Section 10.

C10S05.001: The area is

 1  1  1  
6 5 6 22
A= (2t2 + 1)(3t2 ) dt = (6t4 + 3t2 ) dt = t + t3 =2· +1 = .
−1 −1 5 −1 5 5

C10S05.002: The area is

 ln 2  ln 2  ln 2
3 2t 3 9
A= (e−t )(3e3t ) dt = 3e2t dt = e =6− = .
0 0 2 0 2 2

C10S05.003: The area is

 
π π
A= 3
sin t dt =
0 0
 π
 1  4
sin t − cos t sin t dt =2
cos3 t − cos t = .
3 0 3

 1  1
3 2t 3 2
C10S05.004: The area is A = 2t
3e dt = e = (e − 1) ≈ 9.5835841484.
0 2 0 2

C10S05.005: The area is

 π  π
1 t 1 π
A= et sin t dt = e (sin t − cos t) = (e + 1) ≈ 12.0703463164.
0 2 0 2

See Example 5 of Section 8.3 for the evaluation of the antiderivative using integration by parts.

C10S05.006: The area is

 1  1
A= (2t + 1)e dt = (2t − 1)e
t t
= e − (−1) = e + 1 ≈ 3.718281828459.
0 0

See Example 3 of Section 8.3 for the evaluation of the antiderivative using integration by parts.

C10S05.007: The volume is

 1  1
V = π(2t2 + 1)2 · 3t2 dt = π (12t6 + 12t4 + 3t2 ) dt
−1 −1
 1  
12 7 12 5 179 179 358
=π t + t + t3 = + π= π ≈ 32.1340048567.
7 5 −1 35 35 35

C10S05.008: The volume is

 ln 2  ln 2  ln 2
−2t
V = π(e ) · 3e 3t
dt = π t
3e dt = 3π e t
= 3π ≈ 9.424777960769.
0 0 0

C10S05.009: The volume is

1
  π  π
V = π(sin t) dt = π 5
(1 − 2 cos2 t + cos4 t) sin t dt
0 0
 π  
1 2 8 8 16
= π − cos5 t + cos3 t − cos t = π + = π ≈ 3.351032163829.
5 3 0 15 15 15

C10S05.010: The volume is

 π  π
1 2t
V =π 2t
e sin t dt = π e (2 sin t − cos t)
0 5 0

π 2π π π  2π 
= e + = e + 1 ≈ 337.087648741765.
5 5 5
See Example 5 of Section 8.3 for the technique of finding the antiderivative using integration by parts.

C10S05.011: The arc-length element is ds = (t + 4)1/2 dt. Hence the length of the curve is
 12  12
2 128 74
L= (t + 4)1/2 dt = (t + 4)3/2 = − 18 = ≈ 24.6666666667.
5 3 5 3 3

C10S05.012: The arc-length element is ds = (t2 + t4 )1/2 dt = t(t2 + 1)1/2 dt. Thus the length of the curve
is
  1 √
1
1 2 2 2 −1
L= t(t2 + 1)1/2 dt = (t + 1)3/2 = ≈ 0.6094757082.
0 3 0 3

√
C10S05.013: The arc-length element is ds = (cos t + sin t)2 + (cos t − sin t)2 dt = 2 dt. Therefore
the length of the curve is
  π/2 √
π/2 √ √ π 2
L= 2 dt = t 2 = ≈ 1.1107207345.
π/4 π/4 4

C10S05.014: The arc-length element is

√
ds = (et cos t + et sin t)2 + (et cos t − et sin t)2 dt = et 2 dt.

Therefore the length of the curve is

  π
π √ √ √
L= e t
2 dt = e t
2 = (eπ − 1) 2 ≈ 31.3116678016.
0 0

C10S05.015: Equation (10) of the text tells us that the arc-length element in polar coordinates is

 2  1/2 √
dr 1 θ 5 θ/2
ds = r2 + dθ = eθ + e dθ = e dθ.
dθ 4 2

Therefore the length of the curve is

2
  √  
4π
5 θ/2 √ 4π  2π √
L= e dθ = eθ/2 5 = e − 1 5 ≈ 1195.159675159775.
0 2 0

√
C10S05.016: The arc-length element is ds = θ2 + 1 dθ. Thus the length of the curve is
 4π 1 2  4π
L= θ2 + 1 dθ =
θ θ + 1 + ln θ + θ2 + 1
2π 2 2π

1    
= 4π 16π 2 + 1 + ln 4π + 16π 2 + 1 − 2π 4π 2 + 1 − ln 2π + 4π 2 + 1
2
≈ 59.563021935206.

