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What have you

learned in the first
module?

Land titling
Starcraft : A short history of GPS

Site selection
Anatomy of a GPS : Satellites, control

Construction stations, and receivers

Navigation
You are here! : How a GPS gets your

Socio-economic surveys location (outdoor)

Environmental surveys
To beam or not to beam : Positioning

Resource exploration accuracies with GPS

Disaster management
Treasure hunt : Practical applications of

Many others GPS (outdoor)
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GPS is a satellite-based radio navigation
system that allows anyone anywhere on the
planet to determine their 3D position with
great accuracy and precision.

Use of GPS is now very pervasive
› in cars, boats, planes, tractors, golf carts, cell
phones
› scientists, sportsmen, farmers, soldiers, pilots,
surveyors, hikers, delivery drivers, sailors,
dispatchers, fire-fighters, and people from many
other walks of life
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1959: First operational satellite-based
navigation system TRANSIT (John Hopkins
Applied Physics Laboratory (APL)).
› For use by the submarine fleet of the U.S.
Navy
› TRANSIT 1A (launched, failed)

1960: U.S. Air Force requirement for a
guidance system
MOSAIC (Mobile
System for Accurate ICBM Control)
› TRANSIT 1B (3 mos)
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Location - determining a basic position

Navigation - getting from one location to
another

Tracking - monitoring the movement of
people and things

Mapping - creating maps of the world

Timing - bringing precise timing to the
world

1961: TRANSIT 4A

1962: TRANSIT 5A

1963: Study on using a space system as the
basis for a navigation system that uses
vehicles rapidly moving is 3D.
› U.S. Air Force begins to support the study with
system 621B

1964: US Army’s SECOR 1 (Sequential
Correlation of Range); TIMATION (US Navy)
to advance the development of high-
stability clocks, time-transfer capability and
2D navigation
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1965-66: SECOR satellites 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
launched

1967: TRANSIT system available to the
civilian community; TIMATION-1
launched

1971: The L2 frequency is added to the
621B concept in order to accommodate
corrections for changes in the
ionosphere.
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1980: NAVSTAR satellites 5 and 6

1981: NAVSTAR satellite 7 (launch failure)

1983: Following the Soviet shooting down
of a Korean Airliner, President Reagan
offers to make GPS available free of
charge to civilian aircraft when it
becomes available.
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1973: TIMATION and System 621B 3D
navigation system
DNSS (Defense
Navigation Satellite System).
› DNSS
NAVSTAR.
› This system consists of twenty-four satellites
placed in twelve hour inclined orbits and is
Phase I of the GPS program NAVSTAR.

1978: NAVSTAR satellites 1, 2, 3 and 4
launched

1984:
› NAVSTAR satellites 9 and 10 launched.
› Due to the decision by the NOAA (National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) to
allow the use of GPS data, even though the GPS
system is still in development, surveying is the first
commercial GPS market to take off.
› To compensate for the limited number of
satellites available at this stage of development,
surveyors make use of GPS enhancement
techniques that include differential GPS and
carrier phase tracking.
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1985: last of the Block 1 satellites
NAVSTAR 11

1986: The space shuttle Challenger
explodes shortly after launch. The space
shuttle is the only planned launch
vehicle for GPS satellites at this time. This
loss causes a delay of two years in the
scheduled launch of the second
generation, Block II, GPS satellites.
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1989: A Delta II booster at Caper
Canaveral AFS, Florida, launches the first
of twenty-eight Block II GPS satellites,
NAVSTAR 13, 14, 16, 17 and 19.

1990: NAVSTAR satellites 15, 18, 20, 21
and 23 are launched. The DoD activates
Selective Availability. This is an variable
error that deliberately degrades GPS
navigation accuracy to those who do
not have filter.
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1989: A Delta II booster at Caper
Canaveral AFS, Florida, launches the first
of twenty-eight Block II GPS satellites,
NAVSTAR 13, 14, 16, 17 and 19.

1990: NAVSTAR satellites 15, 18, 20, 21
and 23 are launched. The DoD activates
Selective Availability. This is an variable
error that deliberately degrades GPS
navigation accuracy to those who do
not have filter.
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1991: NAVSTAR satellite 24 is launched.
› US offers to make GPS SPS (standard positioning
service) available to the international
community with no direct user charges

1992: NAVSTAR satellites 25, 26, 27, 28, 29
and 32

1993:
› NAVSTAR satellites 22, 31, 34, 35, 37 and 39.
› The FAA (Federal Aviation Adminstration)
approves the use of GPS by civilian users.
› Initial Operational Capability of GPS is formally
declared by the Secretary of Defense.
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1994:
› NAVSTAR satellite 36
› GPS system now operational and an
integrated part of the U.S. air traffic control
system (FAA)
› Development and installation of the WAAS
(Wide-Area Augmentation System)
announced. This will improve the integrity
and availability for civil users in all phases of
flight.

1996: NAVSTAR satellite 33
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1997:
› The DoD and U.S. Department of
Transportation issue a press release that
states that civil users will have uninterrupted
access to the carrier phase portion of the L2
signal (military only).
› Also that the next block of NAVSTAR satellites
will include the capability to deploy a
second civilian frequency.
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2000: May 1
› Final deactivation of the selective availability
and therefore improvement of the accuracy
for civilian users from about 100 m to 20 m.

2005: Sept. 25
› Launch of the first IIR-M GPS-satellite. This
new type supports the new military M-signal
and the second civil signal L2C.

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