Section 14.

2
 1  x  1  x  1  1
1 2 1 3 5
C14S02.001: (1 + x) dy dx = y + xy dx = (x + x2 ) dx = x + x = .
0 0 0 y=0 0 2 3 0 6
 2  2x  2  2x  2  2
1 2 28
C14S02.002: (1 + y) dy dx = y + y2 dx = (2x + 2x2 ) dx = x2 + x3 = .
0 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 3
 1  1  1  1
1 2
C14S02.003: (x + y) dx dy = x + xy dy
0 y 0 2 y

 1    1
1 3 1 1
= + y − y 2 dy = (y + y 2 − y 3 ) = .
0 2 2 2 0 2
 2  1  2  1
1 2
C14S02.004: (x + y) dx dy = x + xy dy
0 y/2 0 2 y/2

 2    2
1 5 2 1 1 2 5 3 4
= + y − y dy = y+ y − y = .
0 2 8 2 2 24 0 3

 1  x2  1  x2  1  1
1 2 1 5 1 6 1
C14S02.005: xy dy dx = xy dx = x dx = x = .
0 0 0 2 0 0 2 12 0 12
 1  √
y  1  √y
1 2
C14S02.006: (x + y) dx dy = x + xy dy
0 y 0 2 y

 1    1
1 3 1 2 2 5/2 1 3 3
= y + y 3/2 − y 2 dy = y + y − y = .
0 2 2 4 5 2 0 20
 1  √
x  1  √x
1
C14S02.007: (2x − y) dy dx = 2xy − y 2 dx
0 x 0 2 x

 1    1
1 3 2 1 2 4 5/2 1 3 1
= − x + 2x − x dx = − x + x − x
3/2
= .
0 2 2 4 5 2 0 20
 2  √
2y  2  √2y
3 2
C14S02.008: √
(3x + 2y) dx dy = x + 2xy √
dy
0 − 2y 0 2 − 2y

  √    2
2
3/2 8√ 5/2 64
= 4 2 y dy = 2 y = .
0 5 0 5
 1  x  1  x
1 2
C14S02.009: (y − x) dy dx = y − xy dx
0 x4 0 2 x4

 1    1
1 1 1 3 1 6 1 9 1
= − x2 + x5 − x8 dx = − x + x − x =− .
0 2 2 6 6 18 0 18
 2  y+2  2  y+2
1 2
C14S02.010: (x + 2y 2 ) dx dy = x + 2xy 2 dy
−1 −y −1 2 −y

1
  2  2
4
= (2 + 2y + 4y + 4y ) dy = 2y + y + y 3 + y 4
2 3 2
= 36.
−1 3 −1

  x3   x3 
1 1 1

C14S02.011: ey/x dy dx = xey/x dx = x exp(x2 ) − x dx

0 0 0 0 0

 1
1
e−2
= exp(x2 ) − x2 = ≈ 0.3591409142295226.
2 0 2

 π  sin x  π  sin x  π  π
1 2 1 1 π
C14S02.012: y dy dx = y dx = sin2 x dx = (2x − sin 2x) = .
0 0 0 2 0 0 2 8 0 4

 3  y  3  y
C14S02.013: (y 2 + 16)1/2 dx dy = x(y 2 + 16)1/2 dy
0 0 0 0

 3  3
1 2 125 64 61
= y(y 2 + 16)1/2 dy = (y + 16)3/2 = − = .
0 3 0 3 3 3

 e2  1/y  e2  1/y  e2  e2

1 xy e−1
C14S02.014: e xy
dx dy = e dy = dy = (e − 1) ln y = 2(e − 1).
1 0 1 y 0 1 y 1

C14S02.015: The following sketch of the graphs of y = x2 and y ≡ 4 is extremely helpful in finding the
limits of integration.