The antiderivative was obtained using a trigonometric substitution (as in Section 8.6); alternatively, a
hyperbolic substitution can be used, or simply apply integral formula 44 of the endpapers of the text.
 1/2
1
C10S05.017: The arc-length element is ds = 1+ dt, so the surface area is
t
 4  1/2  4  4
1 8π
A= 2π · 2t1/2 · 1 + dt = 4π(t + 1)1/2 dt = (t + 1)3/2
1 t 1 3 1
√ √ 
40π 5 16π 2 8π √ √
= − = 5 5 − 2 2 ≈ 69.968820743698.
3 3 3

C10S05.018: The arc-length element is

 2 1/2  1/2
1 16 8 1 (16t6 + 8t3 + 1)1/2 4t3 + 1
ds = 4t − 2 + dt = 2
16t + + 4 dt = dt = dt,
t t t t t2 t2

so the surface area of revolution is

 2  2  2
4t3 + 1 8(4t3 + 1)
A = 2π 8t1/2 ·
dt = 2π dt = 2π (32t3/2 + 8t−3/2 ) dt
1 t2 1 t3/2 1
 2 √
64 5/2 −1/2 216 2 + 16 16π  √
= 2π t − 16t = 2π · = 2 + 27 2 ≈ 403.971278839858.
5 1 5 5

C10S05.019: The arc-length element is ds = (9t4 + 4)1/2 dt, but the surface area of revolution is not
 1
2πt3 (9t4 + 4)1/2 dt.
−1

The reason is that the radius of the circle of revolution is t3 , which is negative for −1
t < 0. But symmetry
of the graph allows us to double the integral over [0, 1] to find the area:

  1
1
2π 2π  √
A=2 3
2πt (9t + 4) 4 1/2
dt = 4
(9t + 4)3/2
= 13 13 − 8 ≈ 9.045963922970.
0 27 0 27

C10S05.020: The arc-length element is ds = 4 + (2t + 1)2 dt = (4t2 + 4t + 5)1/2 dt, so the surface area
of revolution is

3
  3  3
2 1/2 π 2 3/2
A= 2π(2t + 1)(4t + 4t + 5) dt = (4t + 4t + 5)
0 3 0
√ √
53π 53 5π 5 π √ √
= − = 53 53 − 5 5 ≈ 392.3487776186.
3 3 3

C10S05.021: The circle with polar equation r = 4 sin θ, 0
θ
π, is to be rotated around the x-axis.
The arc-length element is

ds = (4 sin θ)2 + (4 cos θ)2 dθ = 4 dθ

and the radius of the circle of revolution is y = 4 sin2 θ, so the surface area of revolution is

 π  π  π
A = 2π 2
16 sin θ dθ = 16π (1 − cos 2θ) dθ = 8π 2θ − sin 2θ = 16π 2 ≈ 157.9136704174.
0 0 0

√
C10S05.022: The arc-length element is ds = (eθ )2 + (eθ )2 dθ = eθ 2 dθ and the radius of the circle of
revolution is x = r cos θ = eθ cos θ, so the surface area of revolution is

√  π/2 √
√  π/2
2π 2 2π 2 π
A = 2π 2 2θ
e cos θ dθ = (2 cos θ + sin θ)e2θ
= (e − 2) ≈ 37.5702490396.
0 5 0 5

C10S05.023: The cycloidal arch is the graph of the parametric equations x = a(t − sin t), y = a(1 − cos t),
0
t
2π, a > 0. When the region between the arch and the x-axis is rotated around the x-axis, the
volume swept out is

