Economic Geology

Vol.94, 1999,pp.357-374

Regional
Oxygen IsotopeZonation
at BrokenHill, NewSouthWales,Australia:
Large-Scale
FluidFlowandImplicationsforPb-Zn-AgMineralization
IAN CARTWRIGHT •

Department
ofEarthSciences,
MonashUniversity,
Clayton,
Victoria3168,Australia

Abstract

Metasedimentaryandmetavolcanic
rocksatBrokenHill,Australia,
showregional-scale
lowering
of8•sOval-
uesfromashighas16permilin Paragon Groupmetasedimentary rockstovaluesaslowas7 permilwithina
fewhundreds of meters
of Pb-Zn-Agorebodies.Suchlarge-scale
oxygen isotoperesetting
cannotbeachieved
byclosed-systemprocesses
(suchaspartialmelting
ordevolatization),
implyingthattherockswereaffected
by
fluidflow.Thepreservation
ofpeakmetamorphic •sOfractionations
betweencoexisting
minerals,
anda lackof
correlation
between 81sO values
andtheintensityof retrogression,
suggests
thatoxygen isotoperesettingoc-
curredat,or priorto,thepeakof regionalmetamorphism.Fluidflowduringthepeakof regional metamor-
phismisunlikelyduetowidespread fluid-absent
partialmeltingandinternalbuffering
ofvolatileactivities
at
thattime.Thus,fluidflowmostprobably predated
regionalmetamorphism. Theassociationofrocks withlow
8•sOvalues withthePb-Zn-Ag orebodies suggests
a linkwithmineralization.
The8•sOvalues ofrocksadjacent
totheorebodies aresimilartothoserecorded involcanic-hosted
massivesulfidedeposits
whereconvective cir-
culation of oceanwaterhasoccurred. Basemetalmineralization at BrokenHill mayhaveoccurred at hy-
drothermal ventsat, or closeto, theseafloorproducing localized
low8•sOvalues withlaterkilometer-scale
fluidcirculation,possibly drivenbythesameor relatedintrusions, eausingregionalresetting
of oxygen iso-
topes.However, mineralization in skarnsystems associated
withpre-regional
metamorphic granites
is alsoa
plausible modelthatcouldexplain theregional8•sOtrendsandmuchoftheothergeochemical data.Alterna-
tively,thelarge-scaleresettingofoxygen isotopes
maybeunrelated to mineralization.
Whilethestableisotope
datamaynotunambiguously constrain
theoriginof thebasemetalorebody, theyindicatethatmineralization
mostprobably occurred priorto regionalmetamorphism.

Introduction In thisstudy, newoxygen isotope datafromrocksthatsur-

AUSTRALIAN Proterozoicbasemetaloredeposits are oneof round the orebody arepresented which indicatethatlarge-scale
theworld's majorresources ofPb,Zn,andAg.Thestratiform fluidflowoccurred in the BrokenHill areapriorto regional
BrokenHill Pb-Zn-AgorebodyoccurswithinProterozoicmetamorphism. It is suggested thatmineralization occurred
rocksof theWillyarea complex ofwestern NewSouthWales, as part of the same flow system.
Australia. BrokenHill typedeposits havebeenproposed asa Geological History
distinctcategory of stratabound basemetaldeposits formed
in Proterozoic terrains(Walters,1996).Otherexamples in- The Willyarea Supergroup rocks atBroken Hill (Fig.1)com-
clude:Cannington, Australia;Cloncurry,Australia;Aggeneys- monly areinterpreted to be a 6 to 7 km thick sequence of ma-
Gainsburg, SouthAfrica;Zinkgruven, Sweden; andpossibly rine clastic and volcanoclastic sediments interlayered with
Sullivan, Canada(Joubert, 1986;Rozendaal, 1986;Parrand minor carbonate rocks, major volumes of rhyolitic volcanic
Plimer,1993;WaltersandBailey,1996;Williams et al.,1996). rocks, andmoreminorbasicrocks thatmaybeflowsand/orsills
Although researchershavestudied thetimingandoriginof and dykes (e.g., Johnson and Klingner, 1975;Stanton, 1976;
Willis et al., 1983; Stevensand Stroud, 1983; Stevenset al.,
basemetalmineralization at BrokenHill for overa century,
thereisnoconsensus onthesubject, mainlydueto thegran- 1988;PageandLaing,1992;Laing,1996a,b; Stevens, 1996).
ulitefaciesmetamorphism andintensedeformation thathas However, asdiscussed below,therearedisagreements onthe
affected theregion.Mineralization models haveincluded vol- relative amount ofvolcanic material present(Haydon andMc-
canic exhalative(Stanton, 1976; Willis et al., 1983; Plimer, Conachy, 1987; Wright et al., 1987). The Willyarea rocks are
1985; Stevens et al., 1990), sediment-hostedexhalative unconformably overlain bylateProterozoic Adelaidian shallow
(Gustarson andWilliams,1981;Phillipset al., 1985),diage- marinesediments andminorbasalts (Cooper et al.,1978).
netic(HaydonandMcConachy, 1987;Wrightet al., 1987), Volcanic rocks oftheWillyarea Supergroup probably ernpted
andsynmetamorphic (Whiteet al.,1995;Ehlerset al.,1996). at -1690 Ma (Page and Laing, 1992) during a major period of
Resolution of the originsof mineralizationat BrokenHill is igneous activity in the Broken Hill and adjacent Olary areas
criticalto ourunderstanding of BrokenHill-typedeposits in (Ashleyet al., 1996).Subsequently, theserocksunderwent
general, aswellasdetermining therelationship ofmineraliza- high-grade regional metamorphism accompanied by intense
tionat BrokenHill to differentstylesof Proterozoic Pb-Zn deformation. SHRIMP U-Pb data suggest that the regional
mineralization elsewhere in Australia(e.g.,McArthurRiver metamorphism peaked at 1590 to 1600 Ma (Page and Laing,
and Mount Isa). 1992;Ehlerset al., 1996).The tectonic historyof the region
hasbeendiscussed, amongothers,by Lainget al. (1978),
Marjoribanks et al.(1980),Hobbset al.(1984),Laing(1996a),
•Email:Ian.Cartwright@mail.earth.monash.edu.au andStevens (1996).Theearliest recognized deformation (D1)

0361-0128/99/2060/357-18
$6.00 357
358 IAN CARTWRIGHT

141ø00'E 141ø30'E

[] Sample Locality
ß 9.0 Average
14_.'•14.7
•)180 value
Paragon &
•--• Sundown
Groups 12• 180"Contours"
\....•HoresGneiss 13•
Broken Hill Group
Thackadnga,
Thomdale, &
12, i• •
And
• Base
metalMineralisation
31ø30'S
+ Mus x Metamorphic
Clevedale Units -
Sill+ 11.8• •? :• x. Isograds
•-] Late
Granites Mu ,•,•
ß
Metamorphic
2Px Zones
•=•YG

10 km

b
/•!;ij • %Garnet
in
32o00,S - Hores
Gneiss

F•c 1. Geological
1996b)showing
mapof the BrokenHill inlier(afterLaing,1996a,
themaingeological
unitsandthelocalities
studied
(Table1).
BH -- Broken Hill, YG = YancoGlen. LocalitiesC and D are shownin more
•<5-15
detailin Figure3.

produced kilometer-scale
recumbent F1foldswithabedding-
parallelS1schistosity.
D• deformation produced tightto iso-
clinal,northeast-trending,
uprightF• foldsat scales
upto sev-
eral kilometers.S1 and S• fabricsare definedby the
highest-grademinerals,suggesting that thesedeformation FIG 2. a. Metamorphic isogradsandaverage•]•O valuesof metasedi-
eventsoccurredduringhigh-grade metamorphism. Minor mentaryandmetavolcanic rocksin the BrokenHill rocks(datafromTables
1, 2). b. Garnetcontent
of theHoresGneiss (afterLaing,1996a).&]sOval-
opento tightuprightF• foldswithretrograde Saaxialplanar ues decrease southwards,
towardsthezonesof majorbasemetalmineraliza-
fabricsarelocallypresent
in theregion. tion,broadlycorrelatedwith an increasein garnetcontentof the Hores
Regional metamorphic gradeincreases southward froman Gneiss.Boththesetrendsmaybe dueto hydrothermal activity.
Abbrevia-
andalusite+ muscovitezone(approximately 500øC)through tions:And + Mus = andalusite+ muscovitezone;BH = BrokenHill, Sill +
sfilimanite+ muscovite(580ø-680øC)andsfilimanite+ K feld- Ksp= sfilimanite
+ K feldsparzone;Sill+ Mus= sfilimanite
+ muscovite
zone;YG = YancoGlen;2 Px= twopyritezone.
sparzones(680ø-760øC) to the two-pyroxene zone(760ø-
800øC)atapressure of400to500MPa(Binns, 1964;Phillips,
1980).Whiletheincrease in gradeisbroadly downthestrati- Asthenospheric upwelling wouldhavetransported heatinto
graphic succession, theisograds cutthelithological strikeof the baseof the crust,andcouldalsohavecausedmantlemelt-
therocks (Fig.2). Locallyin thesfilimanite+ K feldsparzone, ingresulting in underplatingof thecrust.Theriseof crustal-
andcommonly in the two-pyroxene zone,metapelitic and or mantle-derived magmas wouldhavealsoadvected heat
quartzofeldspathic rocksunderwent partialmeltingto pro- intothemiddlecrust.In support of thismodel,Loosveld and
ducegraniticleucosomes andmeter-to kilometer-scale bod- Etheridge (1990)notedthatthelowermost 15kmof theAus-
iesofleucogranite (Phillips,1980;PowellandDownes,1990). tralian Proterozoic Craton has seismic velocities consistent
In the southof thearea,theleucogranites maymakeup30 withthepresence ofcopious maficrockthatcouldbe mater-
percentoftheoutcrop andaregenerally concordant with,but ialunderplated duringthisperiod.
locally
cut,thelayering ofthesurrounding rocks.Tothenorth Fluidsexsolved fromcrystallizing partialmeltscaused ex-
oftheregion, leucogranites arescarce andgenerally occuras tensive retrogression of thehighgraderocksat600øto650øC
largercrosscutting bodies(Fig.3). Metamorphism at Broken duringcoolingfrom the metamorphic peak(Corbettand
Hill wasat relatively lowpressures andappears to haveoc- Phillips,1981).Moreintense retrogressionoccurredin later
curredduringcompressional deformation(Hobbset al.,1984; retrograde shearzones.Asfor the regional metamorphism,
Clarkeet al.,1986).Loosveld andEtheridge (1990)concludedthe gradeof shearzonemineralogies increasessouthwards
thatmetamorphism wascaused by coevalthickening of the (CorbettandPhillips,1981;Hobbset al.,1984;Stevens et al.,
crustand convective thinningof the mantlelithosphere.1988),suggesting thatshearing occurred soonafterregional
 ISOTOPEZONATIONAT BROKENHILL, NSW 359