-2 -1 1 2

Answer:

 2  4  2  4  2    2
1 2 1 5 1 6 32 32
xy dy dx = xy dx = 8x − x dx = 4x2 − x = − = 0.
−2 x2 −2 2 x2 −2 2 12 −2 3 3

 √   √  2−x2  √
6 2−x2 6 6
C14S02.016: √
2
x dy dx = √ x y 2
dx = √ (6x2 − x4 ) dx
− 6 −4 − 6 −4 − 6

 √6
1 48 √
= 2x − x5 3
√
= 6 ≈ 23.5151015307185097.
5 − 6 5

2
C14S02.017: The following diagram, showing the graphs of y = x2 and y = 8 − x2 , is useful in finding the
limits of integration. (Solve y = x2 and y = 8 − x2 simultaneously to find where the two curves cross.)
8

-2 -1 1 2

Answer:

 2  8−x2  2  8−x2  2  2
1
x dy dx = xy dx = (8x − 2x3 ) dx = 4x2 − x4 = 8 − 8 = 0.
−2 x2 −2 x2 −2 2 −2

 1  1−y 2  1  1−y2  1  1
1 1 1
C14S02.018: y dx dy = xy dy = (2y − 2y ) dy = y − y 4 3 2
= − = 0.
−1 y 2 −1 −1 y 2 −1 −1 2 −1 2 2

C14S02.019: The following graph of y = sin x is helpful in determining the limits of integration.
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

-0.2

Answer:
 π  sin x  π  sin x  π  π
x dy dx = xy dx = x sin x dx = sin x − x cos x = π.
0 0 0 0 0 0

C14S02.020: To determine the order of integration and to determine the limits of integration, it is helpful
to draw the domain of the double integral. The value of the integral is

 π/2  cos x  π/2  cos x  π/2  π/2

1 1 1
sin x dy dx = y sin x dx = sin x cos x dx = sin2 x = − = 0.
−π/2 0 −π/2 0 −π/2 2 −π/2 2 2

C14S02.021: A Mathematica 3.0 command to draw the domain of the double integral is

ParametricPlot[ {{t,1}, {E,t}, {t,t}}, {t,1,E}, AxesOrigin → {0,0},

PlotRange → {{-0.5,3}, {-0.5,3}} ];

3
The graph produced by this command is shown next.
3

2.5

1.5

0.5

-0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

-0.5

Answer:
 e  x  e  x  e  e
1
dy dx = ln y dx = ln x dx = −x + x ln x = 0 − (−1) = 1.
1 1 y 1 1 1 1

C14S02.022: A Mathematica 3.0 command to draw the domain of the double integral is

ParametricPlot[ { Cos[t], Sin[t] }, { t, 0, Pi/2 }, AspectRatio → Automatic ];

The value of the double integral is

 1  √
1−x2  1  √1−x2  1  1
1 2 1 1 2 1 4 1
xy dy dx = xy dx = (x − x ) dx =
3
x − x = .
0 0 0 2 0 0 2 4 8 0 8

C14S02.023: A Mathematica 3.0 command to draw the domain of the double integral is

Plot[ {x, -x/2, 1}, {x, -2, 1}, AspectRatio → Automatic,

PlotRange → {{-2,1}, {0,1}} ];

the resulting figure is next.

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1

The value of the double integral is

 1  y  1  y  1    1
1 3 1
(1 − x) dx dy = x − x2 dy = 3y + y 2 dy = (3y 2 + y 3 ) = 2 − 0 = 2.
0 −2y 0 2 −2y 0 2 2 0

C14S02.024: The value of the double integral is

 3  9−x  3  9−x  3  3
1 2 3 2 1 3
(9 − y) dy dx = 9y − y dx = (x − 12x + 27) dx = (x − 18x2 + 81x) = 54.
0 2x 0 2 2x 0 2 2 0

4
C14S02.025: The domain of the double integral can be plotted by executing the following Mathematica
3.0 command:

Plot[ {x∗x, 4}, {x, -2, 2} ];

and the resulting figure is next.