 2π  2π  2π  
3
V = 2
πy dx = πa 3
(1 − cos t) dt = πa
3 3
1 − 3 cos t + (1 + cos 2t) − (1 − sin t) cos t dt
2
t=0 0 0 2
 2π
3 3 1 5
= πa3 t − 3 sin t + t + sin 2t − sin t + sin3 t = πa3 · 2π = 5π 2 a3 .
2 4 3 0 2

C10S05.024: The cycloidal arch is the graph of the parametric equations x = a(t − sin t), y = a(1 − cos t),
0
t
2π, a > 0. Suppose that it is rotated around the x-axis to generate a surface of area A. To find the
arc-length element, we first compute
 
1 − cos t t
[x (t)] + [y  (t)] = a2 (1 − 2 cos t + cos2 t + sin2 t) = 4a2
2 2
= 4a2 sin2 .
2 2

Thus the arc-length element is

    
 t  t

ds = 2a  sin dt = 2a sin dt.
2  2

We may remove the absolute value symbols because sin(t/2)  0 if 0
t
2π. So the surface area of
revolution around the x-axis is

4
  2π  2π    2π  
t t
A= 2πy ds = 4πa2 (1 − cos t) sin dt = 8πa2 sin3 dt
t=0 0 2 0 2
 2π          2π
t t t 2 t 64 2
= 8πa2 1 − cos 2
sin dt = 8πa −2 cos
2
+ cos 2
= πa .
0 2 2 2 3 2 0 3

C10S05.025: Part (a): The area of the ellipse is

 π/2  π/2  π/2
1
A=4 ab sin2 t dt = 2ab (1 − cos 2t) dt = 2ab t − sin 2t = πab.
0 0 2 0

Part (b): The volume generated when [the upper half of] the ellipse is rotated around the x-axis is

 π/2  π/2  π/2

1 4
V =2 2 2
π(b sin t)(a sin t) dt = 2πab 2
(1 − cos t) sin t dt = 2πab
2 2
cos3 t − cos t = πab2 .
0 0 3 0 3

Compare this with the solution of Problem 36 in Section 6.2.

√ √
C10S05.026: The loop in the graph of x = t2 , y = t3 − 3t is generated as t runs from − 3 to 3 . Its
area is

 √
3  √
3  √3 √
4 24 3
A=2 −2t(t − 3t) dt =
3
(12t − 4t ) dt = 4t − t5
2 4 3
= ≈ 8.3138438763.
0 0 5 0 5

C10S05.027: Using the given Cartesian parametrization, the arc-length element for the spiral is

2 2
ds = [x (t)] + [y  (t)] dt = (cos t − t sin t)2 + (sin t + t cos t)2 dt = t2 + 1 dt.

Therefore the arc length is

   2π
2π
1 2
L= t2 + 1 dt = t t + 1 + ln t + t2 + 1
0 2 0

1  
= 2π 1 + 4π 2 + ln 2π + 1 + 4π 2 ≈ 21.2562941482.
2
The antiderivative can be obtained with the trigonometric substitution t = tan θ or by use of integral formula
44 of the endpapers of the textbook.

C10S05.028: The parametrization x = b + a cos t, y = a sin t, 0
t
2π of the circle yields the arc-length
element ds = (−a sin t)2 + (a cos t)2 dt = a dt. The radius of the circle of revolution around the y-axis is
x = b + a cos t, and therefore the surface area of revolution is
 2π  2π
A= 2πa(b + a cos t) dt = 2πa bt + a sin t = 4π 2 ab.
0 0

C10S05.029: The area bounded by the astroid is

5
  π/2  π/2  π/2
A = −4 y dx = 4 (a sin3 t)(3a cos2 t sin t) dt = 12a2 (sin4 t − sin6 t) dt
t=0 0 0
   
1 3 π 1 3 5 π 3 5 3 2
= 12a2 · · − · · · = 12a2 · π 1− = πa .
2 4 2 2 4 6 2 16 6 8
The first minus sign is needed because dx < 0. The integral was computed using integral formula 113 of the
endpapers of the text.