Cl
•--• Post-Willyama
Cover ß Sample locality

;• ,• Basic bodies ,5180 Values

10.0 - Metasediment / volcanic
+..• Leucogranite 11.0 - Leucogranite
7.2 - Basic gneiss N
• Paragon
Group
• Metamorphicisograd
• Sundown
Group
Hores
Gneiss
'"•
"•""""'""'•'
'""
ß BrokenHillGroup 1 km

98

97

96

48 49 5O 51 52

F]c 3. DetailedmapoftheYancoGlenregion(localities
C andD in Fig.1). Metapeliticrocks
;vithina fewhundred me-
tersoftheleucogranite
havelower8•'sOvaluesthanaretypical
forrocksin thisregion,
suggestinginteractionwithfluidsde-
rivedfromtheleucogranite.The8•sOvalues oftheleucogranite
(10.0-11.0%o) arewithintheexpected rangeforthissuite
ofrocks tohavebeenderivedbypartialmeltingofthehigh-grade
metasedimentary andmetavolcanic rocks (datafromTable
1;geology fromthe1:25,000YancoGlensheetpublished bytheNewSouthWalesDepartment of MinesandEnergy, Syd-
ney,Australia).
Abbreviations:
And+ Mus= andalusite
+ muscovite
zone;Sill+ Mus= sillimanite
+ muscovite
zone.

metamorphism. However, someretrograde shearzoneswere andStevens et al. (1988)proposed thattheWillyarea Super-

alsoactivein theDelamarian orogeny at460to520Ma (Har- groupwasdeposited in anintracontinental rift zoneasthere
risonandMeDougall, 1981;Etheridge andCooper, 1981). isnoevidence of underlying oceanic crustor subduction.
Thereare alsopostregional metamorphic granites
in the
Broken Hill inlier (Brown et al., 1983). The Mundi Mundi Alternativestratigraphic interpretations
granitescut regionalmetamorphic fabricsandyieldRb-Sr PartsoftheBrokenHill inlierunderwent metamorphism to
agesof 1490_+20 Ma (Pidgeon,1967;Harrisonand Me- granulitefacies,partialmelting,and intensedeformation.
Dougall,1981).Someunmetamorphosed mariedikesyield Whilesomeof thelithologies (notably, themetapelitic rocks)
agesof500to561Ma,andasmallnumber ofultramarie
plugs havereasonablyclearorigins,it isdifficultto assignanunam-
anddikesalsopostdate regionalmetamorphism (Harrison biguous
protolithforalloftherocktypes.Additionally, thein-
andMeDougall, 1981). tensedeformation makesstratigraphic correlations fromone
area to another difficult.
DepositionalandTeetonieModels The Hores Gneiss,which hoststhe main base metal ore-
Despitethelocallyhigh-grade metamorphism andintense body,wasconsidered to be a sequence of felsicvolcanicor
deformation, a detailedstratigraphy(Fig.4) hasbeencon- volcanoclastic rocksby Lainget al. (1978),Laing(1980),
structedfor the BrokenHill inlier(e.g.,Williset al., 1983; Willis et al. (1983), Stevenset al. (1988), Stevens(1996), and
Stevenset al., 1988, Stevens,1996;Laing, 1996a).The Laing (1996a,b). By contrast,Haydonand McConachy
Willyama Supergroup wasinterpreted byWilliset al. (1983) (1987)andWrightet al. (1987)interpreted theserocksto be
andStevens et al.(1988)to havebeendeposited in anenvi- metamorphosed arkoses withouta significant volcaniccom-
ronmentthatbecame progressivelydeeperwithtime.They ponent.Resolving theoriginof thisunitis clearlyimportant
consideredthatcoarse-grained feldspathietuffaeeous sands for understanding mineralization. PageandLaing(1992)in-
gradeupwards into chemically maturefiner-grained sand- terpretedzircons in theHoresGneiss whereit occurs atlower
stonesand shales,and that the volume of volcanicand vol- metamorphic grades ashavingmorphologies mostconsistent
canoelastic
rocksalsodecreases upwards. Williset al. (1983) witha volcanic origin.Prismatic K feldspar andplagioclase
360 IAN CARTWRIGHT

StratigraphicInterpretation StratigraphicUnit Lithologies

Turbiditeflows into quiet deep-water

Low-energy
traction
sandstones
currents
producing Dalnit
Bore
Metaseds

Bijerkerno
Metaseds ,, ,, ,,,;
Precipitation
of (rare)dolomites- King
Gunnia calc-silicates Cartwright's
Creek Metaseds

Low energydepositionin turbiditefans

on continental slope
Group
Bimodal basaltic and rhyodacitic Hores
volcanics Gneiss
Terrigenousand volcanoclastic
sediments deposited by turbidity
currents
•• •• Freyers
• •
Metaseds
ParnellFmn
Impure limestone(Ettlewood Allendale
calcsilicates) Metaseds
ßRasp Ridge
Bimodal volcanics and volcanoclastics Himalaya Fmn ...... ,......
.................. , Gneiss
with terrigenoussediments
Cues
Fmn
Possiblegraniticsills(Almagneiss)
Alders
TankFmn :,:,:,:,:,:,:,:,:,:,:,: ':, Alma
Lady BrasseyFmn / / / •'• ..... ß ........ ineiss

Terrigenoussedimentsand felsic
Thorndale
Gneiss f f
volcanic rocks

Olevedale
Mi•matite
•:•::'::•,',•
Metesediments ,

pelitic-psammopelitic
rocks
..'?•./'•
graphitic
migmatitic
quartzofeldspathic
.... migmatitic
gneiss
calcareous layers

Metavolcanics / Metaplutonics
.,',• quartzofeldspathic
"Potosi"
gneisses
• leucocratic
gneisses
• metebasic
rocks
.,•-•'•graniticgneisses
..'.,'•--•
albite-quartz
rocks
• quartz-gahnite-garnet
layersand
associated Pb-Zn ore

FIG4. Generalized
stratigraphy
oftheWillyama
Group
rocks
showing
majorrockunitsandinterpreted
depositional
en-
vironments(afterWillis et al., 1983;Stevenset al., 1988;Stevens,1996).

phenocrysts that are common in metavolcanic rocksalso TheAlmaGneiss (Fig.4) isa coarse-grained granitic rock
occurwithinthisunit (Laing,1996b).The geochemistry of thatcontains abundant centimeter-sized K feldspar megacrysts
theHoresGneiss, againfromtheregions oflowmetamorphicanddecimeter longmaficlayers.The interpretation of this
grade,alsosuggests thatit hasa calc-alkaline igneous pro- unit as metavolcanic relies on the observation that it occurs
tolith(Stevens et al., 1988;Laing,1996b).While noneof (atleastlocally) at onestratigraphic level(Williset al.,1983).
thesedataareindividually conclusive,thebalance ofevidence However, asmanygranites aresills,thisisprobably nota re-
pointstotheHoresGneiss having avolcanic orvolcanoclastic liableindicator.Otherworkers(e.g.,Stillwell,1922;Vernon,
origin. 1969,1996;Vernon andWilliams, 1988)interpreted theAlma
Albiticgneisses (Fig.4) havebeeninterpreted asevaporiticGneiss asa deformed plutonicrockbecause: (1) itscontacts
analcitetuffs (Plimer, 1977; Brown et al., 1983). However, arelocally transgressive, (2)it lacksobvious internallayering,
theyhavehigherNa contents thanistypicalof suchlitholo- (3) it contains maficlayersthatplausibly areenclaves, and
gies,andlackthefine-scale banding thatispresent in proba- (4) the K feldsparmegacrysts resemble thosecommonly
bletuffsin theadjacent Olaryblock(CookandAshley, 1992). foundin plutonitgranites. Otherlenticular bodiesof quart-
Analternative explanation isthattheywereformedbymeta- zofeldspathic gneisses in the Thackaringa Groupmaysimi-
somatism of otherWillyarea rockspriorto regional metamor- larlybedeformed intrusions.Themarie gneisseshavealsobeen
phisin(Vernon, 1961,1996) interpretedasextrusivevolcanic rocksduetotheirconcentration
 ISOTOPEZONATION AT BROKENHILL, NSW 361

