This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been
fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2017.2684193, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. XX, NO. X, XXX 2017
Design of printed chipless-RFID tags with QR-code
appearance based on Genetic Algorithm
D. Betancourt, M. Barahona, K. Haase, G. Schmith, A. Hübler and F. Ellinger Senior Member, IEEE
 A notable complex chipless RFID tag structure is reported by
Abstract—In this paper, the design of the chipless RFID tags
based on genetic algorithm (GA) optimization techniques is
introduced. The GA is applied for the first time to create a family
of frequency-domain chipless tags with a QR-like appearance.
The resultant tags have an area of 30 mm × 30 mm and consist of
a grid of small metallic elements arranged arbitrarily over a
60 × 60 element array creating a variety of new structures. The
frequency signature of the GA-based tags is optimized to fit with
an FSK-based coding methodology and a capacity of 8 bits is
achieved. The performance of the resultant tags is experimentally
verified. Optimal tag samples are fabricated using silver-ink, low-
cost flexible substrates, and by screen printing, which is a mass-
compatible production technique. The feasibility of this
optimization technique for the design of chipless RFID tags is
corroborated.
Index Terms— Genetic algorithm (GA), ultra-wide-band (UWB),
chipless RFID, quick response code (QR).
I. INTRODUCTION
N OWADAYS chipless RFID technology has been
receiving great attention in scientific community due to
its huge potential for numerous applications. Tens of papers
are being yearly published on this subject as well as some
specialized books have been recently released [1]-[4]. The
design methodologies following for research groups are
mainly focused on exploiting either the time- or frequency-
domain characteristics of the chipless RFID tags. On the one
hand, time-domain approaches use delay lines, resonant
structures, and capacitances to achieve the required time
response from the tag [5]-[7]. On the other hand, the
frequency-domain designs are based on the frequency
signature characteristics of the tag; which is directly related to
the tag’s geometry. Thus, a variety of planar structures could
be used; however, on the most of the cases, the selection of the
structure is constrained to a few well-known geometries, e.g.
squares, circles, lines, split-rings and slotted patches [8]-[15].
Manuscript received XXX, 2016; revised XXX, 2016; accepted XXX,
2017. Date of publication XXX, 2017; date of current version XXX, 2017.
This work was supported by the European Union’s Seventh Framework
Program (FP7) through the eVACUATE Project under Grant 313161.
D. Betancourt, M. Barahona, and F. Ellinger are with the Chair for Circuit
Design and Network Theory, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden
01069 Germany (e-mail: diego.betancourt@tu-dresden.de).
K. Haase is with the Chair for Organic Devices, Dresden University of
Technology, Dresden 01069 Germany (e-mail: katherina.haase@gmail.com).
G. Schmith, and A. Hübler are with the Institute for Print and Media
Technology, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz 09107, Germany (e-
mail: pmhuebler@mb.tu-chemnitz.de).
0018-926X (c) 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
Perret et al [16], which consist of a QR-code that can be both
optically and electromagnetically readable but without
considering the polarization independence or the use of
optimization algorithms. Generally, complex geometries are
difficult to analyze and hence, new design approaches in this
field are required.
In addition to the actual aspect of the tag, the coding
methodology plays an important role in the design process
since it helps to determine the final tag’s capacity. Most
common coding methodologies used in this field includes On-
Off keying (OOK) [15], Amplitude Shift keying (ASK) [18],
and Frequency Shift keying (FSK) [13], [14], [17]. Greater
capacity in a compact tag is obtained by using the FSK
methodology (up to 28 bits, in a 30 mm × 30 mm area [14]).
Usually, the selected coding scheme is tailored according to
the resulting tag’s frequency signature, i.e. as a post-design
process; meaning that the actual coding requirements are
seldom used as initial design parameters. A different design
approach which contemplates those requirements as design’s
inputs is highly desirable.
In this paper, the design of the chipless RFID tags based on
genetic algorithm (GA) optimization techniques is introduced.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such
optimization technique is applied to the chipless RFID field.
This methodology is applied to create a family of frequency-
domain chipless tags with a QR-like appearance. In order to
implement this optimization methodology an automatic
iteration between the electromagnetic-simulator (CST MWS),
to extract the RCS feature from the tag, and MATLAB®, to
calculate variables and control the overall evolutionary
process, is implemented. The resultant tags have an area of
30 mm × 30 mm and consist on a grid of small metallic
elements arranged randomly over a 60 × 60 elements array,
creating a variety of new structures. The frequency signature
of these tags was optimized to fit with an FSK based coding
methodology requirements, and a capacity of about 8 bits is
estimated. The performance of the resultant tags was
experimentally verified. Two optimized tag samples were