C10S05.030: The arc-length element is

ds = (9a2 cos4 t sin2 t + 9a2 cos2 t sin4 t)1/2 dt

 1/2
 2 2
1/2 1 3
2
= 3a (sin t cos t)(cos t + sin t) 2
dt = 3a sin2 2t dt = a sin 2t dt.
4 2
So the total length of the astroid is
 π/2  π/2
3
A=4 a sin 2t dt = − 3a cos 2t = 3a − (−3a) = 6a.
0 2 0

Compare this with the solution of Problem 41 in Section 6.4.

C10S05.031: The arc-length element is

ds = (9a2 cos4 t sin2 t + 9a2 cos2 t sin4 t)1/2 dt

 1/2
 1/2 1 3
= 3a (sin2 t cos2 t)(cos2 t + sin2 t) dt = 3a sin2 2t dt = a sin 2t dt.
4 2
The radius of the circle of revolution is y = a sin3 t. So the surface area of revolution around the x-axis is

   
π/2 π/2  3
 3
A=2 2πy ds = 2 2πa sin t a sin 2t dt
t=0 0 2
 π/2  π/2
2 4 12πa2 5 12 2
= 6πa 2 sin t cos t dt = sin t = πa .
0 5 0 5

Compare this with the solution of Problem 42 in Section 6.4.

C10S05.032: First we use Eq. (10) to compute the arc-length element. Given r2 = 2a2 cos 2θ,

dr
2r = −4a2 sin 2θ;
dθ
 2
dr 16a4 sin2 2θ 4a4 sin2 2θ 2a2 sin2 2θ
= = = ;
dθ 4r2 2a2 cos 2θ cos 2θ
 2
2 dr 2a2 cos2 2θ + 2a2 sin2 2θ 2a2
r + = = ;
dθ cos 2θ cos 2θ
√
a 2
ds = √ dθ.
cos 2θ

6
  √
The radius of the circle of revolution is x = r cos θ = a 2 cos 2θ · cos θ. Therefore the surface area of
revolution around the y-axis is

  √ √  π/4  π/4
π/4
a 2 √
A=2 2π a 2 cos 2θ (cos θ) √ dθ = 8πa2 2
cos θ dθ = 8πa sin θ = 4πa2 2 .
0 cos 2θ 0 0

The first integral here is improper; make the integrand continuous by using its right-hand limit at θ = π/4
for its value there.

C10S05.033: The area is

   
3 3   √ √  3
4 4
A=2 y dx = 2 3t − 13 t3 2t 3 dt = 3 12t2 − t dt
t=0 0 0 3
 3 √
√ 4 5 216 3
= 3 4t3 − t = ≈ 74.8245948870.
15 0 5

C10S05.034: The arc-length element is

ds = 12t2 + (t2 − 3)2 dt = (t2 + 3)2 dt = (t2 + 3) dt.

Therefore the arc length of the loop is

 3  3
1 3
L= (t2 + 3) dt = t + 3t = 9 + 9 + 9 + 9 = 36.
−3 3 −3

C10S05.035: The volume of revolution around the x-axis is

   2  
3 3
1 3 √ √  3
1 7
V = πy 2 dx = π 3t − t · 2t 3 dt = 2π 3 t − 2t5 + 9t3 dt
t=0 0 3 0 9
 3 √
√ 1 8 1 6 9 4 243π 3
= 2π 3 t − t + t = ≈ 330.5649341317.
72 3 4 0 4

C10S05.036: We saw in the solution of Problem 34 that the arc-length element is ds = (t2 + 3) dt.
Therefore the surface area of revolution around the x-axis is

     3 
3 3
1 3 2  1 5
A= 2πy ds = 2π 3t − t t + 3 dt = 2π 9t + 2t − t dt
3
t=0 0 3 0 3
 3
9 2 1 4 1 6
= 2π t + t − t = 81π ≈ 254.4690049408.
2 2 18 0

C10S05.037: Part (a): The parametrization found for the first-quadrant loop of the folium in Section
10.4 was

3t 3t2
x= , y= , 0
t < +∞.
1 + t3 1 + t3
We first need to compute the arc-length element.

