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CHAPTER 5
5.1 INTRODUCTION
enhance power system security. This has been done by focusing on the ability
of FACTS controllers on both damping of power system oscillations and
improving voltage stability. On the other hand, less work has been conducted
to investigate the impact of FACTS controllers on power system adequacy.
The interline power-flow controller (IPFC) is a new and advanced FACTS
controller, which can be used for dynamic compensation and effective power-
flow management among transmission corridors. The IPFC structure consists
of two or more static synchronous series compensators (SSSCs) connected
through a DC link (Diez-Valencia et al 2002 and Sun et al 2004). IPFC is a
multifunctional controller (Wei et al 2004), which enables power transmission
operators to perform real and reactive power management on transmission
networks (Seyedreza Aali and Daryoush Nazarpour 2010).
are represented by the voltage phasors .The converters labeled VSC1 and
VSC2 are coupled together through a common dc link. Illustrates the IPFC
phasor diagram. With respect to the transmission-line current, in phase and
quadrature phase components of injected voltage, respectively, determine the
negotiated real and reactive powers of the respective transmission lines. The
real power exchanged at the ac terminal is converted by the corresponding
VSC into dc power which appears at the dc link as a negative or a positive
demand. Consequently, the real power negotiated by each VSC must be equal
to the real power negotiated by the other VSC through the dc lines.VSC1 is
operated at point A. Therefore, VSC2 must be operated along the
complementary voltage compensation line, such as point B, to satisfy the real
power demand of VSC1. This is given by
Psc1+Psc2=V1pI1+V2pI2=0 (5.1)
Figure 5.1 Schematic diagram of IPFC (a) without shunt converter (b)
with shunt converter
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The IPFC has the in-built capacity to bypass the rest of the components
in that, when a failure occurs at a series transformer, the associated SSSC is
bypasses using the bypass breaker. For instance, when a failure takes place in
a valve of the VSC, built within the GTO thyristor module, the GTO module
is bypassed. This means that, where a number of failures occur affecting a
single component, the protective actions is specifically employed on that
particular component, bypassing the failure and setting it right.
Under this condition, the primary system will have priority over the
secondary system in achieving its set-point requirements.
n
PSe _ i 0
i 1 (5.2)
S2 P2 JQ 2 V24 I 24 (5.15)
Note that System 1 will have two independently controlled variables (i.e. VC1,
C1). Conversely, System 2 will only have one variable (VC2Q) to be
independently controlled. Simulink model shown in Figure 5.5 & 5.6. Results
for 6 buses shown in Figures 5.7 to 5.11.
5.5 RESULTS
Time
Time
Time
Time
Time
Time
5.6 CONCLUSION
The S-IPFC is the new evolution in the area of FACTS devices that are
converter-based. Being an offshoot of the concept of FACTS, it possesses the
control characteristics of the IPFC. It builts in an additional element of
flexibility by eliminating the common DC link in the IPFC and hence
enhanced long range installation of converters. The S- IPFC when fitted with
shunt converters function as multiple UPFCS. Hence each series converter
has the ability to control the range of all the line parameters in that series. It
is the shunt converter that inputs a 3rd harmonic frequency current into the
network, additionally, to effect an active power for series converter. Thus by
employing a larger number of converters without location constraint and at no
additional cost, the S- IPFC is a valuable addition to power flow control
systems in the proximate future.