1 The Living World

1.1Introduction
1.2 Living Beings
1.3 Biodiversity
1.4 Nomenclature
1.5 Taxonomic Categories
1.6 Taxonomic Aids
2 Biological Classification
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Systems of Classification
2.3 Three Domains of Life
2.4 Kingdom Monera
2.5 Kingdom Protista
2.6 Kingdom Fungi
2.7 Lichens
2.8 Viruses and Viroids
2.9 Kingdom Plantae
2.10 Kingdom Animalia
3 Plant Kingdom
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Plant Classification System
3.3 Branches of Taxonomy
3.4 Algae
3.5 Bryophytes
3.6 Pteridophytes
3.7 Spermopsida or Spermatophyta or Seed Plants
3.8 Gymnosperms
3.9 Angiosperms
3.10 Plant Life Cycles and Alternation of Generations
4 Morphology of Flowering Plants
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Study of Morphology
4.3 The Root
4.4 The Stem
4.5 The Leaf
4.6 The Inflorescence
4.7 The Flower
4.8 The Fruit
4.9 The Seed
4.10 Semi-Technical Description of a Typical Flowering Plant
4.11 Description of Some Important Families
5 Anatomy of Flowering Plants
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Tissues
5.3 The Tissue System
 5.4 Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants
5.5 Leaf
5.6 Secondary Growth
6. Cell: The Unit of Life
6.1 Introduction
6.2 What is a Cell?
6.3 Historical account
6.4 Basic Properties of Cells
6.5 Cell Theory
6.6 Cell Shapes and Sizes
6.7 Types of cells
6.8 Structure of Prokaryotic Cells
6.9 Structure of Eukaryotic Cell
7 Cell Cycle and Cell Division
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Cell Cycle
7.3 Mitotic Phase (M Phase)
7.4 Meiosis
7.5 Significance of Meiosis
7.6 Meiotic Non-Disjunction
8 Transport in Plants
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Means of Transport
8.3 Plant-Water Relations
8.4 Absorption of Water by Plants
8.5 Water Movement up a Plant (Ascent of Xylem Sap)
8.6 Transpiration
8.7 Guttation
8.8 Wilting
8.9 Uptake and Transport of Mineral Nutrients
8.10 Phloem Transport: From Source to Sink
9 Mineral Nutrition
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Mineral Elements
9.3 Essentiality of Minerals
9.4 Methods to Study Mineral Requirements of Plants
9.5 Toxicity of Micronutrients
9.6 Translocation of Solutes
9.7 Soil as a Resevoir of Essential Element
9.8 Deficiency Symptoms of Essential Elements
9.9 Mechanism of Absorption of Elements
9.10 Metabolism of Nitrogen
9.11 Nitrogen Cycle
9.12 Biological Nitrogen Fixation
9.13 Mechanism of Nitrogen Fixation
10 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Photosynthesis–Requirement of autotrophic nutrition
10.3 Historical Account: Early Experiments
10.4 Photosynthetic Pigments
10.5 Site of Photosynthesis
10.6 Theory Involved in Photosynthesis
10.7 Light Reactions (Photosynthetic phase)
10.8 The Electron Transport
10.9 Biosynthetic Phase: Dark reaction
10.10 Photorespiration
10.11 Factors affecting Photosynthesis
11 Respiration in Plants
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Respiratory Substrates
11.3 Types of Respiration
11.4 Glycolysis
11.5 Mechanism of Aerobic Respiration
11.6 Respiratory Processes and Balance Sheet
11.7 Role of Respiration in Biosynthesis
11.8 Fermentation
11.9 Amphibolic Pathway
11.10 Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
11.11 Respiratory Quotient
11.12 Factors Affecting Respiration
11.13 Respiratory inhibitors
11.14 Salt Respiration
12 Plant Growth and Development
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Plant Growth
12.3 Growth Rates
12.4 Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation
12.5 Development
12.6 Plant Growth Regulators
12.7 Dormancy
12.8 Seed Germination
12.9 Phytochrome and Seed germination
12.10 Photoperiodism
12.11 Vernalization
12.12 Plant Movement
13 Reproduction In Organisms