at onestratigraphic level.However,sincethesebodiesare In contrastto the modelsof premetamorphic mineraliza-

locallytransgressive andlocallypreserverelictigneoustex- tion,Ehlerset al. (1996)proposeda metamorphic originfor
tures(Stevens et al., 1988)somemaybe sillsor dikes.While the orebodyonthebasisof reinterpreted Pb-Pbmodelages
it is clearlydifficultto be certainaboutall aspects of the fromtheorebody andthe observationthatzircons
fromthe
stratigraphy,theinterpretations summarized in Figure4 are quartz+ garnet+ gahnite rocksgaveU-Pbagesnoolderthat
basedon detailedmappingand observations are probably 1590Ma (theageof regional metamorphism). Theyinter-
broadlycorrect. pretedthe quartz+ garnet+ gahniterocksto be skarns
formedbetweentheoreandthe surrounding metasedimen-
tarygneisses.
The reinterpretationof the Pb-Pbmodelages
BrokenHill Orebody wasquestioned byCarrandSun(1996)andSunet al. (1996)
TheWillyarea complex hostsa widevarietyof mineralde- who showedthat the Ehlers et al. (1996) Pb evolutionmodel
posits,including: (1) Fe-Cu-Co(ñ Pb,Ag,Zn) stratiform de- did not yieldthe correctagefor otherProterozoie ore de-
positsin theThackaringa, (2)CuandPb-AgThackaringa-type positsthathavewell-constrained ages.Carr andSun(1996)
veins,(3) Pb-Zn-AgBrokenHill-typestratiformdeposits interpretedthe samePb-Pbdataas indicating a 1600 Ma
largelywithintheBrokenHill Group,(4) stratabound Pb-Zn- metamorphic reworking of 1690Ma ores.
Cu-Ag-Au-W andW deposits in the BrokenHill Group,(5) Whiteet al. (1995)questioned the interpretation
of strati-
Pt-Ni-Cudeposits in alteredultramaficrocks,and(6) U- and graphiccontrolandproposed thatthemainBrokenHill ore-
Th-bearing pegmatites. Therehavebeenmanydescriptionsbodywasformedlatein themetamorphic evolutionofthere-
ofBroken Hill-typemineralization (e.g.,JohnsonandKlinger, gion.Similarinterpretations havealsobeenmadefor the
1975; Both and Rutland, 1976; Plimer, 1979, 1984, 1985; BrokenHill-typedeposits at Cannington andCloneurry by
Laing, 1980; Worner and Mitchell, 1982; Barnes,1988; Richmond et al. (1996)andWilliamsandPendergast (1996)
Stevens et al., 1988;Laing,1996a,b). The mainPb-Zn-Ag who envisaged mineralization by a post-metamorphic hy-
orebody is stratiform withinthe HoresGneissandinitially drothermal system relatedto granites.
contained -250 Mt of high-grade ore.SmallerBrokenHill-
typeorebodies occurwithinotherunitsof the BrokenHill
Group,mainlytheParnellFormation; although,someoccur OxygenIsotopeGeochemistry
in the CuesFormation of theThackaringa Group.The main
orebodycomprises a stackof sevensulfidelensesthatcom- Analyticaltechniques
prisemainlygalena+ sphalerite with rhodonite+ fluorite+ Oxygen isotope ratiosofwholerocksandmineralseparates
quartz+ garnet+ calcite+ bustamite + hedenbergite+ spha- weremeasured at Monash University.Mineralseparates were
lerite(e.g.,WornerandMitchell,1982;Plimer,1984,1985). handpickedfromcubesof rock(-1 cm on a side)thathad
The lowerpart of the orebodyis enclosed withinquartz+ beencoarsely crushed andsieved.Oxygenisotoperatiosof
spessartine garnet+ gahniterocks,while spessartine-rich silicates
wereanalyzed following ClaytonandMayeda(1963)
rocks occuratitsuppermargins. Outcrops ofquartz+ garnet butusingC1F3astheoxidizing reagent.The extractedgases
+ gahniterockextendapproximately alongstrikefromthe wereanalyzed asCOson a FinniganMAT 252 massspec-
mainorebodyfor some20 to 30 kin.The smallerorebodies trometerandthe results(Table1) areexpressed in deltano-
alsocomprise singleormultiple sulfide lensesgenerally asso- tation, where 81sO relative to V-SMOW (Vienna-standard
ciatedwithquartz+ garnet+ gahnite rocks. mean oceanicwater) is gl'ven by (180/16Osam ple-180/16Ov
SMOW)/( 18t•/16t•
'•J/ •'JV-SMOW/ • X 1000.Precision, basedonreplicate
OriginoftheBrokenHill orebody analysis of samples andstandards, is estimated at + 0.œper
Mostworkershaveconsidered that the orebodyformed rail (all uncertainties are ltr). NBS œ8analyzed at the same
priorto metamorphism. The association of the orebody with timeassamples in thisstudyyielded9.60+ 0.17per mil (n =
probable metavolcanic rockshasbeenusedto suggest a vol- 3œ),andthelong-term average of NBSœ8at Monash is8•sO
canicexhalative origin(e.g.,Stanton, 1976;Williset al.,1983; = 9.57 _+0.13per mil.
Stevens et al.,1990).However, somefeatures of theorebody
(the largesize,low Cu, absence of a well-defined footwall
feeder)maybe moreconsistent witha sediment-hosted ex- Metapelitic rocks
halativeorigin(e.g.,Gustarson andWilliams, 1981;Phillips et The main lithologies sampledin this studywere the
al.,1985).In thesemodels thequartz+ garnet+ gahnite rocks metapelitic rocks.Of all the rocksin the BrokenHill inlier,
wereinterpreted asexhalites. Bycontrast, HaydonandMe- thesearetheoneswiththeclearest origins. Toavoidsignifi-
Conaehy (1987)andWrightet al. (1987)proposed thatthe cantprimary lithological variationin 81sO values,
wesampled
orebody wasformedby the actionof brinesin eompaetingmainlyaluminous schists andgneisses thatarerichin quartz,
sediments duringdiagenesis. Thismodelwaspartiallybased biotite,andmuscovite with andalusite at lowermetamorphic
ontheirreinterpretation oftheHoresGneiss asanarkose de- gradesand sillimanite and garnetat highermetamorphic
posited in shallow water(asdiscussed above,thisinterpreta- grades. SomeoftheBrokenHill Grouprockssampled maybe
tionisthought unlikely byotherworkers). Sawkins (1984)en- volcanoclastic. However,the majorityof rocksdiscussed in
visagedthat BrokenHill mineralization was formedby thissection aremostprobably metamorphosed turbiditicsed-
basinal-seale flowof brines,similarto themodelof Ryeand iments.Excluding samples thatwerecollected within100m
Williams(1981)for mineralization at the HYC depositat of graniticbodies, the metapelitic rocksshowa generalde-
MeArthurRiver,Queensland. creasein 8•SOvaluesfrom northto southin the inlier (Tables
362 IAN CARTWRIGHT

TABLE
1. StableIsotopeGeochemistry
of BrokenHill Rocks

8•sO(%oV-SMOW)
Sample Localities
• Unit WR Qtz Gnt Bt A(Qtz-Bt)'2 A(Qtz-Gnt) T(Qtz-Bt)3 T(Qtz-Gnt)
Andalusite-muscovite zone
Metapeliticrocks--Paragon
Group
BH 14 A Paragon 14.3
BH15 A Paragon 14.8
BH16 A Paragon 15.2 18.2 13.0 5.2 432
BH17 A Paragon 14.9 18.0 12.1 5.9 402
BH18 A Paragon 15.0
BH21 A Paragon 14.3
BH22 A Paragon 14.7 16.3 12.2 4.1 542
BH23 A Paragon 14.2 16.8 11.6 5.2 432
BH24 A Paragon 13.1
BH25 A Paragon 14.8
BH26 A Paragon 14.7
BH27 A Paragon 15.0 16.2 11.1 5.1 439
BH28 A Paragon 15.7 16.8 11.5 5.3 426
BH165 C64 Paragon 12.6
BH 166 C6 Paragon 13.5
Average 14.44 5.13 446
o- 0.86 0.58 49

Metapeliticrocks
BHl18A C1 Sundown 12.7 13.5 8.5 5.0 447
BHl18B C1 Sundown 12.5 13.0 8.2 4.8 464
BHl18D C1 Sundown 12.4 13.2 9.0 4.2 529
BH158 C2 *s Broken Hill 9.3
BH159 C3 Broken Hill 12.6
BH160 C3 Broken Hill 12.7
BH161 C3 Broken Hill 12.8
BH162 C4' Broken Hill 9.7
BH 163 C5 Sundown 13.2
BH 164 C5 Sundown 13.8
Average 12.84 4.67 480
0.46 0.42 43

