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Tangela cofer

Mrs.Kenly/Ms.Keita

British Literature

21 March,2018

How is hiv/aid affecting today’s living

It is a known fact that hiv is human immunodeficiency virus and it has been around for more

than 30 years since a disease now called AIDS which could be spreaded by sexual contact was

first recognized in the United States. Back then, it was considered a death sentence. No

treatments were available.

Its cause was unknown, and people often died within a few months after being diagnosed It is a

known fact that hiv can cause bad things to happen to your immune system it can cause many

viruses. Approximately 60% of human immunodeficiency virus . Only by 2000 was its true global

impact beginning to become clear Holbrooke, the us ambassador to the UN. Eventually a

Holbrooke prevailed russian representative agree to sit in on the meeting, but wouldn’t speak or

participate. By 2000 it was a true global impact beginning to become clear. Holbrooke, the

united states ambassador to the united nation (Kenneth 100).

A young man named Thomas Benn just fine on January 2000, representative from all 15

countries took their blue seat in the security council meeting they basically talking about the

impacts of the diseases of Hiv and Aids.(Kenneth 101)

. In the United States it is estimated that up to 25,000 patients have failed at least 3 classes of

antiretroviral therapies, So in 1988 there was a man named james he was diagnosed with HIV, a

still relatively new disease with few treatments available. “At the time, the medication was even

worse than the disease”, He painfully recalls. “All i could think of was : i’m going to be dead in
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six months thanks to advancements in science over the decades and etcs changed the way the

disease is treated” .

Everyone knows hiv and aids are the two highest diseases you can get sexually and you do not

have to have actual sex to get it you can get it from kissing, touching infected blood, semen and

vaginal fluids.

Laura Davies said “ one out of five of all cancers in people living with HIv could have been

avoided by not smoking.” In North America over 50,000 people have AIDS and data reveal that

about 600 people contracted a smoking related form of cancer and 50 percent of the cases that

was found would get revealed and reviewed(Benndy108)

all of the people cases could have reviewed all of the included participants were living with HIV

and all the others that have cancer free at the beginning of a research project that they started in

2016 of january.

CDC provides national leadership for HIV prevention research, including the development and

evaluation of HIV biomedical and behavioral interventions to prevent HIV transmission and

reduce HIV disease progression in the United States and internationally.

CDC’s research efforts also include identifying those scientifically proven, cost-effective, and

scalable interventions and prevention strategies to be implemented as part of a high-impact

prevention approach for maximal impact on the HIV epidemic.(Bennet 210)

There was a cure for the disease HIV, advances in treatment have made it possible for people

with HIV to live long and healthy lives. We also now have more tools to halt the epidemic

through treatment, prevention and education. Still, a cure would expedite this goal and facilitate

the global eradication of HIV/AIDS. For this reason, NIAID invests in basic and clinical
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research with the ultimate goal of developing a safe, affordable and scalable cure for HIV and

AIDS.( Lorance105)

Many people involved in HIV cure research acknowledge that, much like the best treatments for

HIV, an HIV cure may be made up of a combination of agents and approaches.

Because of the nature of HIV infection, a cure for HIV can also be defined in two ways:

sustained viral remission and viral eradication.

There is a risk to the disease and some find it unworthy to the society

HIV is most often transmitted through unprotected sex with an infected person. AIDS may also

spread by sharing drug needles or through contact with the blood of an infected person.

Women with HIV can transmit it to their babies before or during birth or through breastfeeding.

HIV-infected people taking antiretroviral therapy can still infect others through unprotected sex

and needle-sharing.

Incapable of surviving long outside the body, HIV cannot be transmitted through routine daily

activities, such as using a toilet seat, sharing food utensils or drinking glasses,

shaking hands, or kissing. The virus can only be transmitted from person to person, not through

animals or insect bites.

HIV is a virus spread through certain body fluids that attacks the body’s immune system,

specifically the CD4 cells, often called T cells. Over time, HIV can destroy so many of these cells

that the body can’t fight off infections and disease. These special cells help the immune system
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fight off infections. Untreated, HIV reduces the number of CD4 cells in the body. This damage to

the immune system makes it harder and harder for the body to fight off infections and some other

diseases. Opportunistic infections or cancers take advantage of a very weak immune system and

signal that the person has AIDS. Learn more about the stages of HIV and how to know whether

you’re infected. There’s also something called a hiv rash and the symptoms usually occurs

within the first two months after contracting the virus. Like other initial symptoms of HIV, it’s

easy to mistake this rash for a symptom of another viral infection. Therefore, it’s important to

learn how to identify this rash and how to treat it or else it could turn into something worse than

a rash. (Lorance 109)

When could you seek help for it ?