4

-2 -1 1 2

When the order of integration is reversed, we obtain

 4  √
y  4  √y  4  4
1 3 2 5/2 4 7/2 512
√
2
x y dx dy = x y dy = y dy = y = ≈ 24.380952380952.
3 √ 3 21 21
0 − y 0 − y 0 0

C14S02.026: To draw the domain of the double integral, execute the Mathematica 3.0 command

Plot[ {x, x∧4}, {x, 0, 1}, AspectRatio → Automatic ];

Reversal of the order of integration yields

 1  y 1/4  1  y1/4
1 2
(x − 1) dx dy = x −x dy
0 y 0 2 y

 1  1
1 1 2 1 3 1 3/2 4 5/4 2
= (2y − y + y
2 1/2
− 2y ) dy =
1/4
y − y + y − y =− .
0 2 2 6 3 5 0 15

C14S02.027: The Mathematica 3.0 command

Plot[ { x∗x, 2∗x + 3 }, { x, -1, 3 } ];

produces a figure showing the domain of the double integral; it appears next.

-1 1 2 3

5
When the order of integration is reversed, two integrals are required—one for the part of the region for which
0
y
1, the other for the part when 1
y
9. The reason is that the lower limit of integration for x
changes where y = 1. The first integral is
 1  √
y  1  √y  1
1 2
I1 = √
x dx dy = x dy = 0 dy = 0.
2 √
0 − y 0 − y 0

The second integral is

 9  √
y  9  √y
1 2
I2 = x dx dy = x dy
1 (y−3)/2 1 2 (y−3)/2

 9  9
1 1 32
= (10y − 9 − y ) dy =
2
(15y − 27y − y ) =
2 3
.
1 8 24 1 3

C14S02.028: When the order of integration is reversed, two integrals are required. The one on the left
half of the domain of the double integral is
 0  √
4+x  0  √4+x  0
1 2
I1 = √
y dy dx = y √
= 0 dx = 0
−4 − 4+x −4 2 − 4+x −4

and the one of the right half of the domain is

 4  √
4−x  4  √4−x  4
1 2
I2 = √
y dy dx = y √
dx = 0 dx = 0.
0 − 4−x 0 2 − 4−x 0

C14S02.029: To see the domain of the double integral, execute the Mathematica 3.0 command

Plot[ { 2∗x, 4∗x - x∗x }, { x, 0, 2 } ];

the result is shown next.

4

0.5 1 1.5 2

When the order of integration is reversed, the given integral becomes

 4  y/2  4  y/2
√
1 dx dy = x √
dy
0 2− 4−y 0 2− 4−y

 4    4
1 1 2 2 4
= y + (4 − y)1/2 − 2 dy = y − 2y − (4 − y)3/2 = .
0 2 4 3 0 3

6
C14S02.030: The domain of the given integral is bounded above by the line y = x, below by the x-axis,
and on the right by the line x = 1. When the order of integration is reversed, we obtain

 1  x  1  x  1
2 2
exp(−x ) dy dx = y exp(−x ) dx = x exp(−x2 ) dx
0 0 0 0 0

 1
1 e−1
= − exp(−x2 ) = ≈ 0.3160602794142788.
2 0 2e

Because the antiderivative

 t
F (t) = exp(−x2 ) dx
0

is known to be nonelementary, the original integral cannot be evaluated by hand using the fundamental
theorem of calculus.

C14S02.031: The domain of the given integral is bounded above by the line y = π, on the left by the
y-axis, and on the right by the line y = x. When the order of integration is reversed, we obtain

 π  y  π  y  π  π
sin y x sin y
dx dy = dy = sin y dy = − cos y = 2.
0 0 y 0 y 0 0 0

If the improper integral is disturbing, merely define the integrand to have the value 1 at y = 0. Then it will
be continuous and the integral will no longer be improper. Because the antiderivative

 t
sin y
F (t) = dy
0 y

is known to be nonelementary, the only way to evaluate the given integral by hand is first to reverse the
order of integration.

