FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE & BUILT

ENVIRONMENT

Title: Mini Research for Circuit Theory and Circuit Analysis

Group Members:

1- Moustafa Alaa Ibrahim 1001542213

2- Mohamed Yasser Mohamed 100541926

Jan 2016
 - Preface:

This work had been done between 20/03/2016 to 29/3/2016 at K108 (Communication and
Electronics lab) UCSI University. And we want to thank our Doctor Mr. Albert, and the lab
responsible Ms. Iryana for their efforts.

- Abstract:
1. To find all V,I and P in each branch in the circuit by many different methods (Ohm’s
Law, KVL, KCL, Voltage Divider Rule, Current Divider, Nodal Analysis, Mesh
analysis, Superposition, source Transformation).
- Bonus for Thevenin Theorem, Norton Theorem and Maximum Power transfer.
2. To verify the analytical results versus the experimental ones.

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 - Table of Contents:

Content Page number

Introduction 4

Theory 4

Method 4 to 6

Product Description 5 to 6
Connection diagram

Evaluation 7 to 14

Discussion and conclusion 15

Reference 16

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 - Introduction:

The electronic circuit is composed of individual electronic components, such as resistors,

transistors, capacitors, inductors and diodes, connected by conductive wires or traces through
which electric current can flow. Any circuit can be analyzed using many different techniques
such as: Ohm’s Law, Nodal Analysis, Mesh analysis, etc. Our goal in this assignment is to show
analytical techniques. Electric circuits are used in numerous electrical systems to accomplish
different tasks and to show the differences between theoretical and measured values. Actually
that errors might be harmful for the human being. So we trying to focus at this problem and
study it carefully to represent the error sources and its effects. Anyway By the analysis of a
circuit, we mean a study of the behavior of the circuit: How does it respond to a given input?
How do the interconnected elements and devices in the circuit interact? We commence our study
by defining some basic concepts. These concepts include charge, current, voltage, circuit
elements and power.

- Theory:

The theoretical value aren’t same of the experimental values.

- Method
Tools:

1- Protoboard/Breadboard.
2- Minimum 6 resistor (values range : 500Ω-50k Ω)

R-Experimental R-Theoretical Percentage of error

𝑅1 = 502 Ω 𝑅1 = 510 Ω 1.6 %

𝑅2 = 608 Ω 𝑅2 = 620 Ω 2%

𝑅3 = 805 Ω 𝑅3 =820 Ω 1.9 %

𝑅4 = 980 Ω 𝑅4 = 1000 Ω 2%

𝑅5 = 1282 Ω 𝑅5 = 1300 Ω 1.4 %

𝑅6 = 1780 Ω 𝑅6 =1800 Ω 1.1 %

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 3- Voltage range (3V-15V) - Battery/Lab Voltage Supply.
Used:
𝑉1= 15 V
𝑉2= 5 V

4- Wires.

5- Multimeter.

Connection diagram:

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P a g e 6 | 16
 - Evaluation:

Task 2:

Ohm’s Law, KCL = Nodal Analysis:

𝑉
I=𝑅 , 𝐼1 =𝐼2 +𝐼3

15−𝑉 𝑉−0 𝑉−5

= +
502+608 805+980 1282+1780

V = 8.473 v

15−8.473
𝐼1 = = 5.881 mA
502+608

8.473
𝐼2 = = 4.747 mA
805+980

8.473−5
𝐼3 = = 1.134 Ma
1282+1780

V=IR P = VI

𝑉1= (502) (5.881 mA) = 2.952 V 𝑃1 = (2.952) (5.881 mA) = 17.4 mW

𝑉2= (608) (5.881 mA) = 3.576 V 𝑃2 = (3.576) (5.881 mA) = 21 mW

𝑉3= (805) (4.747 mA) = 3.821 V 𝑃3 = (3.821) (4.747 mA) = 18.1 mW

𝑉4= (980) (4.747 mA) = 4.652 V 𝑃4 = (4.652) (4.747 mA) = 22.1 mW

𝑉5= (1282) (1.134 mA) = 1.454 V 𝑃5 = (1.454) (1.134 mA) = 1.65 mW

𝑉6= (1780) (1.134 mA) = 2.019 V 𝑃6 = (2.019) (1.134 mA) = 2.29 mW

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Ohm’s Law, KVL = Mesh analysis:

