Pendahuluan:

One-way slab

Struktur Beton 2 One way slab system:

Beam

Two-Way Slabs Column

Spandrel beam
- Transfer beban dalam satu arah
Direct Design Method
Sjahril A. Rahim
Departemen Teknik Sipil FTUI Two way slab system
Oktober 2016 -Slab memikul beban dalam
dua arah

Pendahuluan: Pendahuluan:
Flat plates:
-uniform thickness supported on columns Flat Slab system:
-Relatively light load -for heavy industrial loads
-Apartment building -drop panel  1/6 L
-Economic span: 4.5 – 6 m -Column capital
-untuk beban > 500 kg/m2
-span: 6-9 m
Waffle slab:
-Span: 7.5-12 m Two-way slab with beams
-Highly formwork cost

1
History: Behavior : Yield line
mechanism

Flat slab pertama di Amerika:

1906 di Minneapolis
CAP Turner Elastic
Analysis

Maillart di Swiss
Negative
yield line

Positive
yield line

Static equilibrium of two-way slab : Static equilibrium of two-way slab :

l1
A

l2
B w

A B
Moments in two-way slab:
Total moment pada potongan
Simply supported plank: A-A dan B-B
Simply supported beams:
1
1
m  wl12
1  wl  M  wl2 l12
M 1b   1 l22 8
8 8 2 
1
1 1 M  wl1 l22
M f  wl 2 l12 M  wl1 l22 8
8 8
Kesimpulan:- Beban total ditransfer dalam dua arah yang saling
Tegak lurus

2
Nichols’ Analysis of Slabs (1914):

Total statical Moment: Circular Column Nicols’

M 0  M1  M 2 3
wl 2l12  4dc 1  2d c  
 wl l  l  wc c  c  wl l wc c  c M0  1      Nicols approximate
M0   1 2  1   1 2  1   1 2  1 2  1 8  l1 3  l1  
 2 4  2  4  2 2 2  
2
wl 2  2  2c1 c2 c12  wl 2l12  1 2d c 
M0  l1 1   2  M0  1  
8   l1 l 2l1  8  3 l1 

Simplify by ACI Code:

ln  l1  c1
 2c c 2 
ln2  l12 1  1  12 
 l1 l1 
wl 2l12
M0 
8

Curvature of
Distribusi momen pada slab: plate strip in x Pelat persegi fixed emapat sisi
direction

Et 3   2 z 
mx    
12  x 2  Curvature of
plate strip in y
Et 3   2 z 
my     direction
12  y 2 
Et 3   2 z 
mxy    
12  xy 

Transverse direction

Longitudinal
direction

3
Pelat persegi hinged emapat sisi: Effect dari kekakuan balok pada momen dari slab

Simply supported edges: Simply supported edges, fixed edge:

4
Edge and corner slab: Flat Plate or Flat Slab:

Flat Plate or Flat Slab Drop Panel:

5
Deflection Control: Deflection Control:

Minimum slab thickness for two-way slabs without beams

Design Strip:
(Grade 420)

Edge beams Edge beams

ln/33 ln/33 ln/36 ln/36

ln/30 ln/33 ln/33 ln/36

ln/30 ln/30 ln/33 ln/33

6
Effective beam Section: Slab Reinforcement:

• Luas tulangan minimum dalam setiap arah =0.0018 bh untuk

grade 400
• Jarak bar maksimum 2h, tetapi tidak boleh lebih dari 450 mm

Design Procedure: Shear in Two-Way Slab System:

• Gravity Load Analysis:

- Direct Design Method
- Equivalent Frame Method
• Lateral Load Analysis:
- Effect slab Cracking: 0.25Ig

7
 Shear in Two-Way Slab System: Shear in Two-Way Slab System:
Beam shear: Vu = factored shear force (total factored load on shaded area)
Vu  Vc b0= perimeter of critical section
 f '  = long side/short side of reaction area
Vc   c l2 d s= constants
 6 
  s=40 for interior column
Two-way shear: s=30 for edge column
s=20 for corner column
Vu  Vc
 2 
Vc  1   f c 'b0 d / 6
  c 

 d 
Vc   s  2  f c 'b0 d / 12
b
 0 
Vc  f c 'b0 d / 3

Transfer of Moment in Slab-Column Connection: Transfer of Moment in Slab-Column Connection:

The factored shear stress on the critical transfer section is the sum The above properties are given in part 16. Note that in the case of
of the direct shear and the shear caused by moment transfer, flat slabs, two different critical sections need to be considered in
Vu  v M u c punching shear calculation, as shown in the Figure 20-9.
vu  
Ac J
Unbalanced moment transfer between slab and an edge column
For slab supported on square column, shear stress vu must not (without spandrel beams) requires special consideration when
exceed (1/3)fc’. slabs are analyzed by the Direct Design Method for gravity loads.
Computation of the combined shear stress involved the following
properties of the critical transfer section:
Ac = area of critical section
c = distance from centroid of critical section to face of
section where stress being computed
J = property of critical section analogous to polar moment
of inertia

8
Critical Shear-Transfer Section for Flat Slabs: Preliminary Design:

Deflection control: a preliminary slab thickness h needs to be determined

for control of deflections according to minimum thickness requirements.