fabricated using a Roll-to-Roll compatible printing technique.
In the tag’s sample elaboration, silver-ink and flexible plastic
substrates were used. A time-gating procedure to recover the
RCS from the scattering measured parameters was applied.
The feasibility of this optimization technique for the design of
chipless RFID tags is experimentally corroborated.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2017.2684193, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
>BETANCOURT et al.: DESIGN OF PRINTED CHIPLESS-RFID TAGS<
Fig. 1. Grid representation of a GA based chipless RFID tag with eight-fold
symmetry and chromosome values.
Fig. 2. FSK encoding technique applied to the GA based RFID tag design.
The working frequency band (UWB) is divided into 25 slots to codify up to 8
bits by using two resonances. The optimization objective is represented with
the solid orange line.
II. THE GENETIC ALGORITHM BASED DESIGN APPROACH
The GA is a widely known robust optimization technique
which searches in a large parameter space for a solution that
simultaneously meets multiple design criteria. Operating based
on the principles of natural selection, GA mimic the
evolutionary process, where a population of possible designs
is iteratively mated, weeding out poorly performing members
of the population, while retaining only the best performing
members until a design that meets the specific requirements is
ultimately found [19, 20]. Next, the main components of the
GA optimization technique are introduced and, how they are
customized to fit a chipless RFID tag design case, is
explained.
A. Tag’s chromosome
The tag’s chromosome describes the nature of the tag. This
chromosome is evolved during the evaluation of GA until an
optimal configuration is found. The tag’s chromosome is
defined by the tag’s geometry. In particular, the tag to be used
within the GA optimization technique is composed of a grid of
K × K elements. Each grid’s element is digitalized to indicate
the presence (“1”) or absence (“0”) of metal. The value of all
elements should be rearranged to form a linear vector of size
K2, better known as the tag’s chromosome. The definition of a
GA tag and the tag’s chromosome are illustrated in Fig. 1. In
order to introduce additional features to the GA tag, as for
instance the polarization independence, an eight-fold
symmetry is applied [15], [19]. In addition to the polarization
independence, the eight-fold symmetry allows us to reduce the
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2
number of elements to be managed by the GA algorithm from
K2 to (K2+2K)/8 elements; since just this quantity to define the
whole tag structure is needed. Within the chromosome
definition, the substrate thickness (h) and the dielectric
constant (𝜀𝑟 ) are not taken into account due to these design
parameters were chosen a priori (𝜀𝑟 = 2.1, h = 100 µm) and do
not change through each generation..
B. Coding technique
In the context of this work, an FSK coding methodology
was selected as a way to enable the proof-of-concept.
However, the proposed design methodology can be adapted to
different coding schemes and input requirements.
The FSK coding technique is widely used within chipless
RFID field as a way to maximize the capacity of the tag [14],
[17]. In this technique, a code is created by shifting up or
down the tag’s resonance frequencies. In order to apply FSK
to the GA-based design, the available frequency band is
divided into 25 frequency slots, each one of approximately
300 MHz wide as is shown in Fig. 2. With the aim of estimate
the capacity of the tag, the equation (1) is used [14].
𝑐 = ⌊𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑁)⌋
(1)
𝑁(𝑛, 𝑟) = 𝑛!⁄(𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)!)
In this equation, N is the estimation of possible
combinations achievable in the working frequency band; n
represent the available slots and r is the number of slots used
for coding. By using tags with 2 resonances placed on
different slots it is possible to obtain up to 300 different
combinations, i.e. a capacity (c) of 8 bits.
C. The optimization goal definition
The optimization goal is defined by setting up a desired
|RCS| response from the tag to be designed. This |RCS| is
defined by several pass-band and stop-band frequencies
merged together forming a response mask in UWB
frequencies (3.1 to 10.6 GHz), as illustrated by the solid
orange line in Fig. 2. This desired |RCS| may include as many
as resonances (stop-band) as the implementation of the
codifying technique requires. In our case, just two resonances
are needed for a proof of concept. On the one hand, a level of
about -20 dBsm is defined to represent the minimum power
that the tag must backscatter at one specific pass-band
frequency; and on the other hand, the minimum power level
allowed to be transmitted at each stop-band frequency must be
lower than -50 dBsm. In order to evaluate the best members of
each generation, the optimization goal (frequency mask)
alongside the fitness function are used.
D. The fitness function
The fitness of each candidate design is evaluated against the
desired optimization goal. In particular, the electromagnetic
(EM) simulated result from each tag, the |RCS|, is evaluated
and penalized for energy transmitted (T) at stop-bands
frequencies and energy reflected at pass-band frequencies (R).
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Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
>BETANCOURT et al.: DESIGN OF PRINTED CHIPLESS-RFID TAGS< 3

