1.

1
The linear (or tangent line) approximation of f (x) at x = x0 is the function L(x) = f
(x0) + f '(x0)(x - x0).
 3.1
For a function f defined on a set S of real numbers and a number c S,
(i) f (c) is the absolute maximum of f on S if f (c) f (x) for all x S and
(ii) f (c) is the absolute minimum of f on S if f (c) f (x) for all x S.
An absolute maximum or an absolute minimum is referred to as an absolute
extremum. If a function has more than one extremum, we refer to these as extrema
(the plural form of extremum).

Figure 3.17a Figure 3.17b

 3.1 (Extreme Value Theorem)
A continuous function f defined on a closed, bounded interval [a, b] attains both an
absolute maximum and an absolute minimum on that interval.
3.3
A number c in the domain of a function f is called a critical number of f if f '(c) = 0
or f '(c) is undefined.

3.3

Suppose that f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]. Then, the absolute extrema of
f must occur at an endpoint (a or b) or at a critical number.
 Find the absolute exfema of the given function below on indicated
Interval
 4.1

A function f is (strictly) increasing on an interval I if for every x1, x2 I with x1 < x2, f
(x1) < f (x2) [i.e., f (x) gets larger as x gets larger].
A function f is (strictly) decreasing on the interval I if for every x1, x2 I with x1 < x2, f
(x1) > f (x2) [i.e., f (x) gets smaller as x gets larger].

4.1
Suppose that f is differentiable on an interval I.
(i) If f ' (x) > 0 for all x I, then f is increasing on I.
(ii) If f ' (x) < 0 for all x I, then f is decreasing on I.
 Figure 3.35
Increasing and decreasing. Increasing and decreasing.

4.2 (First Derivative Test)

Suppose that f is continuous on the interval [a, b] and c (a, b) is a critical number.
(i) If f ' (x) > 0 for all x (a, c) and f ' (x) < 0 for all x (c, b) (i.e., f changes
fromincreasing to decreasing at c), then f (c) is a local maximum.
(ii) If f ' (x) < 0 for all x (a, c) and f ' (x) > 0 for all x (c, b) (i.e., f changes
fromdecreasing to increasing at c), then f (c) is a local minimum.
(iii) If f '(x) has the same sign on (a, c) and (c, b), then f (c) is not a local extremum.

Figure 3.41a
Figure 3.41b
Local maximum.
Local minimum.
Find the absolute extrema for f ( x)  x 4  2 x 2  4 in [2, 2] .

5.1
Suppose that f '' exists on an interval I.
(i) If f ''(x)>0 on I, then the graph of f is concave up on I.
(ii) If f ''(x)<0 on I, then the graph of f is concave down on I.
Try yourself.
Sketch the graph of f ( x)  x 4  12 x 3  48 x 2  64 x identifying critical numbers, intervals of increase
and decrease, inflection points and intervals of concavity.

Solution: