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23.1
F. OPTICS 23.2 Interference
23.3 Two-slit interference pattern
23.4 Interference in a thin film
23.5 Diffraction at single slit
23. Physical optics 23.6 Diffraction gratings
23.7 Polarisation
23.8 Optical waveguides
Outcomes Outcomes
a) h) explain the phenomenon of thin film
b) interference for normal incident light, and
and diffraction phenomena solve related problems
c) explain the concept of coherence i) explain the diffraction pattern for a single slit
d) explain the concept of optical path difference, and
j)
solve related problems
minimum in the diffraction pattern for a
e) state the conditions for constructive and destructive
interferences single slit
f) -slit interference pattern k)
g) power of an aperture
interference pattern
Outcomes Outcomes
l) explain the diffraction pattern for a o) state that polarisation is a property of transverse
waves
diffraction grating
p) explain the polarisation of light obtained by
m) use the formula d for a diffraction reflection or using a polariser
grating q) understand polarisation planes
n) describe the use of a diffraction grating to law tan B = n
form the spectrum of white light, and to r) I = I0cos2
s) explain the basic principles of fibre optics and
determine the wavelength of monochromatic
waveguides
light t) state the applications of fibre optics and
waveguides
Objectives
(a) understand and use emitted at the opening and they will combine
when expanding on the other side of the
principle to explain opening creating the diffraction pattern.
interference and
diffraction
phenomena
Every point on a wave front is a source of New wavefront
Construct the wave front
secondary wavelets. tangent to the wavelets
i.e. particles in a medium excited by electric
field (E) re-radiate in all directions r=c t
Given wave-front
Allow wavelets to
at t evolve for time t
Coherence Coherence
If the phase of a light wave is well defined at all For example, a laser produces highly coherent
times (oscillates in a simple pattern with time light. In a laser, all of the atoms radiate in
and varies in a smooth wave in space at any phase.
instant), then the light is said to be coherent. An incandescent or fluorescent light bulb
produces incoherent light. All of the atoms in
If, on the other hand, the phase of a light wave the phosphor of the bulb radiate with random
varies randomly from point to point, or from phase. Each atom oscillates for about 1ns, and
moment to moment (on scales coarser than produces a coherent wave about 1 million
the wavelength or period of the light) then wavelengths long. But after several ns, the
the light is said to be incoherent. next atom radiates with random phase.
Interference
Recall interference of sound waves. Light waves Interference of light waves was first
also display constructive and destructive demonstrated by Thomas Young in 1801.
interference.
When two small apertures are illuminated with
coherent light, an interference pattern of light
For incoherent light, the interference is hard to and dark regions is observed on a distant
washed out
screen:
rapid phase jumps of the light.
Applications: Applications:
Reflective coating Anti-reflection coating For destructive interference
Increasing the Reducing reflection Path deference = (m + ½)
d
reflection 2ndCos = (m + ½) ,
Take 0 , for nearly normal light
2nd = (m + ½)
If m = 0 , then thickness of the film is
minimum;
2nd = ½
d = /4n
2nd = m
If m = 1 , then thickness of the film is
minimum;
2nd =
d = /2n
Rayleigh Criterion
Diffraction limited Resolution 23.6 Diffraction gratings
Two objects can be resolved (barely) if the Objectives
diffraction maximum of one object lies in the (k) know the diffraction pattern for diffraction
diffraction minimum of the second object. gratings
min = 1.22 [wavelength]/[diameter of lens or (l) use the formula d n for diffraction