Fig. 4. Structure of tags obtained after running the GA. The eight-fold
symmetry is highlighted in shaded area. Tag model A on the figure’s left
hand side and tag model B on the right.

Fig. 3. GA flowchart for chipless RFID tag design.

The logic followed for fitness estimation is described by

equation (2).

𝐹𝑖𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 5 ∑ 𝑇+ ∑ 𝑅 − 𝐵𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑠
𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝−𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠−𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑

50, 𝑖𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 = (2)

𝐵𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑠 = { 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠

0, 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦
Fig. 5. Evolution of the GA optimization for different evolved tags and
A weighting factor is included in the calculation of the different optimization objectives. Solid line: tag model A; dashed line: tag
model B
fitness value. This value forces the algorithm to choose
designs including resonances in their |RCS| rather than peaks. previous generation. Finally, random mutations are introduced
Based on our experience, the weighting factor is set to 5. In into the new population generation to each one of its members.
addition to this, a Bonus is granted favoring those candidates The mutation process affects to one element of each
which |RCS| response includes as many resonances as are chromosome. This iterative process is continued until the GA
requested. converges to a solution that meets the specified design criteria.
E. The algorithm procedure The process control is implemented using a MATLAB®
A flowchart outlining the GA implementation to design routine which also controls the CST simulation software.
chipless RFID tags is shown in Fig. 3. In order to start the Specifically, this routine implements all necessary steps in this
optimization process, a set of binary chromosomes is optimization algorithm, as is described in the Fig. 3, except for
randomly generated, and by using those chromosomes, an the evaluation of EM response of the tag; which is
initial population of 6 members is created. In a first step, each implemented in CST. In order to automatically export each tag
member of this population is evaluated for their EM response from MATLAB to CST, the following code is used:
using CST MWS and then the |RCS| response is compared
e=CSTconnect(PATH,FILE);
against the optimization goal. This process is known as fitness A=metal_filter(A,K);
evaluation and is performed based on a fitness function as is A=no_metal_filter(A,K);
described in Eq. (2). Once the entire population is evaluated for n=1:K/2
for k=1:n
for fitness, the population members are ranked, and par=strcat('a',int2str(n)…
tournament selection to choose parents for the next generation ,int2str(k));
is used, in this way, the best responses are chosen; those which e.invoke('StoreParameter'…
,par,int2str(A(n,k)));
have minimum fitness values. Then, the selected parents, the end
four best, are mated to generate a new offspring. This end
offspring is created using single point crossover of parents (at e.invoke('Rebuild');
e.invoke('DeleteResults');
the half point). Afterwards, the next generation population is sol=e.invoke('Solver');
completed by recycling the best two responses from the sol.invoke('start');

