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Electrical
Signal
Phones
Explosive Earth Surface
Vibration
Sub Surface
1
Wave Front
Wavefront- Locus of all the particles of a medium which are
vibrating in the same phase at any instant.
Mono Pole
2
Seismic waves travel as wave fronts
(Animation by J. Barker)
3
Wavefronts & Rays
(A) in constant velocity medium (B) when velocity varies with direction
4
Huygens's Principle
Primary wavefront
Secondary wavefront
5
Seismic Survey Principle
Ideal Primary
Traces
Source Receiver
Seismic Survey Principle
Ideal Primary
Traces
Source Receiver
Land Seismic Survey
Source
(Vibroseis)
Phone
Reflected
waves
Incident
waves
Sedimentary layers
8
Seismic Waves
• Longitudinal waves
• Transverse waves
9
Wave Motion
Mexican Wave
Transverse Wave
10
Body Waves
Longitudinal Wave
P- wave
Transverse Wave
S- wave
11
Propagation of Rayleigh & Water Waves
Rayleigh Wave
Water Wave
12
Love Waves
Love Wave
13
Propagation of waves
V =√ (E / ρ)
14
Phenomena associated with Seismic
Waves
• Generation
• Transmission
• Attenuation
15
Geometric Spreading
16
Attenuation
• At each interface, the amount of energy reflected is proportional
to the acoustic impedance contrast at the interface.
• The energy of the original pulse therefore decays by divergence
and also with each reflection as each input pulse is continuously
reflected when passes through the earth due to changes in
impedance.
• The pulse also changes its shape as it travels through the earth
due to absorption, scattering and dispersion because the higher
frequencies are attenuated more rapidly.
• Several processing routines are used to compensate for
attenuation of the wavefield
17
Attenuation
- Geometric Spreading
- Absorption
- Reflection
- Refraction
- Diffraction
- Scattering
- Mode conversion
- Short period multiple
18
Absorption
19
Absorption
20
Loss of Higher Frequency due to Absorption
21
Reflection
22
Reflection & Refraction
23
24
Reflection & Refraction
25
Changes in velocity create reflections
26
At near vertical incidence, most of these complications go away
Rc = (Z2-Z1)/(Z1+Z2)
Z = rV
27
Reflection Strength
Common Values of RC
Interface V1 ρ1 V2 ρ2 Z1/Z2 Rc
28
Reflection & Refraction
29
Refraction
Snell’s Law:
• It defines the geometry of the ray path in a medium by
the following equation.
• Sin i / Sin r = V1/ V2
30
Seismic events
• Travel time curves are fundamental to any understanding and
discrimination of seismic events.
- Air wave
- Direct wave
- Reflection
- Surface wave
- Head wave
- Diffraction
- Ghost
- Multiples
31
Primary and Multiple Reflection Events
32
High velocity
Direct Arrival
2D Seismic Record
Reflection from
sub-surface
Refraction
Low velocity
Air waves
Low velocity
Ground Roll
33
Raw Seismic Data
34
Imaging through Reflection & Refraction
The lines are reflections due to changes in velocity which are in turn
usually due to differences in lithology.
35
Zero Offset
36
CMP GATHER
• The general idea of the method is to
acquire a series of traces (gather) which
are reflected from the same common
subsurface mid-point.
• The traces are then summed (stacked)
to get superior signal-to-noise ratio in
comparison to that of the single-fold
stack data
• The fold of the stack is determined by
the number of traces in the CMP gather.
37
Zero Offset Vs CMP Method
38
Seismic Section
39
Seismic Data for Exploration
Distance
0 (m) 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
Time (s)
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8