7
 9(2t3 − 1)2 9(t4 − 2t)2
[x (t)] = [y  (t)] =
2 2
and ;
(1 + t3 )4 (1 + t3 )4
√
3 t8 + 4t6 − 4t5 − 4t3 + 4t2 + 1
ds = dt.
(t3 + 1)2

Part (b): We will find the length of the loop by integrating ds from t = 0 to t = 1 (to avoid an improper
integral) and doubling the result. The length is thus
 √
1
3 t8 + 4t6 − 4t5 − 4t3 + 4t2 + 1
L=2 dt.
0 (t3 + 1)2

We used Mathematica 3.0 and the command

6∗NIntegrate[ (Sqrt[ t∧8 + 4∗t∧6 - 4∗t∧5 - 4∗t∧3 + 4∗t∧2 + 1 ])/(t∧3 + 1)∧2,
{ t, 0, 1 }, MaxRecursion -> 18, WorkingPrecision -> 28 ]
to find that L ≈ 4.917488721682.

C10S05.038: We use the parametrization x = a(t − sin t), y = a(1 − cos t), 0
t
2π, a > 0. The
arc-length element is
  
1 − cos t  t t
ds = a 2(1 − cos t) dt = 2a dt = 2a  sin  dt = 2a sin dt.
2 2 2

Therefore the surface area of revolution around the y-axis is

 2π   
t t t
A = 2π a t − 2 sin cos 2a sin dt.
0 2 2 2

Let t = 2u, so that dt = 2 du. Then

 π  π
A = 2π 2a · 2 · (2u − 2 sin u cos u)(sin u) du = 16πa
2 2
(u sin u − sin2 u cos u) du
0 0
 π
1
= 16πa2 sin u − u cos u − sin3 u = 16π 2 a2 .
3 0

See the solution of Problem 3 in Section 8.3 for the integration by parts to antidifferentiate u sin u. Or if
you prefer, imitate a computer algebra program: Assume that the antiderivative has the form Au sin u +
Bu cos u + C sin u + D cos u. Differentiate and solve for the four coefficients A, B, C, and D.

C10S05.039: We use the parametrization x = a(t − sin t), y = a(1 − cos t), 0
t
2π, a > 0. By the
method of nested cylindrical shells, the volume of revolution around the y-axis is

 2π  2π
V = 2πxy dx = 2πa(t − sin t) · a(1 − cos t) · a(1 − cos t) dt
t=0 0
 2π
= 2πa 3
(t − 2t cos t + t cos2 t − sin t + 2 sin t cos t − sin t cos2 t) dt
0
 2π  
3 1
= 2πa3 t − 2t cos t + t cos 2t − sin t + 2 sin t cos t − sin t cos2 t dt
0 2 2

8
  2π
3 2 1 1 1
3
= 2πa t − 2 cos t − 2t sin t + cos 2t + t sin 2t + cos t + sin2 t + cos3 t = 6π 3 a3 .
4 8 4 3 0

See the solution of Problem 5 in Section 8.3 for the way integration by parts can be used to find the two
more troublesome antiderivatives here.

C10S05.040: Part (a): The point T has coordinates x = a cos t, y = a sin t; let P have coordinates
(x, y). The slope of OT is tan t and hence the slope of T P is − cot t. Note also that T P has length at.
Therefore

y − a sin t cos t
= − cot t = − and
x − a cos t sin t
(x − a cos t)2 + (y − a sin t)2 = a2 t2 .

Thus

y sin t − a sin2 t = −x cos t + a cos2 t; that is, y sin t + x cos t = a.

Therefore

 2
a − x cos t
(x − a cos t) = a t − (y − a sin t) = a t −
2 2 2 2 2 2
− a sin t
sin t
 2
a − x cos t − a sin2 t (a − x cos t − a + a cos2 t)2
=a t −
2 2
= a2 t2 −
sin t sin2 t
1 2 cos2 t
= a2 t2 − [(x − a cos t)(− cos t) + a − a] = a2 2
t − (x − a cos t)2 .
sin2 t sin2 t
It now follows that

(1 + cot2 t)(x − a cos t)2 = a2 t2 ;

(x − a cos t)2 = a2 t2 sin2 t;

x = a cos t ± at sin t.

