Impact of Grid Selection
on Reservoir Simulation
M.K. Abdou, H.D. Pham,· and A.S. AI-Aqeell
Summary
This paper presents a field case study of a
faulted, multilayer carbonate reservoir to
quantify the impact of grid selection on the
reservoir history match. Comparison of the
history match using both orthogonal and
nonorthogonal grids revealed that the sim-
ple five-point scheme can lead to significant
error in the history match and in the differ-
ent representations of the reservoir.
Introduction
A simulation study of the Thamama reser-
voir, a faulted carbonate reservoir in Abu
Dhabi, investigated flow communication
across faults and evaluated development op-
tions for the field. The field is an elongated
anticline that covers 62 sq miles. Geophys-
ical and geological data and early reservoir
performance indicated that the field was
separated into several fault blocks by par-
tially sealing and nonsealing faults.
Two full-field simulation models were
constructed that used two different ap-
proaches to represent faults: (1) an or-
thogonal (regular) grid model with faults
defmed at block boundaries and (2) a nonor-
thogonal (irregular) grid model with block
boundaries defined at fault traces. The first
approach results in a greater number of cells
and presents difficulties in representing the
fault geometry properly. However, finite-
difference techniques can be used for numer-
ical calculations. The second approach uses
fewer gridblocks and provides an accurate
description of the fault pattern, but trans-
missibility calculations could lead to signif-
icant errors because the grid is locally
distorted.
To quantify the impact of grid selection
on the reservoir history match, both models
were used and the results compared in the
simulation study. History matching was per-
formed first with the orthogonal grid model.
Then, a history match using the same match-
ing parameters was conducted on the nonor-
thogonal grid model.
Background
The Thamama reservoir comprises three
zones, Zones A, B, and C. Characterized
by high faulting and low permeability, this
carbonate reservoir contains about 3.6 bil-
lion STB of oil in place (OIP). Zones B and
C, which contain about 80% of the total
'On secondment from Mobil E&P U.S. Inc.
Copyright 1993 Society of Petroleum Engineers
664
ADCO Producing Co. Inc.
Medhat K. Abdou is a senior reseNoir
engineer at ADCO Producing Co. in Abu
Dhabi, where he works in reservoir
management and simulation. His current
interests include numerical simulation
techniques and large, heterogeneous
Abdou
reseNoir simulation applications. Abdou holds
Pham
a BS degree in petroleum engineering from
Tripoli U. H.D. Pham is a lead reseNoir engineer at ADCO. Since joining
ADCO in 1990 as a secondee from Mobil E&P U.S. Inc., he has
conducted simulation studies to support reseNoir management and
development planning. He holds a BS degree from the U. of Texas at
Austin and an MS degree from Tulane U., both in petroleum engineering.
Photograph and biographical sketch of A.S. AI-Aqeell are unavailable.
OIP, have been the focus of major devel- lator capable of handling distorted (nonor-
opment since the field discovery in 1967. thogonal) grids, or comer-point geometry,
Fig. 1 shows the general structural config- to fit the faults and reservoir boundaries
uration of the reservoir, which consists of better.
a large dome with faults oriented north- Two approaches were considered for con-
west! southeast. structing the model grid. The first approach
Faulting in the field, which partitions the uses a rectangular (orthogonal) gridding sys-
reservoir into numerous small fault blocks, tem that represents faults at block bounda-
has caused some concern about implemen- ries. As a result, reservoir geology and
tation of the full-field development plan. geometry cannot be represented properly.
Although lateral and vertical communication However, finite-difference techniques can
between upthrown and downthrown faulted be used in a straightforward manner with
blocks along major faults was suspected, it good accuracy. The second approach uses
was never fully identified. Throughout the a nonrectangular (nonorthogonal) gridding
field's producing life, the extent of lateral system that accommodates accurate descrip-
and vertical communication within the reser- tion of the fault pattern by placing block
voir, particularly between the oil zone and boundaries along fault traces. However, the
the underlying aquifer, has been questioned. nonrectangular gridding systems could lead
This question became a critical operating to serious calculation errors. 1
consideration when a peripheral water in- We conducted full-field simulation studies
jection plan was proposed in the late 1970's. using both orthogonal and nonorthogonal
Although an extensive reservoir study was grid models. The results of the history match
undertaken to predict the field's future pro- of both models with the same input data
ducing performance under different water- were compared to determine the magnitude
flood operations, no water injection program of the calculation error and differences in
was implemented. We decided that further model performance.
detailed reservoir studies should be conduct-
ed to understand the communication and Study Plan
cross flow between fault blocks fully before
a full-scale injection program could be de- Two major phases of work were conducted
signed. to reach the study objectives. In Stage 1, two
A preliminary 3D, coarse, full-field simu- 3D full-field models with orthogonal and
lation study of the Thamama reservoir with nonorthogonal gridding systems were con-
an in-house simulator having a rectangular structed with identical rock and fluid prop-
(orthogonal) grid system showed the signif- erties and the same number of layers. In
icant effect of faulting on reservoir perform- Stage 2, history matching was performed on
ance. Unfortunately, the crossflow and the orthogonal grid model until satisfactory
communication levels between the fault results were obtained. All the rock and fluid
blocks could not be determined accurately parameters used in the history match of the
because the model could not represent the orthogonal grid model were entered into the
faults properly owing to simulator limita- nonorthogonal grid model and a history
tions. Therefore, we decided to use a simu- match was conducted. The history-match re-
July 1993 • JPT
 TABLE l-VERTICAL ZONATION