C14S02.032: The domain of the given integral is bounded above by the line y = x, on the right by the
√
line x = π , and below by the x-axis. When the order of integration is reversed, we obtain

 √
π  x  √
π  x  √
π  √π
1 1 1
2
sin x dy dx = y sin x 2
dx = x sin x dx = 2
− cos x2 = + = 1.
0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 2

C14S02.033: To generate a figure showing the domain of the given integral, use the Mathematica 3.0
command

ParametricPlot[ {{t,t}, {1,t}, {t,0}}, {t,0,1}, AspectRatio → Automatic,

PlotRange → {{-0.1, 1.1}, {-0.1, 1.1}} ];

7
The result is shown next.

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

When the order of integration is reversed, we obtain

 1  x  1  x  1  1
1 y x 1 π
dy dx = dx = dx = arctan x2 = .
0 0 1 + x4 0 1 + x4 0 0 1 + x4 2 0 8

The integration can be carried out in the order given in the textbook, but finding the partial fraction
decomposition of the integrand is long and complex if machine aid is not available.

C14S02.034: The domain of the given integral is the plane region bounded above by the graph of y = tan x,
below by the x-axis, and on the right by the line x = π/4. When the order of integration is reversed, the
result is

 π/4  tan x   tan x   π/4

π/4 π/4 √
sec x dy dx = y sec x dx = sec x tan x dx = sec x = −1 + 2.
0 0 0 0 0 0

C14S02.035: We used Mathematica 3.0 in this problem. First we entered

Solve[ x∧3 + 1 == 3∗x∗x, x ]

and the computer returned the exact answers. Then we asked for the numerical values to 40 places, and we
found that the curves intersect at the three points with approximate coordinates

(a, 3a2 ) ≈ (−0.5320888862379561, 0.8493557485738457),

(b, 3b2 ) ≈ (0.6527036446661393, 1.270661432813855), and

(c, 3c2 ) ≈ (2.8793852415718168, 24.8725781081447688).

We then entered the command

Plot[ {x∧3 + 1, 3∗x∗x}, {x, a, b}, PlotRange → {-1, 25} ];

and thereby discovered that the cubic graph is above the quadratic on (a, b) but below it on (b, c). Thus
we needed to compute two integrals:

8
 i1 = Integrate[ Integrate[ x, {y, 3∗x∗x, x∧3 + 1} ], {x, a, b} ]

and

i2 = Integrate[ Integrate[ x, {y, x∧3 + 1, 3∗x∗x} ], {x, b, c} ]

Results:

I1 ≈ 0.0276702414879754 and I2 ≈ 7.9240769481663325.

All the digits are correct or correctly rounded because we used at least 32 decimal digits in every computation.
The answer, therefore, is

I1 + I2 ≈ 7.9517471896543079.

C14S02.036: The Mathematica 3.0 command

Solve[ x∧4 == x + 4, x ]

yielded the exact solution—two real, two complex non-real. We asked for the real solutions to 40 places and
found that the two curves intersect in the two points

(a, a4 ) ≈ (−1.2837816658635382, 2.7162183341364618) and

(b, b4 ) ≈ (1.5337511687552043, 5.5337511687552043).

Clearly the quartic lies under the linear graph on (a, b). Hence the only integral we need compute is

Integrate[ Integrate[ x, {y, x∧4, x + 4} ], {x, a, b} ]

and the computer reported that its value is approximately 1.8930263071804474. All digits are correct or
correctly rounded because we carried at least 32 decimal digits in every computation.

