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ABSTRACT
This paper presents ground grid mesh design analysis and optimization of a 132/33kV substation. Ground grid
mesh is made up of horizontal and vertical conductors connected with vertical rods buried under substation
ground. The function of this structure is to effectively dissipate extremely high current generated in the system. The
objective of this study is to determine the cost effective and safe ground grid mesh parameters by comparing mesh
design analysis using IEEE and Finite Element Analysis (FEM) methods. The two methods are used differently to
determine the ground grid mesh parameters, step & touch voltages, horizontal and vertical number of conductors,
vertical numbers of rods, and final substation Resistance. Etap 12.60 software is used for the analysis. Firstly,
expected maximum short circuit current of OHIA 132/33kV substation is determined. Secondly, analysis is
performed to determine input and output parameters of grid mesh structure using IEEE and FEM methods. An
optimized result of IEEE method is determined. Analysis of both results is shown in different tables and
recommendation is given regarding the best method for the grid mesh design.
Keywords: ETAP, ground grid mesh, design, optimization, finite element method, short-circuit current
Determination of is not as simple as . This is 3.2.2 Sverak Method: This method is an integrated
where finite element analysis exactly takes its place. form of Laurent-Niemann Method. Ground resistance
Ingeneral can be calculated from dissipated power at the surface of the soil is modified in order to
given in Eq. (4). improve the accuracy of the ground resistance
calculated. The work done in [14] observed
significant effect of the grid depth on ground
can be detailed by replacing the terms as in Eq. (5). resistance and decided that this effect is large enough
to be included into the equation Therefore, Eq. (9) is
rearranged and the resultant Eq. (10) is obtained.
∫
is the potential in the grid, is the potential in the [ ( )]
√ (√ )
boundary. And E is the Energy consume to do work
From Eqs. (3) and (5), one can compute the grid Examining Laurent-Niemann and Sverak Equations, it
resistance by Eq. (6). can be easily understood that the resistance is directly
proportional to resistivity and inversely proportional
to total buried length of conductors and the following
∫ is observed. Increasing the area of grounding grid
Finite Element Analysis can be also used to determine decreases the resistivity in the order of square root.
touch and step voltages. Once Rg is determined from Ground resistance decreases while using more
FEM, step and touch voltages can be determined by conductors in grid design [14].
the following steps.
Actual grid potential is determined by Eq. (7) by 3.2. 3. Schwarz Method: This method is composed of
finite element analysis. three equations and one equation for merging the
three.
where is actual fault current in A.
Actual boundary potential ( ) is determined by Eq.
(8) by finite element analysis.
[ ( ) ]
√
2a is the diameter of conductor in m. is the √ for
3.2 IEEE Methods of Grounding System Design. conductors buried at depth h.
IEEE 80-2000 describes four different methods of and are the coefficients found by the following
determining ground resistance [12]. The methods equations according to the value of grid depth (h).
are discussed hereunder. ( )
[
is the total length of conductors in grid in meters., 3.2.4 Thapar-Gerez Method: Thapar-Gerez formula is
is the number of grounding rods used in grid in given in Eq. (15) and this formula is the integrated
version of Eq. (10). In detail, an extra multiplication
meters., h is the depth of the grid in meters. [13]
part is added to include the effect of grounding region
shapes on calculated resistance.
√
[ ( √ ) ]
√
[ ]
Where is the peripheral length of grid.
Step3. Step potential and touch
4. DESIGN PARAMETERS. potential using eqn(17-20)
The proposed 132/33kV Ohia substation is fed from
330/132kV Alaoji grid station as shown in figure 2.
√
Etap 12.6 software is used to design the network and
also used to determine the expected maximum short
√
circuit current. From fig 2, the maximum short circuit
current at Ohia 132/33kV substation bus bar is
26.6kA. The grid mesh design is done manually to √
obtain the design parameters and the results verified
using the software. √
Step 4. Determine the following; Depth of burial grid
5. DESIGN METHODOLOGY conductor, ground conductor spacing, crushed rock
Step 1. Determine the following field data; resistivity, Quantity of ground rod and calculate the
A. Area (A) of the substation using any of the following number of conductors in X and Y axis and total length
Square, Rectangular, Triangular, L- Shape, T-Shape of grid conductor using the eqn. 21, 22 and 23.
methods.
B. soil resistivity of the site using any of the methods:
Schlumberger, 3 point driven Rod, 4 point and wenner
[8,9].
C. Maximum expected short circuit current and
maximum clearing time using Etap 12 software.
>GPR
Step 9: Determine the mesh and Step voltages using The results of analysis using IEEE 80-2000 methods
equations 26 and 27 for normal simulation. The result of analysis for
optimized number of rods and conductors is shown in
Figure 6.
Fig 4; Grid Configuration for Normal Simulation. Fig.5 Grid Configuration for Optimized Number of
conductors.
Fig. 6 Grid Configuration for optimized number of rods Fig7. Final result Using IEEE method
and conductors.
Fig 11 Absolute potential profile Fig. 12: Final result of FEM analysis
Because of the lower cost of design, the grid short circuit current will be higher for grid mesh
configuration for optimized number of rods and designed by FEM than one done with IEEE method.
conductors for Case 1 are used It was discovered that the best grid configuration is
Required conductors: The analysis of the results for the Case 1 which optimized the number of rods
shows that ground grid mesh structure is more when and conductors used . Finally this work has shown
using FEM method (9000ft) than IEEE method that design done with FEM is better that of IEEE
(3600ft). methods in terms of effectiveness but is cost more
Rod required: The number of rod is more for IEEE than IEEE method.
method than FEM. But the per length of each rod for
FEM (100ft) is more than IEEE (32.80ft) thereby 7. CONCLUSIONS
making the rods for FEM more effective than IEEE, The result in this paper shows the ground grid mesh
since FEM reaches to the lower earth layers which are design of a 132/33kV substation with expected
less affected by environmental factors such as maximum grid current of 26kA. Two different
temperature and moisture content. methods FEM and IEEE, based on Etap 12 software
Design cost: The results shows that the cost of ground were used for the design analysis to determine
grid mesh design is more using FEM method ($ 1868) tolerable limit of different design parameters (GPR,
than IEEE method ($966). The reason is that the mesh voltage, step and touch voltages and Rg). The
horizontally and vertically laid conductors are more in design by FEM method after satisfying the safety
mesh designed by FEM than IEEE methods. criteria limits showcased a highly effective mesh grid
Effectiveness: The final result shows that the ground structure that can withstand more excessive fault
resistance (Rg) of ground grid mesh structure design current when compared to IEEE method ie (Rg FEM
using FEM is lower Ω than IEEE method <Rg IEEE) and an expensive mesh structure when
Ω This means that the rate of dissipation of compared to IEEE method as shown in case 1.
Grid mesh structure degenerate with time, this leads [8] IEEE Guide for Safety in ac substation Grounding,
to various design parameters GPR, Estep Etouch and ANSI/IEEE Std. 80. IEEE Society, New York. (2000).
Rg exceeding their safety criteria limits overtime [9] IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground
therefore it is importance that a method that Impedance and Earth Surface Potentials of a
accommodate the smallest property be used. FEM Grounding System IEEE std 81Tm-(2012/2013).
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APPENDIX A