Average
Horizontal Average
Geographical Thickness Permeability Porosity
Layer Subzone (ft) (md) (%)
1 A 45.5 0.8 14.0
2 Dense 20.0 0.0001 0.0
3 BI 4.7 2.3 6.3
4 01 5.0 3.3 2.7
5 BIIA 12.0 8.2 15.8
6 BIIB 12.6 7.8 15.8
7 02 2.9 3.9 12.8
8 BIIIUA 13.3 4.5 19.7
9 BIlIUB 7.5 1.7 16.4
10 02A 3.2 1.5 13.1
11 BIlIL 20.8 3.4 16.8
12 03 3.6 1.0 13.4
13 BIVA 25.0 2.4 18.6
14 BIVB 22.9 1.6 16.6
B
15 04 3.2 0.5 12.9
16 BV 14.0 1.0 15.8

_J
17 05 4.4 5.8 6.7
•
18 BVI 4.1 0.5 0.2
19 Dense 48.5 0.0001 0.0
20 CI 12.0 0.4 14.5
21 06 3.9 0.1 4.0
22 CIIA 18.0 25.5 20.0
23 CIIB 8.5 8.4 21.0
24 CIIC 12.5 13.4 20.5
25 07 6.5 1.2 16.0
26 CIII 19.0 1.6 14.0
Fig. 1-Thamama sand structure map.

sults obtained from both models were com-
pared and analyzed.
Reservoir Simulator Description
The commercial reservoir simulator used in
this study is a fully implicit, 3D, three-
phase, black-oil simulator having the comer-
point geometry feature that uses a five-point
finite-difference-type scheme in the model
calculations.
Corner·Point Geometry
Comer-point geometry, or a distorted grid-
ding system, can be considered an approxi-
mation to the use of curvilinear grids, which
is conceptually a useful tool for modeling
dipping and faulted reservoirs. During the
last 10 years, it has received increased at-
tention. Many authors 2-9 have investigated
using curvilinear coordinates in reservoir
simulation studies.
In general, comer-point geometry would
allow the user to distort the generally used
rectangular or orthogonal gridblocks to fit
the reservoir geology and geometry better.
The result is fewer gridblocks and less com-
putational effort in simulation oflarge, com-
plex reservoirs. However, using comer-
point geometry adds considerable mathemat-
ical complexity to the model equations and,
if not adjusted properly, can lead to errone-
ous results. As Hegre et at. 1 discussed,
although comer-point geometry would pro-
vide an excellent means of modeling com-
plex reservoirs, it would lose some accuracy
if a five-point finite-difference scheme were
used in the model calculations. Mathemati-
cal formulations for both orthogonal and
nonorthogonal (rectangular) grid models are
not discussed here; previous studies 1-9 give
details.
Recognizing that using a nonorthogonal
model will require less computational efforts
and will provide better alignment with reser-
voir boundaries and faults, we investigated,
from a practical point of view, the accura-
cy of the model's calculation results.
Data Preparation
Geology and Reservoir Description. The
subject field is an elongated northeast/south-
west faulted anticline with a closure of about
62 sq miles. The main accumulations, in-
cluding Zones A, B, and C, occur in the Up-
per Cretaceous Thamama group. This group
of reservoirs, described as a broad, shallow
marine environment with increasing depo-
sition energy in the upper zones, is charac-
terized by vertical facies changes.
Lime mudstone becomes the predominant
lithology in the lower part of the reservoir.
Stylolites are common in the field. They re-
strict vertical communication within the
reservoir.

