Cell Division – Revision Pack (B3)

Multicellular:

Advantages of being multicellular:

• allows organism to be larger

• allows for cell differentiation
• allows organism to be more complex.

Becoming multi-cellular requires the development of specialised organ systems,

limited to:

• communication between cells (nervous system)

• supplying the cells with nutrients (digestive system)
• controlling exchanges with the environment (respiratory and excretory
system)

Mitosis

New cells for growth are produced by mitosis, new cells are genetically identical
because they contain the same genetic information – it is a copied cell. Body cells
are DIPLOID (contain two copies of each chromosome).

The first step, before cells can divide is to replicate the DNA. This is done by:

- ‘unzipping’ the chromosome to make it into single strands

- New strands forming by complementary base pairing

The following steps happen in mitosis:

1) The chromosomes line up in the centre

of the cell
2) They then divide; or are divided by an
enzyme
3) The two copies move to two poles of
the cell

These cells are genetically identical.

 Cell Division – Revision Pack (B3)

Meiosis:

Gametes are produced by meiosis.

Gametes are haploid (contain one
chromosome from each pair). In
meiosis, the chromosome number is
halved and each cell is genetically
different because:

• One chromosome from

each pair separate to
opposite poles of the cell in
the first division
• Chromosomes divide and
the copies move to opposite
poles of the cell in the
second division.

Gametes and Fertilisation: Fertilisation results in genetic

variation because:

- The two gametes (egg

and sperm cells) form a
diploid zygote
- Genes from the two
chromosomes combine
to determine the
characteristics of that
zygote

The structure of a sperm cell allows it to

be adapted to its function because:

- It has a lot of mitochondria which

supplies energy
- It has an acrosome releases
enzymes that help digest (enter)
the egg membrane
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