mirror] gratings
(m) describe the use of diffraction gratings to
form the spectrum of white light and
measure the wavelength of monochromatic
light
Conducting lines
polariod
of molecules
E
100%
E 100% 50%
E
50%
50%
Combining polarising filters
A second polarising filter with an optical axis The intensity I0 the light is Optical
perpendicular to the first absorbs all proposional to its amplitude transmission
remaining light I0 A02 axis
0% When a polarized light of
E amplitude A0 insidents to a
polaroid whose transmission axis
100% is inclined a an angle of , only the
E light parallel to the transmission
50% axis is allowed to pass through, A0
where the component amplitude,
A = A0 cos
A = A0 cos , Optical
The intensity of the component transmission 600
wave I is related to the component axis
amplitude, A, where E
25%
I A2 I = I0cos2
Then =
I/Io = A2/A02 I0cos2600
100%
A0 =0.25I0
= A02cos2 /A02
I = I0
I = I0cos2
100%
I2 = I1cos2
E = I1cos2600 Scattered
50% = 0.25I1 light
= 0.25 0.5I0 Polarised light
I1 = 0.5I0
= 0.125I0 observer
reflection
parallel
At the Brewster angle of n1 0.6 to surface
incidence the reflection is fully
polarised n2 0.4
Configuration of a Fiber Optic Sensor System LED (Light emitting diode) ILD (injection laser diode)
How Does fiber optic transmit light The loss of fiber optic
Material obsorption
Material Scattering
Waveguide scattering
Fiber bending
Fiber coupling loss
The advantages of fiber optic over
Idea of Modulation wire cable
When sending information by an optical fiber,
the information must be encoded or
Thinner
transformed somehow into information that Higher carrying capacity
capable of being transmitted through a fiber. Less signal degradation
The signal needs to be modulated. There are Light signal
two types of modulation Analog and digital.
Low power
Flexible
Non-flammable
Lightweight
n1 sin 1 n2 sin 2
[2-18]
Total Internal Reflection & Critical Angle Phase shift due to TIR
Transmitted
(refracted) light
2 90
The totally reflected wave experiences a phase
2 kt
n2 Evanescent wave shift however which is given by:
n 1 > n2
n 2 cos 2 n n 2 cos 2
1
ki 1 kr c N 1 1 p 1 1
Critical angle 1 c
TIR
tan ; tan
Incident Reflected 2 n sin 1 2 sin 1
light light
(a) (b ) ( c)
n1
n
Light wave travelling in a more dense medium strikes a less dense n2
medium. Depending on the incidence angle with respect to
which is determined by the ratio of the refractive indices, the Where (p,N) refer to the electric field components
wave may be transmitted (refracted) or reflected. (a) 1 < c
(b) 1 = c (c) 1 > c and total internal reflection (TIR). parallel or normal to the plane of incidence
n2 respectively.
sin c
n1
Optical waveguiding by TIR:
Dielectric Slab Waveguide Launching optical rays to slab waveguide
n2
sin min ; minimum angle that supportsTIR
n1
Maximum entrance angle, 0max is found
end face.
2 2
n sin 0 max n1 sin c n1 n2
Numerical aperture: 0 m ax
2 2
NA n sin 0 max n1 n2 n1 2
n1 n2
n1
Propagation mechanism in an ideal step-index optical waveguide.
Optical Fiber communications, 3rd ed.,G.Keiser,McGrawHill, 2000
Optical rays transmission through dielectric slab Optical Fibers: Modal Theory (Guided or
waveguide Propagating modes) & Ray Optics Theory
n1 n2 ; c c O
2
n1 n2
Optical Fiber comm unications, 3rd ed.,G.Keiser,McGrawHill, 2000
n1 n2
For TE-case, when electric waves are normal to the plane of incidence
must be satisfied with following relationship:
2 2
n1 d sin m n1 cos 2 n2 [2-25]
tan Step Index Fiber
2 n1 sin
Optical Fiber comm unications, 3 rd ed.,G.Keiser,McGrawHill, 2000
Skew rays
Each particular guided mode in a fiber can be represented by a group of rays which
Make the same angle with the axis of the fiber.
Optical Fiber com munications, 3 rd ed.,G.Keiser,McGrawHill, 2000 Optical Fiber com munications, 3rd ed.,G.Keiser,McGrawHill, 2000