, ,
WEST EAST

SAZI SA2 SAll SOUTH NORTH

! o 5km
I

'00' VERTICAL SCALE x 8

:1~
SAZI SAI5 SAlI
I
SAl SA6 SAI4 SA3 SA16 SA9

Fig. 2-East/west cross section. Fig. 3-North/south cross section.

JPT • July 1993 665

 were constructed on the basis of their typi-
WELL - 5 cal permeability and porosity properties.
II::iAMAMA ZQ~~S A. ea c Fig. 7 shows a typical relative permeabil-
RESERVOIR, APPRAISAL SECTION ity curve used in this study.
... COII£ ... to 1'0 .... uo •
.
_ ....."y
Jt'MllOl LAYERS SW% ,to Foe: .. 100 ",osw • Fluid Properties. The oil is highly under-
t-41
1..t,.!'.1~ '" leo 100 CNL 100 OM'LM
saturated. The initial saturation pressure of
about 1,245 psig compared with an initial

r
reservoir pressure of 4,425 psig. Fig. 8
shows the fluid properties as a function of

f -
( ..
~
pressure.

Production and Pressure Data. Production

\ ~ '\ from Zones B and C began in early 1975

. <
< . ~ -c:::::.
..
(Fig. 9). So far, natural depletion has been
the only production mechanism. As of Jan.
1990, the cumulative production from the
~~ field was 63 MMSTB, or about 2.1 % of the
stock-tank oil originally in place. Detailed

~ 1 J r
analysis of pressure data showed that vari-
.. ous well pressure declines were associated

~
~ .. with reservoir faulting and variation of rock
properties in the field .
.

..~ From pressure performance and structural

)~
~ .:;S> I data, the field can be subdivided into four
areal blocks: the northern, central, west, and
= southern blocks. Fig. 9 shows pressure data
~ from the four blocks of Zone B. The south-
~
I ~
I
ern area (Block 1), with a higher OWC and
pressure level in Zone B, seems to be iso-

I
~ ~
~

!
} \\ i
;l
lated from the rest of the field by sealing
faults. The central and the west areas
(Blocks 2 and 3) are highly faulted and have
vertical communication between all three
zones. The northern area (Block 4) has later-
al communication with the central area of
I the field; however, vertical communication
~ is very restricted.
~
~ 8. ..,z
o
Model Construction

(
2

. ]
N

"
N

:.
'"'-
If ..

..
~
Areal Grid Design. The areal grid design
for both orthogonal and nonorthogonal
models was based on two factors to
minimize gridblock effects on the simula-
tion results.
1. The reservoir major axis is tilted about

~!I
..
N
~ 2. Grid refinement in the main part ofthe
~
Fig. 4-Type log.
Faulting is an important tectonic element
that has a pronounced effect on perform-
ance. Evidence of faulting throughout all
three zones was seen from dipmeter surveys,
seismic data, and other sources from the
field. Figs. 2 and 3 show typical cross sec-
tions across the three zones.
Layering. Fig. 4 shows the layering
representation of the Thamama reservoir.
To represent stylolites and lithofacies units
as separate layers, Zone B was divided into
16 layers (Layers 3 through 18) and Zone
C into 7 layers (Layers 20 through 26). Zone
A and dense zones between Zones A and B
and Zones Band C were each represented
by one layer. Table 1 gives the average rock
properties for each model layer.
I~
i ~
Capillary Pressure. Capillary pressure
curves were used to determine transition
zones and water-saturation distribution with-
in layers. Figs. 5 and 6 show the capillary
pressure curves for all layers in Zone B.
Although the top of the transition zone for
all Zone B layers was identified at 8,700 ft
subsea, there is a considerable variation in
the saturation profile within each layer. As
a result, the oil/water contact (OWC) of
Zone B was found to vary from 8,925 ft in
the southwest to 9,040 ft in the northeast.
Relative Permeability. Relative permeabil-
ity curves for the oil/water process were
developed as a function of the rock perme-
ability and porosity. From this, average
curves for the lithofacies of Zones Band C
45° northeast/southwest while the predom-
inant fault trend is northwest/southeast.
reservoir is required in order to provide as
i much detailed description of the faults as
possible. Grid refinement also will help
monitor any possible communication along
the faults.
Vertical Grid Design. The vertical grid de-
sign for both models was based on two fac-
tors, which resulted from detailed geological
and petrophysical studies. First, the three
reservoirs are represented by 26 layers char-
acterized by different lithofacies and stylo-
lite units, as discussed previously. Second,
non-neighboring connections were used to
simulate communication across the faults
properly as a result of the variable juxtapo-
sition between the layers. '
Orthogonal Grid Model. The orthogonal
grid model, defined by a 45 x 33 x 26 Carte-
sian grid system (Fig. 10), was oriented
northeast/southwest in line with the
predominant fault trend in the field. In this