Sillimanite-muscovite zone
Metapeliticrocks
BHl12 D2 '4 Broken Hill 10.1 11.8 8.0 3.8 584
BHl13 D2* Broken Hill 11.1
BHl15 D2* Broken Hill 9.9 11.5 8.2 3.3 668
BHl16 D3 Broken Hill 12.0 13.1 9.2 3.9 570
BH117A D3 Broken Hill 12.7
BH117B D3 Broken Hill 12.3
BH123 E Sundown 11.0
BH124 G Sundown 10.4 11.1 8.2 2.9 746
BH 125 G Sundown 10.5 11.3 8.0 3.3 668
BH149 D5 Broken Hill 11.3
BH150 Di* Broken Hill 9.6
BH151 Di* Broken Hill 10.7
BH153 D4* Broken Hill 10.1
Average 11.48 3.37 661
0.98 0.50 89

Leucogranites
BHl14 D2 10.0 11.5 8.2 3.3 668
BH126 G 10.6 11.8 8.6 3.2 687
BH152 D4 10.5
BH154 D6 11.0
BH155 D6 10.7
Average 10.56 3.25 677
0.36 0.07 13

A1nphibolites
adjacent
to leucogranites
BH156A D6 7.8
BH156B D6 7.2

Sillimanite
+ K feldsparzone
Metapelitie
rocks
BH29 F Sundown 10.2 11.4 7.8 8.3 3.1 3.6 706 677
BH30 F Sundown 10.2 11.3 7.8 8.0 3.3 3.5 668 693
BH31 F Sundown 10.1 11.5 8.3 3.2 687
 ISOTOPEZONATIONAT BROKENHILL, NSW 363

T^BLE1. (Cont.)

8180(%0V-SMOW)
Sample Localities • Unit WR Qtz Gnt Bt A(Qtz-Bt)z A(Qtz-Gnt) T(Qtz-Bt)3 T(Qtz-Gnt)
BH32 F Sundmvn 9.7
BH96 I Sundmvn 10.2 11.8 8.5 3.3 668
BH97 I Sundo,vn 10.5
BH98 I Sundown 10.4
BH100 I Sundo,vn 10.7
BH101 I Sundown 10.5
BH102 I Sundown 10.5 11.9 8.5 8.4 3.5 3.4 633 709
BH103 I Sundown 10.3 12.7 8.8 8.6 4.1 3.9 542 632
BH122 K Broken Hill 11.4
BH127 H Sundo,vn 11.5 12.6 9.2 3.4 65O
BH128 H Sundo,vn 10.3 11.8 8.4 3.4 650
BH132 B Sundo,vn 11.5 12.2 9.0 3.2 687
BH133 B Sundown 11.9
BH134 B Sundo,vn 12.0 13.0 9.1 3.9 570
BH143 J Sundo,vn 11.7
BH145 J Sundo,vn 11.8
Average 10.81 3.44 3.60 646 678
o' 0.73 0.32 0.19 53 33

Ettlexvood Ca]c-silicates
BH83 T 9.7
BH84 T 9.6
BH85 T 10.2
BH86 T 10.4
BH87 T 9.8
BH89 T 10.6
BH91 T 9.9
BH93 T 9.8
BH94 T 10.1
Average 10.0
o' 0.3

Sillimanite
+ K feldspar
zone
Leucogranites
BH144 J 12.1
BH145 J 10.6
BH168 F 10.4
BH169 F 10.2
BH170 F 10.8
Average 10.8
o' 0.7

Two-pyroxene
zone
Metapeliticrocks
BH1 Q Sundown 9.5 11.5 8.5 3.0
BH2 Q Sundown 9.7 11.6 8.9 2.7
BH6 Q Sundown 9.8
BH8 Q Sundown 9.6 11.7 8.5 8.8 2.9 3.2 746 743
BH9 Q Sundown 9.4 11.4 8.5 8.7 2.7 2.9 789 796
BH10 Q Sundown 9.7
BHll Q Sundown 9.8 11.5 8.2 8.6 2.9 3.3 746 726
BH12 Q Broken Hill 9.8
BH13 Q Broken Hill 10.6 13.8 9.8 4.0 555
BH33 O Broken Hill 7.8 8.9 6.1 6.2 2.7 2.8 789 815
BH34 O Broken Hill 7.4
BH36 O Broken Hill 8.3 9.3 6.3 6.9 2.4 3.0 858 778
BH37 O Broken Hill 7.9 8.2 5.5 5.5 2.7 2.7 789 834
BH38 O Broken Hill 7.3
BH39 O Broken Hill 7.5 8.1 5.2 2.9 746
BH40 O Broken Hill 7.5 8.3 5.6 2.7 789
BH41 O Broken Hill 7.8
BH42 O Broken Hill 8.1
BH43 O Broken Hill 7.3 8.2 5.5 5.4 2.8 2.7 767 834
BH71 P Broken Hill 9.0
BH129 R Sundown 10.2
BH130 R Sundmvn 10.9 11.7 8.6 3.1 706
BH135 N Sundown 9.6
BH136 N Sundown 9.3
Average 8.91 2.88 2.94 753 789
o' 1.14 0.38 0.24 76 43
364 IAN CARTWRIGHT

T^BL•:1. (Cont.)

8•s0(%oV-SMOW)
Sample Localities • Unit WR Qtz Gnt Bt A(Qtz-Bt)2 A(Qtz-Gnt) T(Qtz-Bt)3 T(Qtz-Gnt)

Two-pyroxenezone
Leucogranites
BH4 10.8 11.8 8.5 3.3 668
BH5 10.6 11.2 8.0 3.2 687
BH7 10.9
VH131 10.1
BH139 11.3
Average 10.74 3.25 677
0.44 0.07 13

Quartzofeldspathic
rocks
BH105 M Alma Gneiss 9.8
BH106 M Alma Gneiss 10.1 11.5 8.5 3.0 726
BH107 M Alma Gneiss 10.1 11.7 8.6 3.1 706
BH108 M Hores Gneiss 8.6
BH109 M Hores Gneiss 7.9
BHl10 M RaspRidge 7.6
BHlll M RaspRidge 7.7
BH142A M Hores Gneiss 9.0
Average 8.85 3.05 716
1.06 0.07 14

Metabasic rocks
BH46 0 5.7
BH49 0 6.3
BH53 0 5.7
BH54 0 4.9
BH59 0 6.7
BH70 P 6.2
BH73 P 7.2
BH74 P 6.5
Average 5.87
0.69

Two-pyroxene
zone
Quartz+ garnet+ gahnite
rocks
BH61 Q 9.2
BH62 Q 9.4 11.5 8.7 2.8 815
BH63 P 10.4
BH64 P 9.2 11.4 7.9 3.5 693
BH65 P 9.7 11.0 7.8 3.2 743
BH66 P 10.2 11.2 7.9 3.3 726
BH138 P 9.0
BH138 P 10.7
9.73 3.20 744
Average
0.62 0.29 52

Retrogressed
metapelitic zone)
rocks(two-pyroxene
BH55 R Sundown 8.3
B H56 R Sundown 8.9
B H58 R Sundown 9.7
BH76 S Sundown 8.3
BH77 S Sundown 10.9 12.6 7.8 4.8 464
BH76 S Sundown 8.8 11.8 8.0 3.8 584
B H 140 P Sundown 10.3
BH141 P Sundown 10.6

Retrogressed
metapelitic
rocks(Sill+ Kspzone)
BH 147 J Sundown 10.1
BH148 J Sundown 10.4

Retrogressed
basicgneiss
(two-pyroxene
zone)
BH57 R 7.5

Abbreviations:Bt = biotite;Gnt= garnet;Qtz: Quartz;WR = Wholerock

• Localities
onFigure1
28(Qtz-Bt)= 8•SO(Qtz) - •SO(Bt)
3Temperatures in øCcalculated usingMatthews (1994)andZheng(1993)
4 Localities
C andD areshownin detailin Figure2
5 Samples fromadjacent to granites
or leucogranites
 ISOTOPEZONATIONAT BROKENHILL, NSW 365

1, œ;Figs.5, 6). Asthistrendcorrelatesbroadlywithmeta- • Sundown/BH And-Mus

morphic grade,it is convenient
to dividetherocksbymeta- 8 Paragon
[] Paragon = 14.4_+0.9
morphic zones,withoutnecessarilyimplyingthattheresetting 6 B Ettlewood
of oxygenisotope ratiosoccurred
duringregional metamor- Qtz-ghn-gnt Sundown/BH
4 = 12.8_+0.5
phisre.Andalusite + muscovitezoneschistsbelongingto the [] Retro Pelite
Paragon Grouphave•ilsOvalues of 14.4_+0.9perrail(ltr), 2 • AdjGranite
whicharein therangeofthoseexpected formetapelitic
rocks 0
(e.g.,Hoers,1997).Sundown andBrokenHill Grouprocks at 8 SilI-Mus
thesamemetamorphic gradehaveslightly
lower/51sOvalues
(12.8_+0.5%0,ltr). Sundown andBrokenHill Grouprocksin 6
the sillimanite + muscovite zone have •lsO values of 11.5 _+ 4
Sundown/BH
= 11.1_+1.0
1.0perrail(ltr). Sundown andBroken
Hill Grouprocks from 2
thesillimanite + K feldspar zonehave•lsO valuesof 10.8_+
0.7 per rail (ltr). In the two-pyroxene
zone,•lsO valuesof 0

metapeliticrocksfromtheSundown andBrokenHill Groups 18 SilI-Ksp

are8.9ñ 1.1perrail(ltr). At individualoutcrops•lsOvalues 16
tendto be morehomogeneous thanon a largerscale.For
14

