Astronomy by a muslim astronomer:

Muslims made significant contributions in the field of astronomy. Muslims began the organized and detailed observations of the skies soon
after the early expansion of Islam. This effort was naturally accelerated by an increasing demand for precise tables needed in preparing
calendars, prayer tables.

AL-Zarqali:
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Yahya al-Zarqali (latinized as Arzachel) was a Spanish Arab, born in 1028, who became known as the most
prominent astronomer of his time. His Toledan Tables were responsible for invigorating the science of astronomy because it
made possible the computation of planetary positions at any time based on observations. He edited these tables from his own
observations in Toledo, Spain, as well as the tables of other Muslim and Jewish astronomers. He also detailed the use of
astronomical instruments. He also invented a perfected kind of astrolabe known as "the tablet of al-Zarqālī" ( a flat astrolabe,
called a Safihah, which is used to find the altitude and position of stars; his description of this device was translated into Hebrew
and Latin. He was the first to show clearly that the motion of the solar apogee, or aphelion, which is when the sun is furthest from
earth, amounts to 12.0 seconds per year. The actual value is now known to be 11.8 seconds per year.

Image of Discovery:
Diagram of the movement of the sun:

Diagram of the astrolabe: The astrolabe is a portable astronomical calculating instrument. It can be used to perform all sorts of complex
calculations using the position of the Sun or stars.
Diagram of Toledon Tables: The Toledan Tables, or Tables of Toledo, were astronomical tables which were used to predict the movements of the
Sun, Moon and planets relative to the fixed stars.

Improvement on other discoveries:

Al-Zarqali corrected the work of the second century Greek astronomer Ptolemy who had calculated the length of the
Mediterranean Sea at 62°; during the 16th century, whereas al-Zarqali calculated 42° which is nearly correct.

Other significant discoveries after Al-zarqali:

Al-Zarqali constructed the famed clocks of Toledo. The clocks were in use until 1135, when King Alphonso VI tried to discover how
they worked and asked Hamis Ibn Zabara to dismantle them. Once they were taken apart, nobody could reassemble them. They
constituted a very precise lunar calendar and were, to some extent, the predecessors of the clocks or planetary calendar devices
that became fashionable six centuries later in Europe.

Al-Zarqali, however, is even more famed, and impacted for centuries on the Christian West with regard to his Toledan Tables . The
tables include the determination of the right ascensions, and the equations of the sun and the moon and of the planets; parallax;
eclipses, and the setting of the planets; theory of trepidation or accession and recession; etc . His work was translated into Latin
by Gerard of Cremona, and was very popular for more than two centuries. All subsequent tables for different locations in Europe
were based on al-Zarqali's measurements. The tables of Marseilles (based on Al-Zarqali's Toledan Tables) were also adapted to
the meridians of London, Paris and Pisa.