666 July 1993 • JPT

 THAMAMA ZONE B THAMAMA ZONE B
100 100
• BIMl • BIM1
* 0lR1 * OIRl
90 0 BIIM2 90 0 BIIM2
a BIIR2 a BIIR2

SO
A 02
B3UM3AU
SO 1 A 02
B3UM3AU
• - B3UM3Al
I • B3UM3Al
7D ... 02A 70 I ... 02A
B3lM3A \ B3lM3A
03 \ 03
SO SO I
B4lM1
B4lM2
1 , B4LM1
B4lM2

~ 50
04
u
11.
50 "~ 04
BSlM '0' BSLM
05 ···0·· 05
4D B6lM 4D -llo- B6lM

3D 3D

20 20

10 10

L' 2D 4D 6D
SW(",)
BD

Fig. 5-Capillary pressure correlation (northeast region).

100 0 20 40

Fig. 6-Caplllary pressure correlation (southwest region).

SW(%)
6D 80 100

model, faults are represented at the nearest
block boundaries to minimize distortions of
the fault trace. The block sizes varied from
a minimum of 1,640 x 1,640 ft in the cen-
tral part of the field to a maximum of
23,000 x23,000 ft in the aquifer area.
The model geometry was specified by
defining the top of Zone A and providing
the thickness of each layer. Isopach, porosi-
ty, and absolute permeability maps were
constructed from log and core data and dig-
itally entered into the model.
Nonorthogonal Grid Model. The nonor-
thogonal grid model, defined by a
44 x 32 X 26 distorted gridding system (Fig.
10), also was oriented northeast/southwest.
The model was constructed so that most of
the faults with throws greater than 30 ft
would be represented as block boundaries.
The gridblock areal dimensions vary from
1,480 X 1,480 ft in the crestal area to
3,000 x 7,500 ft in the north part of the field.
The 44 X 32 x 26 grid model contained
36,608 cells; of those, 22,880 cells, or 63%,
are active. In this model, the aquifer was
represented by an analytic aquifer that sur-
rounds all the layers. This analytic aquifer
has approximately the same amount of water
as represented in the aquifer cells of the or-
thogonal grid model. The analytic aquifer
provides the same pressure support to the
reservoir as the areally represented aquifer
but saves computational time.
Other procedures and data used in the
model construction are identical to those of
the orthogonal grid model.

T1iAMAMA ZONE B THAMAW" ZONE B AVERAGE OM.. PVT DATA

FACIESMl (AT RESERVOIR TEJ.fPERATURE)
600 1.6
D.' ~
GOR (DIff..-aI)
i 500 1.55
''""
0

"~
0.7 z
0
§ '00 1.5
D••
g ~
0.' ,.;
0.5 1.45

0.4 ~
0.3 .. 0.' 1.'
1
u ~
0.2 i:
8 0.3 1.35
0.1 !O
is
0.2 1.3
D•• ..4 0 .• 0 .• 0 1.000 2.000 3.000 4,000
WATER SATURATION (%)
pb = 1245 P,..•••ur•• pslg
a KRW + KRO
pslg

Fig. 7-0il/water relative permeability. Fig. a-oil PVT data.

JPT • Ju!y 1993 667

 ZONE 8 - MAIN PRESSURE TRE NDS

'~r----------------------------------'

BLOCK-<c

BlOCK-i '

t: ... 000
BlOCK-3

"

Fig. 9-Pressure/productlon data. Fig. 10-Simulation grids.