12 Sundown/BH
TABLE
9,.Average
8tsOValuesfor Outcrops
= 10.8+0.7
10
Locality n Average Ettlewood
8
= 10.0_+0.3
Metapelitic
rocks 6
A 13 14.7 0.6
B 3 11.8 0.2 4
C 12 13.0 0.5
D 2 12.1 0.5 2
E 1 11.0
F 4 10.1 0.2 0
16
G 2 10.5 0.1
H 2 10.9 0.6 14
I 7 10.4 0.1
12 2-Px
J 2 11.8 0.1
K i 11.4
10
N 2 9.5 0.2 Sundown/BH
O 9 7.7 0.3 8 : 8.9+1.1
P i 9.0
Q 9 9.8 0.3 6
R 2 10.6 0.4
4
Ettlewood Calc-silicates 2
T 9 10.0 0.3
0
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Leucogranites
D 4 10.6 0.4
F 3 10.5 0.2
(•180(%oSMOW)
G 1 10.6
FIG5. Summary of 15tsO
variation
in metasedimentary
andmetavolcanic
N 1 11.3
rockswithincreasing
metamorphic grade(datafromTables
1, 2). Asdis-
Q 3 10.8 0.1 cussed in the text,the decreasein •sO valueswithmetamorphic gradeis
R i 10.1
probably a function of premetamorphic hydrothermalactivity,
whichin-
creased in intensity
toward themajorzones ofbasemetalmineralization
that
Ahna Gneiss
areconcentrated in thehigh-grade regions
ontheterrain.
Thequartz+ gah-
M 3 10.0 0.1
nite+ garnet(qtz+ ghn+ gnt)rocks havesimilar
•sO valuestoexhalative
siliceousrocksat Kuroko(Greenet al.,1983)andwereprobably formedby
Hores Gneiss
similarprocesses. Abbreviations:And-Mus:andalusite + muscovite zone;
M 3 8.5 0.5
BH: Broken Hill;Sill-Ksp:sillimanite
+ K feldspar
zone;Sill-Mus = silli-
manitc+ muscovite
zone;2-Px: twopyritezone.
RaspRidgeGneiss
M 2 7.7 0.1

Metabasic
gneisses example, ninemetapelitic rocksfroman areaof approxi-
O
P
5
3
5.9
6.6
0.6
0.4
mately1 km2atlocality Q (Fig.1) havealsovalues of9.5to
10.6permil (average = 9.8 + 0.3%0,l•r). Tenmetapelitic
Quartz-gahnite-garnet
rocks rocksfroma similarareaat localityO (Fig.1) havealsoval-
P 6 9.9 0.6 uesof 7.3 to 8.3 per mil (average= 7.7 + 0.3%0,kr). The
Q 2 9.3 0.1 metapeliticrocksthathavethelowest alsovalues arefrom
theregions of Pb-Znmineralization(Fig.2).
366 IAN CART•VRIGHT

rocks(e.g.,TaylorandSheppard, 1986).Thesesamples show

variableminorretrogression (typically
actinolitic
amphibole
2f SilI-Mus replacingearlierhornblende or pyroxene), butagainthereis
nocorrelation between•ilSOvaluesandthisminorretrogres-
:tSilI-Ksp .•.•.• sion.Onemorethoroughly retrogressed maficrockfromlo-
calityR (Fig. 1) andtwopartiallyretrogressed amphibolite
t []Quartzofeldspathic
,..10 rocks 2-Px
8[ I•1Basic
bodiesfromadjacent to the leucogranite at YancoGlen(lo-
calityD) havehigher•ilSOvalues(7.2-7.8%o), whichwere
[ [] Basic(Retro) probablytheresultofinfiltration offluidsfromthesurround-
6pEq
Leucogranites
'•:• ingmetasedimentary rocksor fromthegranite.
Ettlewood Calcsilicates

The EttlewoodCalcsilicates
probably representmetamor-
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 phosed calcareoussediments(Fig.4). Ninesamples fromthe
sillimanite
+ K feldspar
zonehaverelatively uniform•ilSOval-
5180(%oSMOW) uesof 9.6to 10.6permil (average10.0,2_0.3%o,lcr)thatare
vMueso• t•e •ra•itic a•d basicrocks(data muchlowerthanis typicalof calcareous
FIc 6. Summa•o• t•e &zsO sediments (Hoefs,
•rom•ab]et). •e u•retro•resse8 •e•eral]y•ave 1997), but which are similar to the 8•sO values of the
basica•d t•e •ra•R•crocks
&t80valuest•at are•ica] o•t•eseroc••es. metapelitic rocksin thesillimanite
+ K feldspar
zone(10.8_
vMuest•at are sJmfiar to t•ose o• 0.7%o, lcr).
metavo]ca•c rocks•romw•c• t•ey wereprobably derived.Abbre•atio•s:
Sill-Ks?
= sfi]ima•ite+ E •e]dspa•zone;Sfi]-Mus = s•]]ima•ite
+ musco•te Quartzofeldspathic rocks
zone;2-•x = •o pydtezone. "
The quartzofeldspathicrocksmayhaveeithervolcanic or
plutonicorigins(asdiscussedabove). Threesamples of the
Asdiscussed above,manyof the rocksin the BrokenHill AlmaGneiss, whichis probably a metamorphosed intrusive
areahaveundergone at leastsomeretrogression. Whilethe body(VernonandWilliams,1988),fromthe two-pyroxene
least-retrogressed rocksweresampled, manysamples exhibit zonehave•ilSOvaluesof 9.8 to 10.1per mil (Fig.6) thatare
minoralteration(suchas fine-grained muscovite replacing withintherangeof •i•sOvaluesof typicalgranites (e.g.,Tay-
andalusite andgrowthof discordant muscovite). However, lorandSheppard, 1986)butslightlyhigherthanthe8lSOval-
thereisnocorrelation between the8•sOvalueandthedegree uesof metapelitic rocksin the two-pyroxene zone(8.9 ñ
of retrogression, suggesting thateitherthevolumes of fluids 1.1%,,lcr).TheRaspRidgegneiss in thetwo-pyroxene zone
involved duringtheretrogression of theserockswereminor hassomewhat lower•i•sOvalues(7.6-7.7%,).Threesamples
orthattheretrogressing fluidswereapproximately in isotopic of the HoresGneissfromthetwo-pyroxene zonehave•i•sO
equilibrium withthe rocks(possibly because theywerede- valuesof 7.9to 9.0permil,whicharesimilarto thoseof the
rivedfromcrystallizing partialmeltsformedfromthe local metapelitic rocks.
rocksduringregionalmetamorphism). Eventhe morein-
tensely-retrogressed metapelitic rocksfromthetwo-pyroxeneLeucogranites
andsillimanite + K feldspar zoneshavesimilar•ilSOvalues to Theleucogranites fromallmetamorphic grades (including
their unalteredcounterparts in thosemetamorphic zones YancoGlen,Fig.3) havea restricted rangeof •i•sOvalues
(Table1, Fig.5). (10.0-11.0%,:Fig.6) thataresimilarto thoseof the high-
At YancoGlen(Fig.3), thereis a kilometer-scale crosscut-grademetapelitic rocksfromwhichtheywereprobably de-
tingbodyofleucogranite witha 8lSOvalueof 10.0to 11.0per rivedbypartialmeltingduringregional metamorphism (Cor-
mil within andalusite + muscovite and sillimanite + muscovite bettandPhillips,1981;PowellandDowns,1990).
zone SundownGroup and BrokenHill Group rocks.
Metapelitic rocksadjacent to, or fromscreens within,this Quartz+ garnet+ gabhirerocks
bodyhave•ilSOvaluesof 9.3to 11.1per railthataremuch Quartz+ garnet+ gahniterocksfromlocalities P andQ in
lowerthanthe8•sOvalues ofmetapelitic rocksawayfromthe thetwo-pyroxene zonehave•i•sOvalues of 9.0to 10.7permil
leucogranite (typically12-14%o). Thesedataindicate thatat (9.7 ñ 0.6%,, 1or) that are close to the 8lSO values of
leastlocalresetting of 8•sOvalueshasoccurred adjacent to metapelitic rocksandleucogranites at theselocalities, but
the leucogranite. At highergrades theproportion of granitic higherthanthe/51sOvaluesof basicgneisses at localityP
rocks isgreater andtheyaremorewidelydistributed through- (6.2-7.2%o).
out the terrain; however,no correlationof •i•sOvaluesand
Mineral Fractionations
proximity
to granites
isnoted.Rather,allmetapelitic
rocksin
thatregionhaverelatively
lowoxygen
isotope ratios. The8•sOvaluesof quartz,biotite,andgarnetweredeter-
Metabasic rocks minedfor a varietyof rocktypesandmetamorphic grades
(Fig.7). In addition
to providingtemperature
estimates,the
The metabasic rocksfromthe two-pyroxene zone,which •i•sOvaluesof coexisting mineralsmaybe usedto identify
representmetamorphosed maficintrusiveor extrusive
rocks, samples whereisotopic equilibriumhasnotbeenmaintained.
havea restricted
rangeof•i•sOvalues(5.9,2_
0.9%0,lcr:Fig.6) Paragon Groupmetapeliticrocksfromtheandalusite + mus-
thatarewithintherangeof thoseexpected forbasicigneous covitezoneat localityA haveA•SO(quartz (Qtz)-biotite(Bt))
 ISOTOPEZONATIONAT BROKENHILL, NSW 367