C14S02.037: We began with the Mathematica 3.0 command

Solve[ x∗x - 1 == 1/(1 + x∗x), x ]

and were rewarded with the exact solutions—two real, two complex non-real. The two real solutions are
a = −21/4 and b = 21/4 , so we used these exact values in the following computations. The double integral
has the value

Integrate[ Integrate[ x, {y, x∗x - 1, 1/(x∗x + 1)}, {x, a, b} ]

1 √  √  1  √  √ 
1 − 2 − ln 1 + 2 + −1 + 2 + ln 1 + 2 = 0.
2 2
C14S02.038: We used Mathematica 3.0, beginning with the command

Solve[ x∧4 - 16 == 2∗x - x∗x, x ]

and the computer returned the exact answer—two real solutions, two complex non-real solutions. We
approximated the real solutions to 40 decimal digits; thus we found that the two curves cross at

9
 (a, 2a − a2 ) ≈ (−1.7521717788841865, −6.5744495004865478) and

(b, 2b − b2 ) = (2, 0).

We carried at least 32 decimal digits in our computations, so the value of the integral given here is correct
or correctly rounded:

Integrate[ Integrate[ x, {y, x∧4 - 16, 2∗x - x∗x}, {x, a, b} ] ]

8.871348510800994831161862.

C14S02.039: We used Mathematica 3.0 to automate Newton’s method for solving the equation x2 = cos x:

f[x ] := x∗x - Cos[x]

g[x ] := N[x - f[x]/f [x], 60]

The function g carries out the iteration of Newton’s method, carrying 60 digits in its computations. A graph
indicated that the positive solution of f (x) = 0 is close to 4/5, hence we entered the successive commands

g[4/5]
g[%]

(Recall that % refers to the “last output.”)

g[%]

After six iterations the results agreed to over 50 decimal degits, and thus we find that the graphs cross at
the two points

(b, b2 ) ≈ (0.8241323123025224, 0.6791940681811024) and (a, a2 )

where a = −b. Hence the value of the double integral is

Integrate[ Integrate[ x, {y, x∗x, Cos[x]}], {x, a, b} ]

0.0 × 10−58

A moment’s thought about Riemann sums reveals that the exact value of the integral is zero.

C14S02.040: We let f (x) = x2 − 2x − sin x. Clearly f (0) = 0. We used the function g of the solution
of Problem 39 to implement Newton’s method for finding the positive solution. Beginning with the initial
approximation x0 = 2.2, six iterations yielded 50-place accuracy; the graphs cross at (0, 0) and at

(b, b2 − 2b) ≈ (2.3169342886237398, 0.7343159205529156).

The Mathematica 3.0 command

Integrate[ Integrate[ x, {y, x∗x - 2∗x, Sin[x]} ], {x, a, b} ]

3.3945384440042540571563864737

10
yielded a good approximation to the value of the double integral. All digits shown are correct or correctly
rounded because we carried at least 32 decimal digits in each computation.

C14S02.041: The integral is zero. Each term f (xi , yi ) ∆Ai = xi ∆Ai in every Riemann sum is cancelled
by a similar term in which xi has the opposite sign.

C14S02.042: By symmetry around both coordinate axes, the value of the integral is
 1  1−x  1  1−x  1  1
1 1 1
4 x2 dy dx = 4 x2 y dx = 4 (x2 − x3 ) dx = 4 x3 − x4 = .
0 0 0 0 0 3 4 0 3

C14S02.043: Every term of the form f (xi , yi ) ∆Ai in every Riemann sum is cancelled by a similar term
in which xi has the opposite sign (but yi is the same). Therefore the value of the integral is zero.

C14S02.044: Clearly the double integral of y 2 over the square is the same as the double integral of x2 , so
the answer is double the answer to Problem 42.

C14S02.045: Suppose that the rectangle R consists of those points (x, y) for which both a
x
b and
c
y
d. Suppose that k is a positive constant and that f is a function continuous on R. Then

I= f (x, y) dA
R

exists. Suppose that  > 0 is given. Then there exists a number δ1 > 0 such that, for every partition
P = {R1 , R2 , . . . Rn } of R such that |P | < δ1 and for every selection (xi , yi ) in Ri (i = 1, 2, . . . , n),

 n

f (xi , yi ) ∆Ai − I <
2k
i=1

(where ∆Ai is the area a(Ri ) of Ri ). Consequently,

 n

k f (xi , yi ) ∆Ai − kI < . (1)
2
i=1

Moreover, kf is continuous on R, and hence


J= kf (x, y) dA
R

exists. So there exists a number δ2 > 0 such that, for every partition P = {R1 , R2 , . . . Rn } of R such that
|P | < δ2 and every selection (xi , yi ) in Ri ( i = 1, 2, . . . n),

 n

kf (xi , yi ) ∆Ai − J < ; that is,
2
i=1

 n

k f (xi , yi ) ∆Ai − J < .
 