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Reproduction
13.3 Asexual Reproduction
13.4 Vegetative Propagation
 13.5 Sexual Reproduction
13.6 Events in Sexual Reproduction
14 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Flower—a fascinating organ of angiosperms
14.3 Pre-Fertilization: Structures and Events
14.4 Stamens, Microsporangium and Pollen Grain
14.5 The Pistil, Megasporangium (Ovule), Megasporogenesis and Embryo Sac
14.6 Pollination
14.7 Pollen–Pistil Interaction
14.8 Double Fertilization
14.9 Post-Fertilization: Structures and Events
14.10 Apomixis and Polyembryony
15 Principles of Inheritance and Variation
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Inheritance: Heredity And Variations
15.3 Pre-Mendelian Theories
15.4 Genetic Terms And Symbols
15.5 Mendelian Inheritance
15.6 One Gene Inheritance
15.7 Two Gene Inheritance
15.8 Exception to law of dominance
15.9 Interaction of Two Genes—Complementary and Supplementary Genes
15.10 Epistasis—Non-Allelic Interactions
15.11 Polygenic Traits (Quantitative Inheritance)
15.12 Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
15.13 Linkage And Crossing Over
15.14 Recombination (Crossing Over)
15.15 Chromosome Mapping
15.16 Sex Determination
15.17 Sex-Linked Inheritance
15.18 Lethal Gene Interaction
15.19 Variations
15.20 Population Genetics
15.21 Mutations
15.22 Genetic Disorders
15.23 Mendelian Disorders
15.24 Chromosomal Disorders
16 Molecular Basis of Inheritance
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The DNA
16.3 Packaging of DNA Helix
16.4 The Search for Genetic Material
16.5 RNA World
16.6 Replication of DNA
 16.7 Types of RNA
16.8 Gene expression
16.9 Transcription
16.10 Genetic Code
16.11 Translation
16.12 Regulation of Gene Expression
16.13 DNA Fingerprinting
16.14 Human Genome Project
17 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Plant breeding
17.3 Single Cell Protein (SCP)
17.4 Tissue Culture
18 Microbes in Human Welfare
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Microbes in Household Products
18.3 Microbes in Industrial Products
18.4 Fermented Beverages
18.5 Antibiotics
18.6 Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules
18.7 Microbes in Sewage Treatment
18.8 Microbes in Production of Biogas
18.9 Microbes in Mining
18.10 Microbes as Biocontrol Agents
18.11 Microbes as Bio fertilizers
19 Organisms and Populations
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Ecological Organization
19.3 Environment, Habitat and Niche
19.4 Organism and Its Environment
19.5 Major Abiotic Factors
19.6 Responses to Abiotic Factors
19.7 Adaptations
19.8 Population Attributes
20 Ecosystem
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Ecosystem and its Classification
20.3 Ecosystem-Structure and Function
20.4 Productivity
20.5 Decomposition
20.6 Energy Flow
20.7 Nutrient Cycling
20.8 Ecological Succession
20.9 Characteristic Features of Various Ecosystems
20.10 Ecosystem Services
21 Biodiversity and Conservation
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Biodiversity
21.3 Biodiversity on the Earth and in India
21.4 Patterns of Biodiversity
21.5 The Importance of Species Biodiversity to the Ecosystem
21.6 Loss of Biodiversity
21.7 Biodiversity Conservation
21.8 Methods to Conserve Biodiversity
21.9 Red Data Books
22 Environmental Issues
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Pollution and Pollutants
22.3 Kinds of Pollution
22.4 Air Pollution
22.5 Water Pollution
22.6 Noise Pollution
22.7 Thermal Pollution
22.8 Solid Wastes
22.9 Soil Pollution
22.10 Radioactive Wastes
22.11 Global environment change
22.12 Degradation by Improper Resource Utilization and Maintenance
22.13 Deforestation
22.14 Acts Related to Pollution Control
Previous Years’ Solved Questions
Exercises
Answer Key