14

And-Mus• SilI-Mus •
13

12

11
800 ß• /
10

2 13 14 15 16 17 18 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

•,.•,12

10

t /.,.//,,'/,,".5oo /
8

/
7 / / / ,

6
['//
'..•'//,,/,,, •ß Pelite(etz-Ght)
I/ G//r,tic
'/ Jo Rocks(Qtz-Bt) I

5
,,•,,,,,/?/
,,./
/ + Qtz-Ghn-Gnt
.....
(Qtz-Gnt)
./' ....... /. .................
0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

6180(Qtz)
FIC7. Mineral-mineral
lso fractionations
fromtheWillyama rocks
(datafromTable1).Themineralfractions arein gen-
eralconcordantandcloseto thoseexpected forthemetamorphic grade,implying
thatthatlittleisotopic
resetting
hasoc-
curredafterthepeakofregionalmetamorphism. Linesshowequilibrium
fractionations
atdifferent temperatures
(calculated
usingdataofZheng,1993;Matthews, 1994).Abbreviations:
And-Mus= andalusite+ muscovitezone;Bt: biotite;Gnt: gar-
net;Qtz: quartz;
Sill-Ksp:sillimanite
+ K feldspar
zone;Sill-Mus:sillimanite
+ muscovite zone;2-Px: twopyritezone.

[AlSO(Qtz-Bt)= 81SO(Qtz)
- 81SO(Bt)]valuesof 5.13 + 0.58 andoxygen isotope ratiosaresusceptibleto down-temperature
per mil, whichimplytemperaturesof approximately 445øC resettingduringslowcoolingof metamorphic terrains,the
(alltemperatures
calculated
fromthedataofZheng,1993and concordant isotopicfractionationsthat correlatewith meta-
Matthews,1994).Sundown and BrokenHill Grouprocks morphic gradesuggest thatthe8•sOvaluesof thecoexisting
from the andalusite + muscovite zone at Yaneo Glen have minerals werenotsignificantly resetfollowing thepeakof re-
A•SO(Qtz-Bt) valuesof 4.7 + 0.4per mil,corresponding to gionalmetamorphism. In particular,
the lackof anomalously
temperatures of approximately 480øC.AiSO(Qtz-Bt) values low-temperature or disequilibrium isotopicfractionations
from similar rocksin the sillimanite+ muscovite,sillimanite probablyprecludes later,low-temperature resetting.
+ K feldspar,andtwo-pyroxene zonesare3.37_+0.50,3.44+ TheA•SO(Qtz-Bt) valuesfor the Almagneiss in the two-
0.32,and2.94+ 0.24permil,respectively, corresponding to pyroxenezoneare3.05___ 0.07permilcorresponding to a tem-
temperatures ofapproximately 660ø,645ø,and750øC,respec- perature ofapproximately 715øC.Theleucogranites havesim-
tively.Thesetemperatures aresimilarto thoseestimated for ilarA•SO(Qtz-Bt)
values (-3.3%0)regardlessofgrade, implying
thedifferent metamorphic zones usingeation
geothermome- temperatures of approximately 675øC.Thesetemperatures
try (e.g.,Phillips,
1980).Whilebotheationgeothermometers are higherthanthe regionalmetamorphic temperatures for
368 IAN CARTWRIGHT

the sillimanite + muscovite zone but lower than those in the values.Manyof thesamples arefromthe Sundown Group,
two-pyroxene zone.The oxygenisotopetemperatures are and are relativelyhomogeneous turbiditiemetasediments
similarto thoseof the granitesolidus and,asthesebodies (Fig. 4). The ParagonGroup rocks are also turbiditie
probably represent meltsformedduringthe peakof meta- metasediments. SomeoftheBrokenHill Grouprocksmaybe
morphism, may reflectthe temperatures at whichthese volcanoelastic; however, the majoritysampled in thisstudy
lithologies crystallized. A(Qtz-Bt)valuesfrom the sheared havesimilarmineralogies to theirSundown Groupcounter-
metapelitie rocksfrom the two-pyroxene zone are much partsandthereisnosignificant difference betweenthe8•sO
higher(3.8-4.8%o) thanfromtheirunsheared counterparts,values of thesetwogroups of rocksin anygivenarea(Table
probably dueto reerystallization at lowertemperatures dur- 1). Otherlithologies in thesouthof theinlier(e.g.,theEttle-
ingshearing. wood Calcsilicates)also have much lower 8•sO values than
TheAlSO(Qtz-Gnt) valuesfromthemetapelitic rocksinthe expected. Whilethevariation in 8•sOvalues donotappear to
sillimanite + K feldspar andtwo-pyroxene zonesare3.60 ñ be the resultof primarylithologieal variation, therearesev-
0.19permiland2.94_+0.24perrail,respectively whichimply eralpossible causes.
temperatures of approximately 680ø and790øC.AlSO(Qtz-
Gnt)valuesandtemperatures in thequartz+ gahnite+ gar- Metamorphic reactions
net rocksin the twopyroxene zoneare3.20 _ 0.29per mil Thetrendtowardlower81sOvalues broadly coincideswith
andapproximately 745øC.Theseisotopic temperatures are increasing metamorphic grade(Fig. 2). However,because
againwithinthe rangeof thoseestimated for the peakof 81sO values areprobably lowered bylessthan1 to 2 permil
metamorphism in thehigh-grade regions of theBrokenHill by metamorphic devolatilization (e.g.,Chamberlain et al.,
inlier. 1990;BuickandCartwright, 1996),dosed-system reactions
areprobably notthe majorcauseof isotopic resetting.It is
Statistical analysis morelikelythatthelowering of81sO values byseveral permil
The oxygen isotope resultswereanalyzed usinga nested resulted fromfluidinfiltration. However, in metamorphic ter-
analysis of variance(cf.Cathles,1993).The totalvariance of rainswithcomplex histories, fluidflowmayhaveoccurred in
the81sOvalues of themetapelitic rocks(themajorlithologyone of a number of events.
in thisstudy)is 4.8 per mil.The variance dueto analytical
error(calculated fromthereproducibility of duplicate analy- Postpeak metamorphic fluidflow
sis)is approximately 0.1 per mil or 2.1 percentof the total ManyBrokenHill rocksunderwent minorretrogression
variance. Whereseveral samples werecollected at anindivid- duringcoolingfromthe peakof regionalmetamorphism;
ualoutcrop thevariance istypically <0.4permil(or<8.3%of however, thisprobably didnotcauselarge-scale resetting of
thetotal).Evenfor outcrops suchasC, wherepeliticrocks theoxygen isotope ratios,because: (1) thereisnocorrelation
adjacent to a leucogranite haveanomalously low81sOvalues between thedegree ofretrogression and81sO values;(2)min-
(Fig. 3), the varianceis only1.9 per mil (or 39.6%of the eralsin unretrogressed rockshave•O fractionations closeto
total).Thus,the majorinfluence on81sOvalues, accountingthoseexpected fortheconditions of regional metamorphism
foratleast58percentofthevariance isgeographical position. (Fig.7);and(3)theintensity ofretrogression isnotsufficiently
Withinthemetapelitic rocks,the2• of 81sOvaluesfromout- highor uniformto indicatenear-pervasive flowof largevol-
cropssuchasQ andO is0.7per mil suggesting thata varia- umesof fluidafterthepeakof regional metamorphism.
tionin 81sOvalues of morethan1 permilin themetapelitic
rocksissignificant in mapping outthefluidflowsystem. Regional metamorphic fluidflow
The decrease in 81sOvaluesat BrokenHill corresponds
Summary ofoxygen isotope data broadlyto increasing metamorphic grade(Figs.2,5,6).Sys-
Theoxygen isotope datashowthefollowing: (1) a decreasetematicshiftsin 81sOvaluesof several per mil documented
in the81sOvalues of metapelitic rocksfromnorthto south, frommetasedimentary rocksin someregional metamorphic
broadlycorresponding to anincrease in metamorphic grade; terrains(e.g.,TroisSigncurs, Pyrenees: WickhamandTaylor,
(2) the 81•Ovaluesof differentlithologies (exceptfor the 1985; northern Great Basin,United States:Wickham, 1990;
metabasic rocks)on anoutcropscalearegenerally homoge- Lizzies Basin,United States:Petersand Wickham, 1994;Ver-
neousat highmetamorphic grades;(3) no correlation be- mont,UnitedStates: Sternet al.,1992;MountLoftyRanges,
tweenminorretrogression and81sOvalues; (4) somecorrela- Australia: Cartwright et al., 1995;Naxos,Greece:Ryeet al.,
tionbetweenlower81sOvaluesandproximity to granitic 1976)havebeenattributed to a varietyof fluidflowsystems,
rocksatlowermetamorphic grades; and(5) •sOfractionationsincluding: (1) up-temperature fluidflow(Stemet al., 1992;
betweencoexisting minerals in the leastretrogressed rocks Cartwright et al.,1995),(2) meter-scale recirculationof mag-
are closeto thoseexpected for the metamorphic gradeat matic fluids (Peters and Wickham, 1994), and (3) infiltration
which the rocks occur. of surfacewaters(Wickham andTaylor,1985).Influxof man-
Discussion
fie-derivedCO2-rich fluids, thatwouldalsoplausibly lower
81•Ovalues, hasbeenproposed asa cause of granulite-facies
The81sO values of metapelitic rocksin thesouthofthein- metamorphism (e.g.,Newton,1992).However, therelatively
lief (7-10%o)aresome5 to8 permillowerthanthoseoftheir lowf% valuesthatcharacterize mostgranulite-facies assem-
likelyprecursors (Hoefs,1997).Carewastakento sample blages andthecommon occurrence ofpartialmelting(which
similarrocktypes(aluminous metapelites) throughout the iswelldocumented at BrokenHill:Phillips, 1980)precludes
inlierto minimize theeffectof lithologieal variation on81sO thisin mostcases (e.g.,LambandValley,1984).
 ISOTOPEZONATIONAT BROKENHILL, NSW 369