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2017.2684193, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
>BETANCOURT et al.: DESIGN OF PRINTED CHIPLESS-RFID TAGS<
Fig. 6. Screen printed GA based tag (model B): optical microscope image
(above) and 3D laser scan microscope images (below).
result=dlmread([P,F…
,'\\Result\\RCS.sig'],'',4,0);
here, PATH and FILE variables represent the location and
name of the simulation archive, respectively. The tag’s
chromosome is stored in the variable A and the size of the tag
is described by the variable K. This piece of code updates the
geometry of a tag structure defined a priori in the EM
simulator. Each parameter in A indicates whether the
associated grid’s element on the tag must be set to contain
metal or not. When metal is considered, i.e. A(n,k)=1, a lossy
conductor based on Silver (Ag) characteristics is used and on
the contrary, when a non-metallic part is considered, i.e.
A(n,k)=0, the element is filled with air. Additionally, metallic
and nonmetallic isolated elements are eliminated before being
simulated. Using a CST radar setup, the tag’s |RCS| is
calculated. Finally, the result obtained in CST is sent back to
MATLAB® to complete the algorithm execution.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The experiment next, illustrates the optimization design
procedure followed for two chipless RFID tags by using the
GA. The requirements of the designs are the following: Two
resonances must be set for each tag; from 5.5 to 5.8 GHz and
from 6.7 to 7 GHz for the first tag (model A) and, from 3.7 to
4 GHz and from 6.7 to 7 GHz for the second tag (model B). In
this way, the tags are compatible with the proposed coding
methodology. The remaining slots are defined to be of pass-
band type. The tag’s size can be determined by using the
actual grid’s element size; which is constrained in its
dimensions by the minimum achievable resolution provided
by the manufacturing process. Here, the tag size is
30 mm × 30 mm with a defined grid’s element size of 0.5 mm
and a grid of 60 × 60 elements. In the same way, the size of
the chromosome was estimated containing only 465 elements
from the 3600 available (eight-fold symmetry).
The tag’s structures obtained as a result of GA optimization
are shown in Fig. 4. These solutions were evolved during 90 to
100 generations respectively. In order to reach each result,
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4
Fig. 7. |RCS| measured response from GA based chipless RFID tags. A
comparison among method implemented in [17] and time-gating method is
shown. The optimization goal is illustrated in solid orange line. Upper: tag
model A; bottom: tag model B. The light-blue lines denote the frequency
slots of 300 MHz.
more than 500 possible solutions were in average evaluated
and approximately 100 hours to complete each task were
needed. The most of the time the algorithm spend in each step
(each generation) is due to the EM simulation. Simulations
were executed in a 64-bit compatible desktop PC with an
Intel® Core ™ i3-3225 CPU processor with 16 GB of RAM.
The evolution of the algorithm convergence, i.e. the fitness
value at each evaluated generation is shown in the Fig. 5. The
optimization process stops due either the optimization
criterion is reached or a local minimum is found; meaning, a
lack of improvement of the fitness value after several
iterations is observed.
In order to corroborate the expected features, several
samples from the optimal result were produced. These tags
were manufactured at the Institute for Print and Media
Technology at the Chemnitz University of Technology (TU
Chemnitz) using a mass compatible printing technology.
Specifically, a semi-automatic sheet-fed screen printing
machine EKRA X1-SL was used. The substrate used in this
experiment is plastic foil. In particular, a polyethylene
terephthalate (PET) with reference Melinex 401 CW PET foil
from DuPont Teijin Films was used. The substrate is 100 µm
thick and its permittivity (𝜀𝑟 ) is approximately 2.1. The
conductive ink utilized to print the GA base tag was a micro-
particle-based silver paste. This solvent-based ink formulation
has a solid concentration of around 70 % and is well adjusted
to the screen printing procedure (dynamic viscosity 15-
30 Pa S). The ink is cured at relatively low temperature
matching the specific requirements of the selected substrate
(drying temperature ~120-140 °C). A microscopic detail of