Shear strength Control: tebal slab h ditentukan oleh kuat geser

- Beam shear (One-way shear)
- Two-way shear strength

DDM procedure: - Determining the total factored static moment

for each span
- Dividing the total factored static moment between
negative and positive moment within each span
- Distributing the negative and positive moments
to the column and middle strip

Design strip: Direct Design Method:

Limitation:

For analysis, the slab system is

divided into design strips
consisting a column strip and
half middle strips

1l22
0.2   5.0
 2l12

9
Limitation: Total Factored Static Moment for a Span

For uniform loading, the total design moment M0 for a panel is

calculated by the simple static moment:

wu l2ln2
M0 
8
where wu is the factored combination of dead and live load,
wu=1.2wd+1.6wl
ln = clear span

Clear Span: Negative and Positive Factored Moments:

For flat plate and flat slab

without spandrel beam

10
Distribution of Total Static Moment for End Span: Load Transfer Between Slab and an edge Column:

Factor Moments in Column Strips: Factor Moments in Column Strips:

Ecb I b   l  l 
Definition:   Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam section to
Ecs I s Interior negative moments= 75  30 f 1 2 1  2 
flexural stiffness of a width of slab bounded
 l1  l1 
laterally by centerlines of adjacent panels (if
any) on each side of the beam.   f 1l2   l 
when  1   f 1 2   1
1 =  in direction of l1 l
 1   l1 
2 =  in direction of l2
l2/l1 0.50 1.0 2.0
t 
EcbC
Ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam section (1l2/l1)=0 75 75 75
2Ecs I s to flexural stiffness of a width of slab equal to
span length of beam, center-to-center of (1l2/l1)1.0 90 75 45
supports.

Note berlaku bilamana:

 1l22
0. 2   5.0
 2l12

11
Factor Moments in Column Strips: Factor Moments in Column Strips:

  l  l 
  l  l 
Exterior negative moments= 100  101  121  f 1 2 1  2 
Positive Factor Moments= 60  30 f 1 2 1.5  2 
 l1  l1   l1  l1 
 l   l 
when  f 1 2  1   f 1 2   1  l   l 
l
 1   l1  when f 1 2  1   f 1 2   1
l
 1   l1 
when 1  2.5  1  2.5

l2/l1 0.50 1.0 2.0

l2/l1 0.50 1.0 2.0
(1l2/l1)=0 60 60 60
(1l2/l1)=0  t=0 100 100 100
 t2.5 75 75 75 (1l2/l1)1.0 90 75 45
(1l2/l1)1.0  t=0 100 100 100
 t2.5 90 75 45

Factored Moments in Beams: Factor Moments in Middle Strips:

When a design strip contains beams between column, the factored moment That portion of negative moment and positive factored moments not
assigned to the column strip must be distributed between the slab and the resisted by column strips shall be proportionately assigned to
beam portions of the column strip. corresponding half middle strips.

Each middle strip shall be proportioned to resist the sum of the moments
1l2/l1 Percentage beam assigned to its two half middle strips.
factored moment
A middle strip adjacent to and parallel with a wall-supported edge shall be
proportioned to resist twice the moment assigned to the half middle strip
0 0% corresponding to the first row of interior supports.
1.0 85 %
>1.0 85 %

12
Effective Beam and Slab section for Stiffness Ratio : Beam to Slab Stiffness Ratio  (Interior beams):

Beam to Slab Stiffness Ratio  (Edge beams): Torsional Section Constant C

The cross-sectional constant C is determine by dividing the

beam section into its component rectangles, each having a
smaller dimension x and a larger dimension y, and by summing
the contributions of each rectangle:
x x3 y
C   (1  0.63 )
y 3

The subdivision can be done in such a way as to maximize C.

Equation for the calculation of C for an edge beam are given in
the following page. The larger of C1 and C2 is to be used in
Equation.

13
 Calculation of cross-sectional constant C:

Case 1: y2
Torsional Section Constant C
x2
x1
x1 x13 y1 x x3 y
C1  (1  0.63 )  (1  0.63 2 ) 2 2
y1 3 y2 3
y1

y2
Case 2:
x2
x1 3
x1 x y
1 1 x x3 y
C2  (1  0.63 )  (1  0.63 2 ) 2 2
y1 3 y2 3
y1

Factored Moments in Columns and Walls: Factored Moments in Columns and Walls:

Columns and walls built integrally with a slab system shall For the more usual case with equal transverse and adjacent
resist moments caused by factored loads on the slab system. spans, Eq. (13-7) reduces to

At an interior support, supporting elements above and below the 

M u  0.07 0.5qLu l2ln2 
slab shall resist the factored moment specified by Eq. (13-7) in
direct proportion to their stiffnesses unless a general analysis is where, qLu = factored live load, psf
made. l2 = span length transverse to ln

M u  0.07 qDu  0.5q Lu l2 ln2  qDu ' l2' ln'   2
(13-7)
ln = clear span length in the direction of analysis

where qDu′ , l2′, and ln′ refer to shorter span.

14
Factored Moments in Columns and Walls:
At exterior column or wall supports, the total exterior negative
factored moment from the slab system (13.6.3.3) is transferred
directly to the supporting members. Due to the approximate
nature of the moment coefficients, it seems unwarranted to
consider the change in moment from face of support to
centerline of support; use the moment values from 13.6.3.3
directly.
Design Aid – Direct Design Moment Coefficients
Factored Moments in Columns and Walls:
Columns above and below the slab must resist the unbalanced
support moment based on the relative column stiffnesses—
generally, in proportion to column lengths above and below the
slab. Again, due to the approximate nature of the moment
coefficients of the Direct Design Method, the refinement of
considering the change in moment from centerline of slab-beam
to top or bottom of column seems unwarranted.
Design Aid – Direct Design Moment Coefficients
15
Design Aid – Direct Design Moment Coefficients

16