TerrainssuchasVermontandthe MountLoftyRanges earlyintrusives (eithersillsor dykes),it maybe morelikely

wherethelowering of8•sOvalues of metasedimentary rocks thattheypostdated the fluidflowepisode. The basicrocks
is possibly dueto up-temperature fluidflowduringregional haveundergone thesamedeformation andmetamorphism as
metamorphism havea relatively simplestructure wherefluids themetasediments andmetavolcanics, implying thattheywere
canbe channeled overlongdistances parallelto lithologicalintruded earlyin thehistory oftheterrainandU-PbSHRIMP
strike.BrokenHill is structurally complex, andmajorphases agesof1673+ 23 Maprobably datetheireraplacement (Venn,
of foldingandfaultingpreceded theregional metamorphism1997).If thisinterpretation iscorrect,it alsosuggests thatfluid
(Lainget al., 1978;Marjoribanks et al., 1980;Hobbset al., flowoccurred priorto regional metamorphism.
1984;Laing,1996a;Stevens, 1996).For metamorphic fluids
to haveflowedup temperature, theywouldhavehadto flow Contactmetamorphic fluidfiow
across lithological strikeandacross majorstructures, whichis Graniticrocksat BrokenHill thatmaybe intrusive (e.g.,
unlikely. the Alma Gneiss:Vernon and Williams, 1988; Vernon, 1996)
Small-scale igneous circulation of fluidsispossible at high havesimilar•5•sO values(8-10%o)to manyof the adjacent
metamorphic grades in theBrokenHill inlier.However, the metasedimentary rocksin thesouthof thearea.Theserocks
igneous bodiesthatwerepresentduringthe regional meta- wereeraplaced priorto theregional metamorphism andpro-
morphism(the leucogranites) are probablymeltsof the videa plausible source for the fluidsthatloweredthe •5•sO
metapelites in the high-grade part of the terrain (e.g., valuesof the metasedimentary andmetavolcanic rocks.The
Phillips,1980;PowellandDownes,1990).The evidence for intrusiverocksaccount for <20percentof theoutcrop; how-
thisis:(1) thehighlyaluminous natureof the leucogranites,everothergranitic bodiesmayoccurbelowthepresentout-
whichis expected for partialmeltsof metapelitic rocks;(2) croplevels.The lowest•5•sO valuesof the metasedimentary
observations thatcentimeter- todecimeter- layersandpodsof rocks(7-8%0)arelowerthanthoseofthegranites. Duetothe
similargraniticrockoccurasleucosomes withinhigh-gradetemperature dependence of fluid-rock partitioncoefficients
pelites;and (3) the leucogranites are concentrated in the for lsO,fluidsflowingdowntemperature fromgranites are
high-grade partof the terrain.Deeperlevelrocksmayhave expected toproduce •SlsO values inthesurrounding rocks that
melted,butwouldnotproduce suchaluminous meltsunless aresimilar to,orhigherthan,thoseofthegranite (Dippieand
theytooweredominated bypelites,forwhichthereisnoev- Ferry,1992).However,as hasbeendocumented in many
idence.At highmetamorphic grades, theleucogranites have otherterrains, fluidflowsystems around granites involving ig-
similar alsovalues tothoseofthesurrounding metasedimen-neousandsurface-derived fluidsmayproduce rocks withsim-
taryrocks,implying that,sincepartialmeltingdoesnotsig- ilar i!iisOvaluesto thoseat BrokenHill (CrissandTaylor,
nificantly fractionate oxygen isotopes (TaylorandSheppard, 1986).
1986),the8180valuesof thesurrounding rockshadalready Links with mineralization ?
beenlowered priorto melting.
Otherpossible fluid sources duringregionalmetamor- Themetasedimentary andmetavolcanic rocks withthelow-
phismincludesynmetamorphic graniticintrusions or fluids est•5•sOvalues (7-8%0)arefromtheregions ofmajorPb-Zn-
associated with marieunderplating, whichis onepossibleAgorebodies (Fig.2), suggesting thattheoxygen isotope re-
model for regionalmetamorphism (e.g., Loosveldand setting maybeatleastpartlyrelatedtomineralization. Below;
Etheridge, 1990).Synmetamorphic granitic bodiesintruded twopossible scenarios thatlinkmineralization andregional-
intogranulitefaciesterrainsalmostcertainlyexsolve fluids scaleoxygen isotope resetting arediscussed.
duringcoolingat temperatures closeto thoseof the granitic Mineralization associated with volcanism
solidus(e.g., Corbett and Phillips,1981; Buick and
Cartwright, 1996).However, asdiscussed above, thereislittle Manyworkers (e.g.,Stanton, 1976;Williset al.,1983;Stevens
indication ofpost-regional metamorphic fluidflowat Broken et al.,1990;Laing,1996b)haveproposed thattheBroken Hill
Hill. Marieigneous rocksunderplated belowtheterrainmay base metal orebodies are volcanic-hosted massive sulfides.
haveexsolved fluidsat highertemperatures. However, fluid Basemetalmineralization in suchsettings iscommon dueto
flowduringthepeakofgranulite facies metamorphism isun- the fluidsbeingsalineandin a temperature range(150ø-
likelyastheterrainunderwent fluid-absent partialmelting at 300øC)thatpermitsthetransport of significant quantities of
that time and volatileactivities were internallybuffered basemetals(Largeet al., 1996).Manyvolcanic-hosted mas-
(Phillips,1980).Whilefluidflowduringprograde regional sivesulfidedeposits (e.g.,Kuroko, Japan; Palmeir6polis, Brazil;
metamorphism (beforethe terrainreached temperatures at or Noranda, Canada) showa zonation in oxygen isotope val-
whichmeltingmayhaveoccurred) cannotbe entirelydis- ueswithrocksclose to theorebodies having i!iisO values of6
counted, thereis littleindication of whatmayhavecaused to 8 perrail(similar tothelowest •5•sO values atBrokenHill),
large-scale fluidflowat thattime.Overall, asin themajority whilerocksawayfromthe orebody havehigher•5•sO values
of regionalmetamorphic terrains, thereis littleevidence of (Greenet al., 1983;Cathies, 1993;Araujoet al.,1996).This
fluidflowduringregional metamorphism at BrokenHill. zonationreflectsthe temperature of alterationcausedby
Themetabasic rocks preserve 81sO values thatareprobably circulatingseawateraroundthe hydrothermal vent (e.g.,
closetothoseoftheirprotoliths, evenwherethesurroundingOhmoto, 1986;Cathies,1993). The main BrokenHill ore de-
rockshavebeenisotopically homogenized. Thismaybe due positis locatedat the stratigraphic transition betweenunits
to the metabasic rockshavinglowerpermeabilities thanthe containing abundant volcanic andvolcanoelastic rocksand
surrounding metasedimentary andmetavolcanic rocks.How- unitscomprising mainlyelastic sediments. Laing(1996b)in-
ever,asmanyofthesemetabasic rocks areprobably deformed terpreted thisto indicate thatmineralization occurred during
370 IAN CARTWRIGHT