Next,

 2
a − y sin t
(y − a sin t) = a t − (x − a cos t) = a t −
2 2 2 2 2 2
− a cos t
cos t
 2  2
a − y sin t − a cos2 t a sin2 t − y sin t
=a t −
2 2
=a t −
2 2
cos t cos t

= a2 t2 − (a sin t − y)2 tan2 t.

Therefore

(1 + tan2 t)(y − a sin t)2 = a2 t2 ;

(y − a sin t)2 = a2 t2 cos2 t;

y = a sin t ± at cos t.

9
A moment’s reflection about the behavior of P (x, y) for t small positive now makes it evident that the
correct choice of signs is

x = a(cos t + t sin t), y = a(sin t − t cos t).

Part (b): After all that algebra, the arc-length element ds almost miraculously simplifies to at dt. Therefore
the length of the involute from t = 0 to t = π is
 π a π π2 a
L= at dt = t2 = ≈ (4.9348)a.
0 2 0 2

C10S05.041: We will compute the area of the part of the region above the x-axis, then double the result.
On the left we see a quarter-circle of radius πa, with area

1 1
A1 = π(πa)2 = π 3 a2 .
4 4
On the right, the area between the involute and the x-axis can be found with an integral:
 π  π
 a2 πa2 2
A2 = [−y(t) · x (t)] dt = 3t sin 2t − 3 sin 2t + 6t cos 2t + 2t
2 3
= (π + 3).
0 12 0 6

But we must subtract the area of the part of the water tank above the x-axis, the area of a semicircle of
radius a: A3 = 12 πa2 . So the total area of the region that the cow can graze is

5 3 2
A = 2(A1 + A2 − A3 ) = π a .
6

C10S05.042: You can see in the following figure that there is a problem at the extreme left. Each involute
moves away from the y-axis very briefly, then moves back toward it.

B
A

We can avoid this problem by finding the area that the cow can graze in the third quadrant by integrating
not y dx, but instead x dy. To find the limits of integration on the parameter t, we need to know the value

10
t1 of t at which the involute crosses the negative x-axis (where the two involutes cross) and the value t2 of
t at which the outer involute crosses the positive y-axis. Newton’s method yields

t1 ≈ 4.4934094579 and t2 ≈ 6.121250466898.

So the area of the shaded region is

 t2
x(t) · y  (t) dt ≈ (23.106)a2 .
t=t1

The area of the region bounded below by the x-axis, on the left by the y-axis, on the right by the line x = a,
and above by the outer involute is
 2π
B= [−y(t) · x (t)] dt ≈ (6.256)a2 .
t=t1

The area of the quarter-circle bounded below by the x-axis, on the left by the line x = a, and on the right
and above by the circular arc of radius 2πa is

1
C= π(2πa)2 = π 3 a2 ≈ (31.006)a2 .
4
We can obtain the total area that the cow can graze by doubling the sum of the areas A, B, and C, but
then we need to subtract the area occupied by the water tank, the area D = πa2 ≈ (3.142)a2 of a circle of
radius a. So the area the cow can graze is

2(A + B + C) − D ≈ (117.596)a2 .

C10S05.043: Given r(θ) = 3 sin 3θ, remember that roses with odd coefficients are swept out twice in the
interval 0
θ
2π. Therefore we should integrate
 √
2 2
ds = [r(θ)] + [r (θ)] dθ = 45 + 36 cos 6θ dθ

from 0 to π to obtain the total length of the rose:

 
π π √
1 ds = 45 + 36 cos 6θ dθ ≈ 20.047339830833.
θ=0 0

The Mathematica 3.0 command we used in Problem 43—we used appropriately modified versions of it for
Problems 44 through 55—was

NIntegrate[ Sqrt[ 45 + 36∗Cos[6∗t] ], { t, 0, Pi },

MaxRecursion -> 18, WorkingPrecision -> 28 ]

C10S05.044: Two integrals are required. The surface area is

 π/3  π/2
2πx ds − 2πx ds.
θ=0 θ=π/3

The minus sign is needed because x(θ) = r(θ) cos θ is negative if π/3
θ
π/2. The total surface area is
approximately 64.912021806645.