2
i=1

Let δ be the minimum of δ1 and δ2 . Then, for every partition P of R with |P | < δ and every selection
(xi , yi ) in Ri (i = 1, 2, . . . n), we have both

11

n

kI − k f (xi , yi ) ∆Ai < (by (1)) and
2
i=1

 n

k f (xi , yi ) ∆Ai − J < .
2
i=1

Add the last two inequalities. Then, by the triangle inequality (Theorem 1 of Appendix A, page A-2),
 
|kI − J | < + = .
2 2
Because  is an arbitrary positive number, this proves that J = kI; that is, we have shown that
 
kf (x, y) dA = k f (x, y) dA.
R R

The proof is similar in the case k < 0, and if k = 0 there is nothing to prove. 

For a shorter proof, one that exploits both the continuity of f and the fact that R is a rectangle with sides
parallel to the coordinate axes, choose a continuous function F such that Fx = f . Then choose a continuous
function P such that Py = F . Then

  d  b  d  b
kf (x, y) dA = kf (x, y) dx dy = kF (x, y) dy
R c a c a

 d  d
= [kF (b, y) − kF (a, y)] dy = kP (b, y) − kP (a, y)
c c

= kP (b, d) − kP (a, d) − kP (b, c) + kP (a, c) = k [P (b, d) − P (a, d) − P (b, c) + P (a, c)]

 d  d
= k P (b, y) − P (a, y) = k [F (b, y) − F (a, y)] dy
c c

 d  b  d  b 
=k F (x, y) dy = k f (x, y) dx dy = k f (x, y) dA.
c a c a R

C14S02.046: Suppose that R is a plane rectangle with sides parallel to the coordinate axes, so that R
consists of those points (x, y) for which both a
x
b and c
y
d for some numbers a, b, c, and
d. Suppose that f and g are functions both of which are continuous on R. Then there exist continuous
functions F and G such that Fx = f and Gx = g on R. Moreover, there exist continuous functions P and
Q such that Py = F and Qy = G on R. Then

  d  b  d  b
f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dx dy = F (x, y) dy
R c a c a

 d  d
= [F (b, y) − F (a, y)] dy = P (b, y) − P (a, y)
c c

= P (b, d) − P (a, d) − P (b, c) + P (a, c).

Similarly,

12
 
g(x, y) dA = Q(b, d) − Q(a, d) − Q(b, c) + Q(a, c).
R

Finally,

  d  b  d  b
[f (x, y) + g(x, y)] dA = [f (x, y) + g(x, y)] dx dy = F (x, y) + G(x, y) dy
R c a c a
 d
= [F (b, y) + G(b, y) − F (a, y) − G(a, y)] dy
c
 d
= P (b, y) + Q(b, y) − P (a, y) − Q(a, y)
c

= P (b, d) + Q(b, d) − P (a, d) − Q(a, d) − P (b, c) − Q(b, c) + P (a, c) + Q(a, c).

