 2
 0.1   0.0025   0.1   0.0101 
 0.0022     2     2   0.0004( J )
 262.4   0.0551   241.4   0.1207 

Therefore: K 2  P2  P2  0.0022  0.0004( J )

The percent change in kinetic energy

| K 2  K1 | | 0.0035  0.0022 |
C%    37.14%
K1 0.0035

2. Inelastic collision: m1 = 262.4  0.1 (g); m2 + mclay = 248.2  0.1(g)

Trial t1(s) t1’(s) t2’+t1’(s) t2’(s)

1 0.073 0.173 0.363 0.190
2 0.075 0.172 0.363 0.191
3 0.074 0.172 0.366 0.194
4 0.073 0.171 0.360 0.189
5 0.075 0.174 0.367 0.193
6 0.076 0.170 0.342 0.186
7 0.080 0.183 0.371 0.188
8 0.078 0.182 0.372 0.185
9 0.079 0.184 0.372 0.188
10 0.075 0.173 0.311 0.184
̅
𝑡1 =0.0758 ̅
𝑡2 =0.1754 ̅̅̅
𝑡1 ′ =0.1888
∆𝑡 = 0.0023 ∆𝑡 = 0.0051 ∆𝑡 = 0.0031
𝑣1 =0.3958
̅̅̅ 𝑣2 =0.1710
̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝑣1 ′ =0.1589
∆𝑣1 = 0.0120 ∆𝑣 = 0.0050 ∆𝑣 = 0.0026
a. Momentum:

The average momentum before collision:

𝑘𝑔. 𝑚
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 × ⃗0 → ̅̅̅̅
𝑃1 = 𝑚1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃1 = 𝑚1 × ̅𝑣̅̅̅
1 = 0.1039 ( )
𝑠
The absolute error of the momentum before collision:

2 2
 m1   v1 
2 2
   0.1   0.0120 

P1  P1   
    0.1039   262.4    0.3958   0.0032(kg.m / s)
 m1   v1 

Therefore: P1  P1  P1  0.1039  0.0032(kg.m / s )

The average momentum after collision:

𝑘𝑔. 𝑚
𝑃2 = 𝑚1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣1 ′ + 𝑚2 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃1 = 𝑚1 × ̅̅̅̅
𝑣2 → ̅̅̅̅ 𝑣1 ′ + 𝑚2 × ̅̅̅
𝑣2 = 0.0841 ( )
𝑠
The absolute error of the momentum before collision:

2 2 2 2
 m   v '   m2   v2 
P2  P2   1    1       
 v 
 1   1   2   2 
m v ' m
2 2 2 2
 0.1   0.0026   0.1   0.0050 
 0.0841          0.0028(kg.m / s)
 262.4   0.1589   248.2   0.1710 

Therefore: P2  P2  P2  0.0841  0.0028(kg.m / s)

The percent changes in momentum:

| P2  P1 | | 0.1039  0.0841 |
C%    19.06%
P1 0.1039

b. Kinetic energy:

The average kinetic energy before collision:

262.4 103
K1  m1 v1  
1
 0.39582  0.0206( J )
2

2 2
The absolute error of kinetic energy before collision:

2 2
 m1   v1 
2 2
   0.1   0.0120 
K1  K1     2
   0.0206   262.4    2 0.3958   0.0012( J )
 m1   v1 

Therefore:

K1  K1  K1  0.0206  0.0012( J )

The average kinetic energy after collision:

1 1  262.4 248.2 
K2  m1  v1 '2  m2  v2    0.1589 2   0.1710 2   10 3
2

2 2  2 2 
 0.0069( J )

The absolute error of kinetic energy after collision:

2 2 2 2
 m1   v1 '   m2   v2 
K 2  K 2      2       2 
 1  
m v1 
'  2  
m v 2 

2 2 2 2
 0.1   0.0026   0.1   0.0050 
 0.0069     2     2   0.0005( J )
 262.4   0.1589   248.2   0.1710 

Therefore: K 2  P2  P2  0.0069  0.0005( J )