11
C10S05.045: Given r(θ) = 2 cos 2θ, remember than a rose with an even coefficient n of √ θ has 2n “petals,”
and is swept out as θ ranges from 0 to 2π. The arc length element in this case is ds = 10 − 6 cos 4θ dθ,
and the length of the graph is
 2π √
10 − 6 cos 4θ dθ ≈ 19.376896441095
0

C10S05.046: When the rose of Problem 45 is rotated around the x-axis, the entire surface is generated
twice. To obtain each part of the surface once, we will rotate the part of the rose from θ = 0 to θ = π/4
and, separately, the part from θ = π/4 to π/2. We will set up an integral for each surface area, add the
results, and double the sum. With x(θ) = r(θ) sin θ and the arc length element ds of Problem 45, we get the
integrals
 π/4  π/2
2πy ds ≈ 5.46827 and (−2πy) ds ≈ 16.1232,
θ=0 θ=π/4

for a total area of approximately 43.1829346047.

√
C10S05.047: Given: r(θ) = 5 + 9 cos θ, the arc length element is ds = 106 + 90 cos θ dθ, and so the total
length of the limaçon is
 2π √
106 + 90 cos θ dθ ≈ 61.003581373850.
0

C10S05.048: The limaçon of Problem 47 is to be rotated around the x-axis. To find the surface area
generated, we need to know where r(θ) = 0. The solution is
 
5
θ1 = cos−1 − ≈ 2.159827297.
9

So the surface area is

 θ1  π
2πy ds − 2πy ds.
θ=0 θ=θ1

The minus sign is needed because y < 0 on the part of the limaçon from θ = θ1 to π. And we stop at θ = π
because the same surface is swept out a second time for π
θ
2π. The resulting total surface area is
approximately 860.260874010443.

C10S05.049: Given: r(θ) = cos(7θ/3). To sweep out all seven “petals” of this quasi-rose, you need to let
θ vary from 0 to 3π. The length of the graph is
  
3π 
1
9 29 − 20 cos(14θ/3) dθ ≈ 16.342833373939.
0

 2π
C10S05.050: The length of the graph of this curve is cos2 t + 4 cos2 2t dt ≈ 9.429431296944.
0

C10S05.051: Part (a): When the curve of Problem 50 is rotated around the x-axis, the surface generated
is swept out twice. We will rotate the part of the curve in the first quadrant around the x-axis and double
the result to get the total surface area

12
  π/2
2 2πy ds ≈ 16.057027566602.
t=0

Part (b): To find the volume of revolution around the x-axis, we evaluate

 π/2  π/2
2 π[y(t)]2 · x (t) dt = 2 4π(sin2 t cos t − sin4 t cos t) dt
0 0

   π/2
1 1 16
= 2 4π sin3 t − sin5 t = π ≈ 3.351032163829.
3 5 0 15

C10S05.052: Now the curve of Problems 50 and 51 is to be rotated around the y-axis. We will use the
same part of the curve (the part in the first quadrant) and double the answer.

Part (a): The surface area generated is

 π/2
2 2πx(t) cos2 t + 4 cos2 2t dt ≈ 17.720537653947.
0

Part (b): Using the method of cylindrical shells, the volume enclosed by that surface is

 π/2  π/2
2 2πx(t)y(t)x (t) dt = 4π 2 sin2 t cos2 t dt
0 0

 π/2  π/2  
1 1 + cos 4t
= 4π (1 − cos2 2t) dt = 2π 1− dt
0 2 0 2
 π/2    π/2
1 1 1 1 1 2
= 2π − cos 4t dt = 2π t − sin 4t = π .
0 2 2 2 8 0 2

C10S05.053: The arc-length element is ds = 25 cos2 5t + 9 sin2 3t dt, and the entire Lissajous curve is
obtained by letting t range from 0 to 2π. Hence the length of the graph is

 2π
25 cos2 5t + 9 sin2 3t dt ≈ 24.602961618540.
0

 2π √
C10S05.054: The length of the graph is 464 − 320 cos 3t dt ≈ 130.742666991511.
0

C10S05.055: The length of the graph is

 2π
[x (t)]2 + [y  (t)]2 dt ≈ 39.403578712896.
0

13
The graph is next.

14