We compare these three results; it follows immediately that

  
[f (x, y) + g(x, y)] dA = f (x, y) dA + g(x, y) dA.
R R R

C14S02.047: Suppose that R is a plane rectangle with sides parallel to the coordinate axes, so that R
consists of those points (x, y) for which both a
x
b and c
y
d for some numbers a, b, c, and d.
Suppose that f is continuous on R and that m
f (x, y)
M for all (x, y) in R.
Let g(x, y) ≡ m and h(x, y) ≡ M for (x, y) in R. Then g(x, y)
f (x, y)
h(x, y) for all points (x, y) in
R. Let P = {R1 , R2 , . . . , Rn } be a partition of R and let (xi , yi ) be a selected point in Ri for 1
i
n.
As usual, let ∆Ai = a(Ri ) for 1
i
n. Then for each integer i, 1
i
n, we have

g(xi , yi )
f (xi , yi )
h(xi , yi );

thus

g(xi , yi ) ∆Ai
f (xi , yi ) ∆Ai
h(xi , yi ) ∆Ai

for 1
i
n. Add these inequalities to find that


n 
n 
n
m · ∆Ai
f (xi , yi ) ∆Ai
M · ∆Ai .
i=1 i=1 i=1

Therefore


n 
n 
n
m· a(Ri )
f (xi , yi ) ∆Ai
M · a(Ri );
i=1 i=1 i=1

that is,


n
m · a(R)
f (xi , yi ) ∆Ai
M · a(R) (1)
i=1

for every partition P of R and every selection (xi , yi ) for P. That is, the inequalities in (1) hold for every
Riemann sum for f on R. Because the double integral of f on R is the limit of such sums, we may conclude
that

13
 
m · a(R)
f (x, y) dA
M · a(R).
R

C14S02.048: Suppose that R1 and R2 are rectangles with sides parallel to the coordinate axes and that
the right-hand edge of R1 coincides with the left-hand edge of R2 . Suppose that R1 consists of those points
(x, y) in the plane for which a
x
b and r
y
s and that R2 consists of those points (x, y) for which
b
x
c and r
y
s. Let R be the union of R1 and R2 , so that R consists of those points (x, y) for
which a
x
c and r
y
s.
Suppose that f is continuous on R, and thus on R1 and R2 . Choose a continuous function F such that
Fx = f on R and a function P such that Py = F on R. Note that these equations hold on R1 and R2 as
well. Then

  s  b  s  b  s
f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dx dy = F (x, y) dy = [F (b, y) − F (a, y)] dy
R1 r a r a r

 s
= P (b, y) − P (a, y) = P (b, s) − P (a, s) − P (b, r) + P (a, r).
r

Similarly,

f (x, y) dA = P (c, s) − P (b, s) − P (c, r) + P (b, r)
R2

and

f (x, y) dA = P (c, s) − P (a, s) − P (c, r) + P (a, r).
R

Therefore
 
f (x, y) dA + f (x, y) dA
R1 R2

= P (b, s) − P (a, s) − P (b, r) + P (a, r) + P (c, s) − P (b, s) − P (c, r) + P (b, r)


= P (c, s) − P (a, s) − P (c, r) + P (a, r) = f (x, y) dA.
R

C14S02.049: Suppose that R is a rectangle with sides parallel to the coordinate axes, that f (x, y)
g(x, y)
for all (x, y) in R, and that both
 
I= f (x, y) dA and J = g(x, y) dA
R R

exist. Suppose by way of contradiction that J < I. Let  = I − J. Note that /3 > 0. Choose δ > 0 so
small that if P = {R1 , R2 , . . . , Rn } is a partition of R with |P | < δ and (xi , yi ) is a selection for P with
(xi , yi ) in Ri for 1
i
n, then
n
 n 
 
f (xi , yi ) ∆Ai − I <
 
and g(xi , yi ) ∆Ai − J < .
 
3 3
i=1 i=1

14
With such a partition and such a selection, note that


n
  n
g(xi , yi ) ∆Ai < J + < I− < f (xi , yi ) ∆Ai ,
i=1
3 3 i=1

and thus


n
[f (xi , yi ) − g(xi , yi )] ∆Ai > 0.
i=1

Because ∆Ai > 0 for 1
i
n, it follows that

f (xj , yj ) > g(xj , yj )

for some j, 1
j
n, contrary to hypothesis. Therefore I
J. 