The percent change in kinetic energy

| K 2  K1 | | 0.0206  0.0069 |
C%    66.50%
K1 0.0206
 Experiment 3: Moment of inertia of the symmetric rigid bodies

I. Experimental result and data process:

1. Measurement of the rod:

Trial T (s)
1 2.630
2 2.636
3 2.633
4 2.635
5 2.633
T  2.633( s)
5

 (T  T )
i
2

T  i 1
 0.002( s)
5

a. Moment of inertia obtained by experiment

2
 T   2.633 
2

I cm  Dz    0.044

3
  7.730  10 (kgm / s )
2

 2   2  3.141 

 T    
2 2

 I cm  I cm 2    2 
 T    
2 2
 0.001 
3  0.001 
 7.730  10  4   4 
 3.141   2.633 
 0.008  10 3 (kgm2 / s )
then I cm  (7.730  0.008)  10 3 (kgm2 / s )

In conclusion,

I cm  (7.730  0.008)  10 3 (kgm2 / s )

b. Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

1 1
I cmTH  ml 2  0.24  (0.62) 2  7.688  10 3 ( kgm2 / s )
12 12
The different between theoretical and experimental number:
| I cmTH  I cm | | 7.688  7.730   10 3 |
%    0.546%
I cmTH 7.688  10 3

2. Measurement of the solid disk:

Trial T (s)
1 2.090
2 2.092
3 2.084
4 2.086
5 2.088
T  2.088( s )
5

 (T  T )
i
2

T  i 1
 0.003( s )
5

a. Moment of inertia obtained by experiment

2
 T   2.088 
2

I cm  Dz    0.044

3
  4.861 10 (kgm / s )
2

 2   2  3 . 141 

 T    
2 2

 I cm  I cm  2    2 
 T    
2 2
 0.001 
3  0.003 
 4.861 10  4   4 
 3.141   2.088 
 0.014  10 3 (kgm2 / s )
then I cm  (4.861  0.014)  10 3 (kgm2 / s )

In conclusion,

I cm  (4.861  0.014)  10 3 (kgm2 / s)

b. Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

2
1 1  0.220  3
I cmTH  mR2  0.795     4.810  10 (kgm / s )
2

2 2  2 
The different between theoretical and experimental number:
| I cmTH  I cm | | 4.810  4.861  10 3 |
%    1.060%
I cmTH 4.810  10 3

3. Measurement of the hollow cylinder:

a. Supported disk:

Trial T (s)
1 0.321
2 0.323
3 0.326
4 0.323
5 0.324
T  0.323( s)
5

 (T  T )
i
2

T  i 1
 0.002( s)
5

b. Supported disk + hollow cylinder:

Trial T (s)
1 1.134
2 1.129
3 1.137
4 1.136
5 1.139
T  1.135( s )
5

 (T  T )
i
2

T  i 1
 0.003( s )
5
a. Moment of inertia obtained by experiment

+) Moment of inertia of the support disk

2
T  2
  0.044
0.323 
I sp  Dz  
3
  0.116  10 (kgm / s)
2

 2   2  3.141 

 T    
2 2

 I sp  I cm  2    2 
 T    
2 2
 0.001 
3  0.002 
 0.116  10  4   4 
 3.141   0.323 
 0.001 10 3 (kgm2 / s)
then I sp  (0.116  0.001)  10 3 (kgm2 / s)

+) Moment of inertia of the support disk and hollow cylinder

2
T  2
  0.044
1.135 
I co  Dz  
3
  1.436  10 (kgm / s )
2

 2   2  3.141 

 T    
2 2

 I co  I co 2    2 
 T    
2 2
 0.001   0.003 
 1.436  10 3  4   4 
 3.141   1.135 
 0.008  10 3 (kgm2 / s )
then I co  (1.436  0.008)  10 3 (kgm2 / s )

=> Moment of inertia of the hollow cylinder

I cm  I co  I sp  (1.436  0.116)  10 3  1.320  10 3 (kgm2 / s )