You should ask for help right away, as soon as you know you have hiv because hiv can get worse

and the rash can mess your skin up bad to the point where it hurts when you touch it and it can

spread around your whole body. Someone who is unsure about the cause of their rash and thinks

that they may have been exposed to HIV should make an appointment with their healthcare

provider. Let them know of any skin changes that have developed. This will help the healthcare

provider make a diagnosis(Lorance200).

There another type of hiv affection it’s called acute hiv it’s basically a condition that can

develop as early as two to four weeks after someone contracts HIV. Acute HIV infection is also

known as primary HIV infection or acute retroviral syndrome. It’s the initial type of HIV, and it

lasts until the body has created antibodies against the virus.

That’s the 2nd worst part of having hiv and you ana mainly get that from not being clean when

you get the first stage and you can get it if you get it treated as soon as possible the virus attacks

and destroys immune cells, leaving the immune system unable to fight off other diseases and
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infections. When this happens, it can lead to late stage HIV, known as AIDS or stage 3 HIV. The

symptoms of a acute hiv infection Acute HIV infection symptoms are similar to those of the flu

and other viral illnesses, so people may not suspect that they have contracted HIV. In fact, the

CDC estimates that of the more than 1.1 million people in the United States living with HIV,

about 15 percent of them don’t know they have the virus. Getting tested is the only way to know .

When HIV is diagnosed before it becomes AIDS, medicines can slow or stop the damage to the

immune system. If AIDS does develop, medicines can often help the immune system return to a

healthier state.

There a consequences The HIV virus deactivates the CD4+ T cells, the lymphocytes no longer

function and the production of antibodies decreases. In other words: gaps start to appear in the

line of defence against intruders. As a result, intruders can multiply inside the body and make a

person ill.

The HIV virus gets inside the body and then attacks certain cells, the so-called CD4+ T cells. It

then invades these cells and destroys them. This has major consequences. The CD4+ T cells

ensure that a certain type of white blood cell lymphocytes make antibodies against intruders like

viruses, bacteria and fungi.

Kaposi coma another possible infection, is a cancer of the blood vessel walls. It’s rare among the

general population, but common in people who are HIV-positive. Symptoms include red or dark

purple lesions on the mouth and skin. It can also cause problems in the lungs, digestive tract,

and other internal organs.

Since HIV affects your immune system, it also makes your body more susceptible to infections

that can affect your digestive system. Problems with your digestive tract can also decrease your

appetite and make it difficult to eat properly. As a result, weight loss is a common side effect.
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A common infection related to HIV is oral thrush, which includes inflammation and a white film
on the tongue. It can also cause inflammation of the esophagus, which can make it difficult to
eat. Another viral infection that affects the mouth is oral hairy leukoplakia, which causes white
lesions on the tongue.(Kelly105)

Salmonella infection is spread through contaminated food or water, and causes diarrhea,
abdominal pain, and vomiting. Anyone can get it, but if you have HIV, you’re at higher risk of
serious complications from this infection. Consuming contaminated food or water can also result
in a parasitic intestinal infection called cryptosporidiosis. This infection affects the bile ducts
and intestines and can be particularly severe. For people with AIDS, it can cause chronic
diarrhea. HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is when the filters in your kidneys become
inflamed, making it harder to remove waste products from your bloodstream.While HIV doesn’t
generally directly infect nerve cells, it does infect the cells that support and surround nerves in
the brain and throughout

While the link between HIV and neurologic damage isn’t completely understood, it’s likely that
infected support cells contribute to nerve injury. Advanced HIV infection can damage nerves
neuropathy. Small holes in the conducting sheaths of peripheral nerve fibers (vacuolar
myelopathy) can cause pain, weakness, and difficulty walking.

There are significant neurological complications of AIDS. HIV and AIDS can cause HIV-
associated dementia or AIDS dementia complex, two conditions that seriously affect cognitive
function.Toxoplasma encephalitis, caused by a parasite commonly found in cat feces, is another
possible complication of AIDS. With a weakened immune system, having very advanced cases,
hallucinations and frank psychosis can occur. You may also experience headaches, balance One
of the more visible signs of HIV and AIDS can be seen on the skin. A weakened immune response
leaves you more vulnerable to viruses like herpes. Herpes can cause you to develop sores around
your mouth or genitals.HIV also increases your risk for rashes and shingles. Shingles are caused
by herpes zoster, the virus that gives you chickenpox. Shingles causes a painful rash, often with
blisters.A viral skin infection called molluscum contagiosum involves an outbreak of bumps on
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the skin. Another condition is called prurigo nodularis.(Kelly 205)

It causes crusty lumps on the skin, as well as severe itching.Over the next two years,
surveillance data clarified the epidemiology of AIDS and indicated it was likely caused by a
transmissible agent. In addition to homosexual males, other affected groups included injection
drug users, recent immigrants from Haiti, hemophiliacs, and transfusion recipients. Cases of
AIDS were also reported in infants of mothers with AIDS and in heterosexual female partners of
male injection drug users with the disease. Cases of persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
(swelling of lymph nodes) were described in homosexual men who had similar immunologic
abnormalities as persons with AIDS, suggesting earlier stages of disease and more widespread
distribution of the putative AIDS agent.