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2017.2684193, IEEE
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>BETANCOURT et al.: DESIGN OF PRINTED CHIPLESS-RFID TAGS<
model B printed tag is shown in Fig. 6. In this figure the high
fabrication accuracy of the sample can be appreciated. It
should be noticed that these tags are really low-cost with
material expenses in the range of 1 € cent per tag. Due to the
variability of the resultant geometry, which is never the same,
alternative fabrication technologies, e.g., ink-jetting, also
might be considered.
The samples were measured in the anechoic chamber. For
this purpose, a bi-static radar measurement setup to obtain the
complex RCS from the tag is implemented. Measurement
equipment includes an Agilent’s PNA E8364B set to 0 dBm
and two linear polarized Horn antennas (1 to 18 GHz
bandwidth, with 10 dBi gain (GT)). During the measurement
campaign, the measurement antennas always remained in a
vertical position. Furthermore, the measurement distance (r)
was set to 80 cm. The radar cross section (𝜎 𝑡𝑎𝑔 ) of the GA
based printed chipless RFID tag is estimated (at boresight) by
using either the procedure described in [17] or experimentally
by following equation [21]:
(4𝜋)3 𝑟 4
𝜎 𝑡𝑎𝑔 = 𝑆21
𝐺𝑇2 𝜆2
the Equation (3), suggest that tag’s RCS can be directly
extracted from the measured insertion loss parameter (S 21).
However, the right application of this procedure, as is
described in [17] and in [21], depends in great measure on
how the coupling effects between Tx and Rx antennas are
suppressed from the S21 data. Normally, by measuring either
the background or a well know RCS reference, the coupling
effects are inhibited [17]. In this paper, a time-domain gating
procedure to suppress the aforementioned effect from
measured data is applied. The gating is based on a Kaiser-
Bessel window to set the maximum gate transition slope in the
time domain and is available in almost any modern VNA
equipment [22]. In particular, this procedure is applied to the
time domain representation of S21 response by discarding the
response due to the coupling of antennas, appearing very early
in time, and keeping the response backscattered from the tag;
which appears some nanoseconds later. The time-gating
procedure allows us to isolate the desired response from the
complete received time-based signal, discarding not only the
coupling effects but also the multipath signals coming later to
the receiver. The remaining time domain response is
transformed back to the frequency domain with the effect of
the “gated out” responses being removed. Afterwards, to
obtain the RCS of the tag, the remaining constant parameters
in (3) are applied.
The |RCS| response measured from each sample tag using
the time-gating procedure is shown in Fig. 7. Herein, a good
agreement between simulation and measurement data can be
observed. Furthermore, a very good adjustment of the
resonances is achieved, this way, the correct implementation
of the coding methodology is guaranteed. In the same figure, a
comparison among different measurement methods is
illustrated. In particular, the method used in [17] to verify the
accuracy of the time-gating based procedure is considered.
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5
The results obtained suggest that the information from the
printed tag can be recovered by using such method as well as
with other commonly used methods. Nevertheless, higher Q
resonances are required in order to improve even more the tag
response.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the basic principles of GA optimization
technique applied to the chipless RFID tag design were
presented. An application of GA was customized to fit the
specific characteristics of a chipless RFID tag design. For this
purpose, an automatic iteration between MATLAB® and CST
MWS was implemented. A tag with 8 bits capacity and
complex appearance was developed. The outcomes of the
optimization procedure were fabricated by means of mass
printing technologies and experimentally verified. The
measurements results suggest that this process is useful to
design high capacity frequency-based chipless low-cost RFID
tags.
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Diego Betancourt was born in Bogota, Georg Schmidt received the Diploma
Colombia, in 1975. He received the B.S. degree in microtechnologies and