C14S02.050: Let m = f (x0 , y0 ) and M = f (x1 , y1 ) where (x0 , y0 ) and (x1 , y1 ) are points of R. Let
r(t) be a continuous parametric curve lying entirely in R such that r(0) = (x0 , y0 ) and r(1) = (x1 , y1 ). By
Eq. (8) of Section 14.2,

m · a(R)
f (x, y) dA
M · a(R).
R

Note that g(t) = f (r(t)) · a(R) is continuous on [0, 1] and that g(0) = m · a(R) and g(1) = M · a(R).
Therefore


g t = f (x, y) dA (1)
R

for some t in [0, 1]. Let (x, y ) = g t . Then (x, y ) is a point of R, and by Eq. (1),

f (x, y ) · a(R) = f (x, y) dA.
R

C14S02.051: Recall that R is the region in the first quadrant bounded by the circle x2 + y 2 = 1 and the
coordinate axes. Hence

   √
1 1−x2
(x + y) dA = (x + y) dy dx
R x=0 y=0

 1  √1−x2  1   
1 1
= xy + y 2 dx = x 1 − x2 + (1 − x2 ) dx
0 2 0 0 2

 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 2
= − (1 − x2 )3/2 + x − x3 = − + = .
3 2 6 0 2 6 3 3

C14S02.052: Here is one way to use Mathematica to solve this problem. First define f (x, y) = xy and
set n = 5. Then the Riemann sum for the induced partition using the midpoint of each small rectangle
(actually, a square) is

15
 ( 1/n∧2)∗Sum[ f[ (i − 1/2)/n, (y − 1/2)/n ], { j, 1, n − 1 },
{ i, 1, IntegerPart[ Sqrt[ n∧2 − j∧2 ] ] } ]

207
2500
(You may need to substitute Floor for IntegerPart in the Mathematica command shown here.) So the
midpoint approximation to the integral is 0.0828. Its actual value is

Integrate[ f[ x, y ], { y, 0, 1 }, { x, 0, Sqrt[ 1 − y∧2 ] } ]

1
8
Therefore the exact value of the integral is 0.125. You can use ideas illustrated by the limits of summation
in the first command to verify the entries in the second column of the table in Fig. 14.2.3. —C.H.E.

C14S02.053: The domain of the integral and the partition using n = 5 subintervals of equal length in each
direction is shown next.

y
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

The midpoints of the

subrectangles of the inner partition are indicated with “bullets” in the figure. Let
f (x, y) = xy exp y 2 . Then the corresponding midpoint sum for the given integral is

1
S = f (0.1, 0.1) + f (0.3, 0.1) + f (0.5, 0.1) + f (0.7, 0.1) + f (0.3, 0.1) + f (0.3, 0.3)
n2
+ f (0.3, 0.5) + f (0.3, 0.7) + f (0.5, 0.1) + f (0.5, 0.3) + f (0.5, 0.5) + f (0.5, 0.7)

+ f (0.7, 0.1) + f (0.7, 0.3) + f (0.7, 0.5)
 
1 4 0.01 12 0.09 4 0.25 63 0.49
= e + e + e + e ≈ 0.109696.
25 25 25 5 100

The exact value of the integral is

   √1−y2
1

f (x, y) dA = xy exp y 2 dx dy
R y=0 x=0

16
   √1−y2 
1
1 2
1
1

= x y exp y 2 dy = (y − y 3 ) exp y 2 dy
0 2 0 0 2

 1
2 − y2
e−2
= exp y 2 = ≈ 0.1795704571147613088400718678.
4 0 4

If you prefer the other order of integration—which avoids the integration by parts—it is

   √
1 1−x2

f (x, y) dA = xy exp y 2 dy dx
R x=0 y=0

  √1−x2 
1
1
1
1

= x exp y 2 dx = x exp 1 − x2 − x dx
0 2 0 0 2

 1
1 1
e−2
= − x2 − exp 1 − x2 = .
4 4 0 4

17