History Matching
As discussed, the first objective was to ob-
tain a history match of the orthogonal model.
The strategy was to try various changes in
model parameters to match the observed
pressure data from Zones A, B, and C. Af-
ter numerous changes in reservoir parame-
ters, model pressures in Zone A were still
higher than the actual data by 800 psi. In
Zones Band C, however, they were lower
than the actual data by 200 psi.
To obtain a history match, communica-
tion levels between all three zones along the
faults, particularly in the crestal area, had
to be modified. A series of simulation runs
was performed later in which vertical trans-
missibilities of all layers along the faults
were increased appropriately to generate
more vertical communication between the
three zones. Finally, a qualitative history
match was obtained in which most wells
have pressures matched within 50 psi.
A history match was then performed on
the nonorthogonal model using the same
matching reservoir parameters obtained
from the orthogonal model. The simulation
results from both models were subsequent-
ly analyzed and compared.
The comparison indicated that, although
wellblock pressures of the two models at any
timestep were different, they showed very
similar pressure trends. Wellblock pressures
of the nonorthogonal model generally were
higher by 50 to 150 psi in the east and south-
west areas of the field and lowerby 100 to
200 psi in the west and northeast areas com-
pared with the pressures from the orthogonal
model (Figs. 11 and 12). In the central
(crestal) area, however, pressures obtained
from both models were almost identical.
Figs. 13 through 16 compare pressure
matches from both models for four wells.

220000 230000 240000 220000 230000 240000

o ... <>
<>
.......
o
'"<>o
. ..
o <> <>
...
o o
o
..,
<> o
o
o

o o .,.
o '"o
N <> '"
.
<>
o
N
o
<>
<>
o
o
N

'"
<>
<>
<>
<>

0
<> ) '" 0
<> ".,..
~ ~

.
<> <>
<>
0 <> <>
<>

.\
0 0
<> <>
;;;
\ <> <>

~""
o
o '"
<> o
o '"
<>
g-r--------------------~------------------~g g-r--------------------r-------------------~g
~210000 230000 240000 g ~220000 230000 240000 g

Fig. 11-Model pressure for orthogonal model at 12 years. Fig. 12-Model pressure for nonorthogonal model at 12 years.

668 July 1993 • JPT

 5.0
·,0··3
~SIA

4 .4 4 ••
4.2 4 ••
4." 4.7
4.0

3.5
'::----.,
---. ----- ~-,-..
4.0
3 ••
3 ••
4."

. ...
4.5
3 .4
... 3
3.2
3 .0

2.5
3 .0
2 .•
".2
".t
4.0
---
2 ." 3."
2.0 2 .4 3 ••
Non-orthogonal 2.2 3.7
t." orthogonal 2.0 3 ... Non-orthogonal
t . .. 3.5
1.0 3." Orthogonal
t .S
3.3
0.5 t.4
3.2
t .2
3.t
0.0 O.O!:--,--'--L.-'-;5;-.0~L........I--'-~~,-L-....L..-'-""t;-:"~.0,-L-"""''''-''''2'''0!-..0=-'"""--'' t.O
3.0 0 • 0
DAYS -385.25 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
D ....YS -3&5.25

Fig. i3-Model pressure match, Well 10. Fig. i4-Model pressure match, Well 18.

PSI ....
·'0-5
.....
..... 10. 0
~:r~(.~"'Y PSi ....
-10··"
".2
".0
---- ---------- ".0
4.4
4.2
4.0
3.a a.o 3 ."
3."
3 ...
3.2
I-
I-
I-
7.0 ~
.....
3 .•

S.2
8.0
3.0 I- -- - - Non-orthogona 1 ".0
2." I- ".0 2.a
2." I- 2 ••
2." 4.0 2.4
2.2 2.2
2.0 3.0 2 .0
t." - - - - Non-orthogonal 1.a
t ... 2.0
- - Orthogonal t .•
t." t.o t . ..
t .2 1.2
1.0 •0 5 .0 , 0.0 1 5 .0 20.0 0 .0 1.0
0 0.0 5.0 20.0
D....YS -3.&. 25

Fig. 15-Model pressure match, Well 2. Fig. i6-Model pressur~ match, Well 1.