a tectonicculmination betweena rift- anda sag-phase in the be due to fluid circulation aroundgranites(e.g.,the Alma
BrokenHill rift.Theproximal faciesoftheHoresGneiss unit, Gneiss)that were eraplacedsoonafter deposition of the
whichhoststhemainPb-Zn-Agorebody isprobably at Yanco Willyama rocks,andmineralization mayhaveoccurred atthat
Glen(Fig.1) sometensof kilometers fromthe mainzoneof time. Sucha scenario is similarto that proposed for other
mineralization, andthelocation of mineralization mayreflect BrokenHill-typedeposits (e.g.,Cannington) byRichmond et
a structural controlontheposition ofthehydrothermal vents. al. (1996)andWilliamsandPendergast (1996)butwithmin-
The presence of deep-seated faultsassociated with rifting eralization preceding ratherthanpostdating regionalmeta-
mayhaveprovided thepathways forhydrothermal fluidflow. morphism. Basemetal(Zn,Pb _+Ag)skarndeposits withsim-
In thismodelthe metalsmaybe leachedfromsurroundingilar81sovalues areknown(e.g.,Ohmoto, 1986;Taylor, 1987),
rocksby the convection of hotoceanwater(asproposed by andthe8348 values arealsoexplained bythismodelif thesul-
Phillipset al.,1985andJames et al.,1987).Thequartz+ gar- fur wasderivedfromthe igneous body(Ohmoto,1986;Tay-
net + gahniterocksmayalsohaveformedasexhalites asdid lor,1987).Skamdeposits mayformdistalor proximal to the
siliceousoresat Kuroko(both setsof rockshave81sovalues plutons, be dominated bysulfides,andbelocated alonglitho-
of around10%o). Thisinterpretation mayalsoexplain thelack logical boundaries (e.g.,Einaudiet al.,1981),whichagainex-
ofpre-1600Mazircons in thequartz+ garnet+ gahnite rocks plainsaspectsof the geologyat BrokenHill. Basemetal
(Ehlerset al., 1996)asexhalative rockswouldprobably not skarnsalsoshowMn enrichment,similarZn/Pb ratios(1:1 to
containdetritalzircon.ZircongrowthfromZr initiallycon- 1:2) to Broken Hill (8.5:10; Parr and Plimer, 1993), and simi-
rainedin otherminerals(e.g.,garnet,titanitc,or epidote lar relatively highAg andlow Cu contents (Einaudiet al.,
groupmineralsthat maycontainseveralhundredppmZr) 1981).The quartz+ garnet+ gahniterocksmayalsohave
couldhaveoccurred duringcrystallization associated withre- formedaspartof theskamsystem, andtheU-Pbmodelages
gionalmetamorphism. of the orebody mayagainreflectthe ageof mineralization.
Theoverallscaleof oxygen isotope resetting at BrokenHill Thismodelalsoexplains the observation thatoxygen isotope
(kilometers to tensof kilometers; Fig.2) is muchlargerthan resetting occurs in theSundown Grouprocksthatoverliethe
thatin manyexhalative deposits. However, similarlarge-scaleorebodies. While manybasemetalskamsoccurin ealesili-
oxygen isotopealteration (overan areaof 50 x 35 km)was eates, ratherthaninvolcanic orelastic sedimentary rocks, and
documented at Noranda(Canada)by Cathies(1993).That aregenerally smaller thanthemainBrokenHill orebody, base
studysuggested that convecting seawater occurredaround metalmineralization at Cannington in aluminous metasedi-
plutons in a majorlong-lived (10m.y.)hydrothermal episode mentsmaybe partof a skarnsystem (e.g.,WilliamsandPen-
withconvection cellsin excess of 8 km deep.A similarfluid dergast, 1996).
flowsystem to Norandamayexplainthe large-scale oxygen Both of the abovemodelspotentiallyinvolverelatively
isotope resetting at BrokenHill. However, fluidflowwould largevolumes of fluidsthatcouldhavehomogenized 81so
havehadto continue afterthe Sundown Groupthatoverlies valuesof differentlithologies onthetenstohundreds of me-
themineralized zonewasdeposited asisotopic resetting isev- tersscale. Thehigher81sovalues oftherocksawayfromthe
idencedin thoserocks.This may be possibleif the hy- orebodies couldbe explained by the temperatures of fluid-
drothermal circulation waslonglivedcompared withtherate rockinteraction decliningawayfrommineralized zonesor
of sedimentation. dueto the fluidprogressively exchanging isotopically with
The U-Pb modelagesfor the BrokenHill orebody(1675 the rock.Laing(1996b)suggested thatanincrease in garnet
Ma:CarrandSun,1996;Sunet al., 1996)maybe theageof contentof the HoresGneisssouthwards towardthe region
hydrothermal activity, andbodiesliketheAlmaGneiss could of basemetalmineralization (Fig. 2) wasdueto increased
haveprovided theheatsource forfluidcirculation. If thetem- hydrothermal alterationwhichincreased Fe and Mn con-
perature of mineralization wassimilarto thatin otherexhala- tents.The increase in garnetcontentis broadlycorrelated
tivedeposits (e.g.,Kuroko), the81sovalues oftherocks close withthedecrease in 8180values, andbothmaybetheprod-
to the mineralized zonessuggests thatthehydrothermal flu- uct of the same fluid flow event. Metasomatism to form the
idswouldmostprobably havebeendominated bywaterwith albiterocks(e.g.,Vernon,1961)mayalsohaveoccurredat
a 8•80valueofapproximately 0 permil(Ohmoto, 1986),close the same time.
to thatof modemdayoceanwater.Proterozoic oceanwater The mineralization modelsdiscussed aboverequirethat
probably had a similar81sovalueto present-day oceanic stableisotoperatioswerepreserved throughregionalmeta-
water(Muehlenbachs, 1986)makingit themostlikelycandi- morphism. Thereare abundantexamples of oxygenisotope
date for the infiltratingfluid. The mineralogy of the ore ratiosthat reflectearlyfluid flow eventsbeingpreserved
(sphaleriteand galenadominated),elementassociations, throughsubsequent regionalmetamorphism at grades up to
metal zonation,and the Mn halo at Broken Hill are consistent granulite facies,andmanyexamples of granulite faciesrocks
witha hydrothermal origin(Largeet al.,1996).834S values at havingsimilaroxygenisotoperatiosto their unmetamor-
BrokenHill fallin a narrowrange(-5 to +5%0,CDT:Parrand phosed precursors (e.g.,Valleyet al., 1990;Cartwright 1994;
Plimer,1993),whichis expected for hydrothermal deposits Buickand Cartwright,1996).The Palmeir6polis volcanic-
wherethe sulfuris derivedfromigneous sources (Ohmoto, hostedmassive sulfidedeposit wasmetamorphosed to upper
1986;Taylor,1987). amphibolite faciesyetstillpreserves 81sovalues thataresim-
ilar to thoseof unmetamorphosed deposits (Araujoet al.,
Mineralization duringgraniteintrusion 1996).High-grade metamorphism andanatexis withoutper-
The exacttimingof volcanic activityandgraniteeraplace- vasivefluidflowshouldonlyminimally affectoxygen isotope
mentisnotknown. Theregional variation in 8•sovalues may ratios.
 ISOTOPEZONATIONAT BROKENHILL, NSW 371

Other mineralization models with eitherorigin.Someaspects, suchasthe association of

Theoxygen isotope signatures oftheBrokenHill rocksare base metal mineralization with volcanic rocks probably favor
dissimilar to thosein shale-hosted basemetaldeposits. For the firstmodel,whileothers,suchasthe oxygen isotopere-
example, •5•sO valuesof carbonates fromthecontemporane-setting extending intotheoverlying rocksmayfavorthelatter.
ousMcArthurRiverdeposits of the NorthernTerritory, Aus- Additionally, the possibility that regional-scale loweringof
tralia,whicharewell-preserved shale-hosted stratiformPb- oxygen isotope ratiosmay refleetfluid flow in an eventthat
Zn deposits, are 18 to 26 per rail (RyeandWilliams,1981). entirelypostdated the base metal mineralization must berec-
These•so valuesare consistent with mineralization by ognized. However, asdiscussed above,therocksin the Bro-
evolvedbasinal fluids at relativelylow temperaturesken Hill areaprobably did not experience significantfluid
(Ohmoto, 1986).Thetightcluster of•34Svalues ofthePb-Zn flowafter the peak of regional metamorphism, and thehigh-
deposits at BrokenHill (-5 to +5%0)are alsodifferentto est-grade rocksappearto havebeenfluidabsentduringthe
those of sediment-hosted depositsof similarage (e.g., metamorphic peak.Hence,anymajorfluid flow episodes
McArthurRiverandMountIsa),whichhavea broadrange were probably relativelyearlyin thehistory oftheterrain,and
(-10 to +40%0)of•34S values(GustafsonandWilliams, 1981). models for syn-peak metamorphic or post-metamorphic min-
However, anyinterpretation thatthestableisotope ratiosmil- eralizationare unlikely. However, the datamay not discrimi-
itateagainst suchanoriginforBrokenHill mineralization re- natebetween thevarious pre-regional metamorphic models.
lieson the assumption that the regional-scale •so trends Furtherwork,suchasdocumenting thetemporal relationship
resulted fromfluidflowduringmineralization. Theregional- betweenmineralization, volcanism, andintrusion of granites
scalefluid flow mayhaveoccurredin an unrelatedevent such asthe Alma Gneiss, would help to resolvethisissue.
(suchasaroundgranites that intrudedaftermineralization Acknowledgments
occurred). The superposition of thetwosystems maybe due
to a regional-scale control,possibly the locationof major Thisworkwassupported by ARC largegrantA39231141
structures. Whether later fluid flow would reset the •so val- andARCsmallgrantfunding. I. S.Buick,M. Sakakibara, T.R.
ues of rocksintimatelyassociated with the mineralization Weaver, and J.K. Vry helped to collectthe samples. E. Curl
(suchasthequartz+ gahnite + garnetrocks) orthe•4S val- andS. Zakowski carriedoutthe samplepreparation andM.
ues of the ore itself is not known. Janeperformed the oxygen isotope analyses.L. Cathles,D.
Cooke,and T. Vennemannare thankedfor commentson var-
Ore formation duringmetamorphism (e.g.,Ehlerset al.,
1996)couldconceivably producerockswith the observed iousversions ofthemanuscript.
•5•sovalues.However,as discussed above,there are no com- February 24, 1998;February1, 1999
pellingreasons toinvoke fluidflowduringregional metamor-
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