These early data suggested the likely infectious cause, probably a virus, could be spread by

homosexual and heterosexual contact, by sharing of contaminated injection equipment, by blood

and blood products, and from mother to child. Cases in Haitian immigrants were mostly due to

heterosexual transmission but the link with Haiti would not be explained until later. Based on the

available information, the CDC issued recommendations in late 1982 and early 1983,

respectively, on precautions for clinical and laboratory staff and on measures to prevent sexual

and blood-borne transmission. Specifically, members of risk groups were advised to avoid sex

with persons with AIDS, limit their numbers of sexual partners, and not donate blood.

Disagreement persisted about the use of surrogate blood tests, such as for hepatitis B markers,

to exclude high risk blood units from the transfusion pool.

As cases increased, fears began to be voiced that transmission was more widespread than

reported, and could be by means other than sex or blood. Stigma and discrimination became

apparent toward persons with or at risk for AIDS, resulting in refusal of medical or nursing care

or exclusion of children from school. Cases of AIDS were reported from other countries
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involving the same risk groups as in the U.S.; an additional group observed in Europe,

especially Belgium and France, comprised cases in black Africans who came to seek medical

care. Studies from Rwanda and Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo) published in

1984 provided evidence of a severe ongoing epidemic of heterosexual AIDS in those countries.

These early years closed with two fundamental advances: the discovery of the etiologic agent

and development of a blood test for the AIDS virus. In 1983, researchers at the Institut Pasteur

in Paris reported the isolation of a novel retrovirus from a homosexual man with

lymphadenopathy. Robert Gallo and his group at the U.S. National Cancer Institute published a

series of papers in 1984 describing what later was recognized as the same retrovirus and

providing further evidence that it was causally associated with AIDS. These events were

surrounded by controversy and accusations of intrigue about shared specimens, who deserved

what credit, and future royalties from blood tests developed from this work. Consensus emerged

that both groups made important contributions but that the French workers were the original

discoverers of the virus, leading to Francoise Barre-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier receiving the

Nobel Prize. Agreement was reached to refer to the newly recognized agent as human

immunodeficiency virus . Discovery of the virus led to the commercial development of a blood

test to detect HIV infection, allowing protection of the blood supply for transfusion, as well as

testing and counseling of infected or at-risk persons, studies of HIV natural history and disease,

and diagnosis of persons with AIDS.

The introduction of a blood test for HIV expanded enormously the understanding of HIV

epidemiology and transmission, and the spectrum of HIV disease. Although stigma and

discrimination remained pervasive, the ability to clearly determine who was HIV-positive

convincingly demonstrated that the virus was not transmitted by casual contact. Assessments of

risk of transmission from sexual contact and from mother to child were refined, and the role of

breastfeeding as a mode of infection in infants was clarified.

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While researchers actively searched for drugs to inhibit HIV, people with AIDS actually died of
diverse opportunistic infections, especially Pneumocystis pneumonia in industrialized countries
and tuberculosis in low-income settings. As a consequence, and in the absence of effective
treatment for HIV, medical attention was focused on better management of patients with AIDS
and on provision of therapy that could prevent the major causes of HIV-associated illness and
mortality.

Activists fought with public health authorities that they considered to be slow in recommending
treatments that could prevent onset of some of the major opportunistic infections. Nonetheless, in
high-income countries medical interventions were mounted for people with HIV that prolonged
disease free life. In low-income settings treatment and care were neglected or took second place
to prevention efforts, and even minimal palliative and symptomatic treatment were hard to come
by. Optimism in 1986 that treatment with the drug zidovudine

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals adopted by world leaders in 2015 call for
an end to the epidemics of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria by 2030. UNAIDS estimates that
the HIV/AIDS response will by then require annual funding of $30 billion. Stigma,
discrimination, gender inequity, human rights violations, and poverty remain underlying drivers,
and the sustainability of future funding is uncertain.

Another 18 million people need to be reached with antiretroviral therapy, and infections in
young people, including homosexual males, continue unabated. Population growth, especially in
sub-Saharan Africa, will greatly increase the number of people at risk, so that even with stable
incidence there is concern that absolute numbers of infected persons could outpace the scaling
up of interventions
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Work Cite

Discrimination based on HIV status persists though it's barred by the constitution. And women

face a disproportionately large array of consequences. -Emily Judem

Arguments for and against HIV-specific criminal laws have been waged for decades, but the

effort to do away with them has gained momentum in recent years.-Kim Geiger

Transmission does not have to occur in order for the person with HIV to be charged.

a receptor that HIV needs to gain entry into one of its well-known targets

The mutation occurs naturally in only about