Wells No. 10 and No. 18 in the northeast waterflood performance predictions from 7. McCracken, T.A. and Yanosik, J.L.: "A
sector of the field showed very similar Zone both models are performed. Nine-Point, Finite Difference Reservoir Simu-
B pressure trends in both models (Figs. 13 lator for Realistic Prediction of Adverse Mo-
Acknowledgments bility Ratio Displacements," SPEl (Aug. 1979)
and 14). However, cell pressures from the
253-62; Trans., AIME, 267.
nonorthogonal model were higher by 20 to We thank the management of ADCO 8. Coats, K.H. and Modine, A.D.: "A Consis-
120 psi. In contrast, in Well No.2 in the Producing Co. for permission to publish this tent Method for Calculating Transmissibilities
southwest area, cell pressures from Zone C paper. We are especially grateful to H.G. in Nine-Point Difference Equations," paper
of the nonorthogonal model after 15 years Harrison, A.J . Awada. and Elizabeth AI- SPE 12248 presented at the 1983 SPE Reser-
of production were lower than those from Nazer for their assistance in preparing this voir Simulation Symposium, San Francisco,
the orthogonal model by 150 psi (Fig. 15). paper. Nov. 15-18.
9. Dalen, Y.: "Simplified Finite-Element Models
In the central area, where a high degree of for Reservoir Flow Problems," SPEl (Oct.
lateral and vertical conununication exists References 1979) 333-43; Trans., AIME, 267.
along the faults, Well No. I (Fig. 16) shows 1. Hegre, T.M. , Dalen, Y., and Henriquez, A. :
almost identical Zone B pressure trends from " Generalized Transmissibilities for Distorted 51 Metric Conversion Factors
both models. Grids in Reservoir Simulation," paper SPE
15622 presented at the 1986 SPE Annual Tech- bbl x 1.589 873 E-OI = m'
nical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, cp x 1.0 E+OO = mPa 's
Conclusions Oct. 5-8. ft x 3.048- E-OI = m
ft' x 2 .831 685 E-02 = m'
I . As expected, the nonorthogonal and or- 2. Goldthorpe, W.H. and Chow, Y.S.: "Uncon-
ventional Modeling of Faulted Reservoirs: A md x 9.869233 E-04 = I'm'
thogonal grid models provided noticeably mile X 1.609 344- E+OO = Ian
different simulation results. The discrepancy Case Study," paper SPE 13526 presented at sq mile X 2.589 988 E+OO = lan'
the 1985 SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposi- psi x 6.894 757 E+OO = kPa
in model pressures seems to be lower where um, Dallas, Feb. 10-13.
flow conununication is higher and vice 3. Sonier, F. and Chanumet, P.: "A Fully Im- 'Conversion factor is exact.
versa. plicit Three-Dimensional Model in Curvilinear
2. The history match obtained from the Coordinates," SPEl (Aug . 1974) 361-70; Provenance
orthogonal model was considered accept- Trans., AIME, 257.
4. Hirasaki, G.J. and O'DeU, P.M.: "Represen- Original SPE manuscript, Use of Or-
able. To obtain the same history-match re-
tation of Reservoir Geometry for Numerical thogonal and Nonorthogonal Grids for the
sults from the nonorthogonal model, the Simulation," SPEl (Dec. 1970) 393-404;
matching parameters from the orthogonal
Simulation of a Faulted Reservoir, re-
Trans., AIME, 249. ceived for review March 2, 1991. Revised
model must be modified, which can lead to 5. Leventhal, S.H., Klein, M.H., and Cuihan,
W.E. : "Curvilinear Coordinate Systems for manuscript received June 23, 1992 . Paper
a totally different representation of the
Reservoir Simulation," SPEl (Dec. 1985) accepted for publication May 10, 1993 .
reservoir.
893-901. Paper (SPE 21391) first presented at the
3. At the current stage of this study, only
6. Robertson, G.E. and Woo, P.T.: "Grid- 1991 SPE Middle East Oil Show held in
pressure data have been compared and ana- Orientation Effects and the Use of Orthogonal Bahrain, March 2-5 .
lyzed in detail. Saturation data will be com- Curvilinear Coordinates in Reservoir Simula-
pared in a future stage of the study when tion," SPEl (Feb. 1978) 13-19. JPT
JPT • July 1993 669