 I cm  I co 2  I sp 2
 0.0012  0.0082
 0.008  10 3 (kgm2 / s )
then I cm  (1.320  0.008)  10 3 (kgm2 / s )
In conclusion,

I cm  (1.320  0.008)  10 3 (kgm2 / s)

b. Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula
2
 0.089  3
I cmTH  mR  0.780   2
  1.545  10 ( kgm / s )
2

 2 
The different between theoretical and experimental number:
| I cmTH  I cm | | 1.545  1.320   10 3 |
%    14.563%
I cmTH 1.545  10 3

4. Measurement of the solid sphere:

Trial T (s)
1 2.094
2 2.083
3 2.109
4 2.089
5 2.103
T  2.096( s)
5

 (T  T )
i
2

T  i 1
 0.009( s)
5

a. Moment of inertia obtained by experiment

2
 T  2
  0.044
2.096 
I cm  D z  
3
  4.898  10 (kgm / s )
2

 2   2  3.141 

 T    
2 2

 I cm  I cm 2    2 
 T    
2 2
 0.001   0.009 
 4.898  10 3  4   4 
 3.141   2.096 
 0.042  10 3 (kgm2 / s )
then I cm  (4.898  0.042)  10 3 (kgm2 / s )

In conclusion,

I cm  (4.898  0.042)  10 3 (kgm2 / s)

b. Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula
2
2 2  0.146  3
I cmTH  mR 2  2.29     4.881  10 ( kgm / s )
2

5 5  2 
The different between theoretical and experimental number:
| I cmTH  I cm | | 4.881  4.898  10 3 |
%    0.003%
I cmTH 4.881 10 3
 Experimental Report 4
DETERMINATION OF GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION USING
SIMPLE PENDULUM OSCILLATION WITH PC INTERFACE

1)Pendulum with vertical oscillation plane:

L1= 0.750 (m) L2= 0.920 (m) L3= 0.760 (m)
Trial
T1 (s) T2 (s) T3 (s)
1 1.756 1.956 1.780

2 1.717 1.966 1.721

3 1.763 1.911 1.734

4 1.774 1.943 1.740

5 1.747 1.946 1.796

T1  1.751( s ) T2  1.944( s) T3  1.754( s)

5 5 5

 (T
i 1
i  T )2  (T i  T )2  (T i  T )2
T1   0.019( s ) T2  i 1
 0.019( s) T3  i 1
 0.029( s)
5 5 5
 2)Pendulum with inclined oscillation plane:
1  0  2  10  3  20
Trial
T1 (s) T2 (s) T3 (s)

1 0.735 0.798 0.796

2 0.736 0.710 0.755

3 0.749 0.781 0.794

4 0.753 0.746 0.737
5 0.774 0.787 0.791

T1  0.749( s) T2  0.764( s) T3  0.775( s)

5 5 5

 (Ti  T )2  (T
i 1
i  T )2  (T  T )
i
2

T1  i 1
 0.014( s) T2   0.032( s) T3  i 1
 0.024( s)
5 5 5

 4  40  5  60  6  80

Trial
T4 (s) T5 (s) T6 (s)
1 0.863 1.086 1.479
2 0.884 1.019 1.434
3 0.853 1.007 1.455
4 0.883 1.046 1.510
5 0.823 1.028 1.508

T4  0.861( s) T5  1.037( s) T6  1.477( s)

5 5 5

 (Ti  T )2  (T i  T )2  (T i  T )2
T4  i 1
 0.022( s) T5  i 1
 0.028( s) T6  i 1
 0.030( s)
5 5 5
III/Data processing