degree in Electrical Engineering and the mechatronics and the Ph.D. (Dr. Ing.)
M.S. degree in Electronic Engineering degree from Chemnitz University of
from Los Andes University, Bogota, Technology, Chemnitz, Germany. He is
Colombia in 1998 and 2002 respectively. currently a Scientific Staff Member with
He received his Ph.D degree from the the Institute for Print and Media
Public University of Navarra, Spain, in 2009. Technology, Chemnitz, working on
From 2009 to 2013 he worked as RF Engineer for the different topics related to printed
ADITECH Advanced Innovation & Technology Corporation electronics like chipless RFID tags, organic field effect
at Navarra, Spain. Since 2013, he has been postdoc at the transistors and piezoelectric thin-film loudspeakers.
Chair for Circuit Design and Network Theory, Dresden
University of Technology, Dresden, Germany. Arved Hübler was born in Bonn,
Germany, in 1960. He received the
Marvin Barahona was born in Tegucigalpa, Diploma degree in Physics and Applied
Honduras, in 1982. He received the B.S. Physics from the Berlin University of
degree in electrical engineering from the Technology and University of Heidelberg
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de in 1986, and the Ph.D degree from the
Honduras in 2006 and the MSc. in Electrical Berlin University of the Arts, in 1992.
Communication Engineering from Kassel Since 1997, he has been Full Professor
University in 2011. He held several positions and head of the Institute for Print and Media Technology at
with Telefónica Celular S.A. in Honduras Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany.
from 2004 to 2009. He is currently working From 1994 to 1997 he has been the technical director at
as a research assistant with the Chair for Circuit Design and Bertelsmann AG, Mohndruck, one of the leading media
Network Theory at the Dresden University of Technology, companies in Germany. He has participated in several EU
Dresden, Germany. funded projects such as PolyApply, SELEAC and CustomDP
Prof. Hübler has more than 90 scientific publications and 14
Katherina Haase received the M.Sc. patents and has been awarded twice for his Ph.D thesis.
degree in media production from
Technische Universität Chemnitz, Frank Ellinger (S’97–M’01–SM’06)
Chemnitz, Germany and the M.Sc. degree was born in Friedrichshafen, Germany,
in printing and media technology from in 1972. He received the Diploma degree
Manipal University, Manipal, India. in electrical engineering from the
She is currently with the Chair for Organic University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany, in
Devices at the Electrical and Computer 1996, and the MBA degree and Ph.D.
Engineering Department of the Dresden degree in electrical engineering, and
University of Technology, Dresden, Germany. Habilitation degree in high-frequency
circuit design from ETH Zürich (ETHZ),
Zürich, Switzerland, in 2001 and 2004, respectively.
He was the Head of the RFIC Design Group with the
Electronics Laboratory, ETHZ, and a Project Leader with the
IBM/ETHZ Competence Center for Advanced Silicon
Electronics, IBM Research, Rüschlikon, Switzerland. Since

0018-926X (c) 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2017.2684193, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
>BETANCOURT et al.: DESIGN OF PRINTED CHIPLESS-RFID TAGS< 7

2006, he has been a Full Professor and the Head of the Chair
for Circuit Design and Network Theory with the Dresden
University of Technology, Dresden, Germany. He has been
the Coordinator of the projects, such as RESOLUTION,
MIMAX, ADDAPT, and FLEXIBILITY funded by the
European Union. He coordinates the cluster project FAST
with more than 60 partners, most of them from the industry,
and has been a member of the Management Board of the
German Excellence Cluster Cool Silicon since 2009. He has
authored or co-authored over 300 refereed scientific papers.
He has authored the book entitled Radio Frequency Integrated
Circuits and Technologies (Springer, 2008). Prof. Ellinger was
a recipient of several awards, including the IEEE Outstanding
Young Engineer Award, the ETH Medal, the Denzler Award,
the Rohde&Schwarz/Agilent/Gerotron EEEf-COM Innovation
Award (twice), and a Young Ph.D. Award of ETHZ. He was
an Elected IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society
Distinguished Microwave Lecturer from 2009 to 2011.

0018-926X (c) 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.