1) Determination of the oscillation period of a thread pendulum as a function of the

pendulum length:

l
Pendulum with vertical oscillation plane: T  2
g

 2 
2

 g  l 
 T 

a. L1=0.750 (m)
2
 2   2  3.141 
2

g1  L1    0.750    9.654(m / s )
2

 T1   1.751 
2 2
 T   l     2 2
 0.019   0.001 
2
 0.001 
2

g1  g1   2 1    1    2   9.654 4       4    0.210

 T1 
  1 
l     1.751   0.750   3.141 

Hence

g1  9.654  0.210(m / s 2 )

b.L2=0.920 (m)
2
 2   2  3.141 
2

g 2  L2    0.920    9.607(m / s )
2

 T2   1.944 
2 2
 T2   l2    
2 2
 0.019   0.001 
2
 0.001 
2

g 2  g 2   2     2  9.607 4      4   0.188
 T2   l2      1.944   0.920   3.141 

Hence

g 2  9.607  0.188(m / s 2 )

c.L3=0.760 (m)
 2
 2   2  3.141 
2

g3  L3    0.760    9.749( m / s )
2

 T3   1.754 
2 2
 T3   l3    
2 2
 0.029   0.001 
2
 0.001 
2

g3  g3   2     2  9.749 4      4   0.322

 T3   l3      1.754   0.760   3.141 

Hence

g3  9.749  0.322(m / s 2 )

2) Determination of the gravitational acceleration as a function of the inclination of the

pendulum force:

l
Pendulum with inclined oscillation plane: T  2
g cos 

 2 
2
l
g  
cos   T 

a. 1  0

2
l  2  0.140  2  3.141 
2

g1        9.848(m / s )
2

cos 1  T1  cos 0  0.749 

2
 T1   l 
2
  
2
  cos 1 
g1  g1   2      2   
 T1   l      cos 1 
2 2 2
 0, 014   0.001   0.001  0.001 2
 9.848  4       4  ( )
 0, 749   0.140   3.141  1.000
 0.375

Hence

g1  9.848  0.375(m / s 2 )
b.  2  10

2
l  2  0.140  2  3.141 
2

g2        9.611(m / s )
2

cos  2  T2  cos10  0.764 

2
 T   l 
2
  
2
  cos  2 
g 2  g 2   2 2       2   
 T2   l      cos  2 
2 2 2
 0.032   0.001   0.001  0.001 2
 9.611  4       4  ( )
 0.764   0.140   3.141  0.985
 0.366

Hence

g 2  9.611  0.366(m / s 2 )

c.  3  20

2
 2  0.140  2  3.141 
2
l
g3        9.789(m / s )
2

cos 3  T3  cos 20  0.775 

2
 T3   l 
2
  
2
  cos 3 
g3  g3   2      2   
 T3   l      cos 3 
2 2 2
 0.024   0.001   0.001  0.001 2
 9.789  4       4  ( )
 0.775   0.140   3.141  0.940
 0.610

Hence

g3  9.789  0.610(m / s 2 )
d.  4  40

2
 2  0.140  2  3.141 
2
l
g4        9.729(m / s )
2

cos  4  T4  cos 40  0.861 

2
 T4   l 
2
  
2
  cos  4 
g 4  g 4   2      2   
 T4   l      cos  4 
2 2 2
 0.022   0.001   0.001  0.001 2
 9.729  4       4  ( )
 0.861   0.140   3.141  0.766
 0.502

Hence

g 4  9.729  0.502(m / s 2 )

e.  5  60

2
l  2  0.140  2  3.141 
2

g5        10.275(m / s )
2

cos 5  T5  cos 60  1.037 

2
 T   l 
2
  
2
  cos 5 
g5  g5   2 5       2   
 T5   l      cos 5 
2 2 2
 0.028   0.001   0.001  0.001 2
 10.275  4       4  ( )
 1.037   0.140   3.141  0.500
 0.560

Hence

g5  10.275  0.560(m / s 2 )
f.  6  80

2
l  2  0.140  2  3.141 
2

g6        14.585(m / s )
2

cos  6  T6  cos 80  1.477 

2
 T   l 
2
  
2
  cos  6 
g 6  g 6   2 6       2   
 T6   l      cos  6 
2 2 2
 0.030   0.001   0.001  0.001 2
 14.585  4       4  ( )
 1.477   0.140   3.141  0.174
 1.031

Hence

g 6  14.585  1.031(m / s 2 )