V=IR , ∑𝑉 = 0

-𝑉𝑆1 +𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + 𝑉4 = 0

- 15 +502𝑖1 + 608𝑖1 + 805(𝑖1 − 𝑖2 ) +980(𝑖1 − 𝑖2 )= 0

𝑉3 +𝑉4 + 𝑉5 + 𝑉6 + 𝑉𝑆2= 0

1282𝑖2 + 1780𝑖2 + 980(𝑖2 − 𝑖1 ) +805(𝑖2 − 𝑖1 ) +5 = 0

𝑖1 = 5.881 mA

𝑖2 = 1.134 mA

𝑖3 = 𝑖1 − 𝑖2 = 4.747 mA

𝑉1= (502) (5.881 mA) = 2.952 V 𝑃1 = (2.952) (5.881 mA) = 17.4 mW

𝑉2= (608) (5.881 mA) = 3.576 V 𝑃2 = (3.576) (5.881 mA) = 21 mW

𝑉3= (805) (4.747 mA) = 3.821 V 𝑃3 = (3.821) (4.747 mA) = 18.1 mW

𝑉4= (980) (4.747 mA) = 4.652 V 𝑃4 = (4.652) (4.747 mA) = 22.1 mW

𝑉5= (1282) (1.134 mA) = 1.454 V 𝑃5 = (1.454) (1.134 mA) = 1.65 mW

𝑉6= (1780) (1.134 mA) = 2.019 V 𝑃6 = (2.019) (1.134 mA) = 2.29 mW

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Voltage Divider Rule, Superposition:

R1
v1  R1i  vtotal
R1  R2  R3

𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 502 + 608 = 1110 Ω

𝑅3 + 𝑅4 = 805 + 980 = 1785 Ω

𝑅5 + 𝑅6 = 1282 + 1780 = 3062 Ω

Short circuit the 5V source then Short circuit the 15V source:

𝑉𝑅1,2 = 6.53 V

𝑉𝑅3,4 = 8.47 V

𝑉
𝑉𝑅5,6 = 3.47 V I=𝑅

502 6.53
𝑉1= (6.53) ( ) = 2.95 V 𝐼1,2= = 5.88 mA
502+608 502+608

608 8.47
𝑉2= (6.53) ( ) = 3.57 V 𝐼1,2= = 4.74 mA
502+608 805+980

805 3.47
𝑉3= (8.47) ( ) = 3.82 V 𝐼1,2= = 1.13 mA
805+980 1282+1780

980
𝑉4= (8.47) ( ) = 4.65 V
805+980

1282
𝑉5= (3.47) ( ) = 1.45 V
1282+1780

1780
𝑉6= (3.47) ( ) = 2.01 V
1282+1780

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 P = VI

𝑃1 = (2.95) (5.88 mA) = 17.4 mW

𝑃2 = (3.57) (5.88 mA) = 21 mW

𝑃3 = (3.82) (4.74 mA) = 18.1 mW

𝑃4 = (4.65) (4.74 mA) = 22.1 mW

𝑃5 = (1.45) (1.13 mA) = 1.65 mW

𝑃6 = (2.019) (1.13 mA) = 2.29 mW

Current Divider Rule, Source Transformation and superposition:

𝑉
V = IR I=𝑅

15
𝐼𝑠1 = = 13.5 mA
502+608

5
𝐼𝑠2 = = 1.63 mA
1282+1780

𝐼1,2= 5.88 mA

𝐼3,4 = 4.74 mA

𝐼5,6 = 1.13 mA

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 R-Experimental R-Theoretical Percentage of error
𝑅1 = 502 Ω 𝑅1 = 510 Ω 1.6 %

𝑅2 = 608 Ω 𝑅2 = 620 Ω 2%

𝑅3 = 805 Ω 𝑅3 =820 Ω 1.9 %

𝑅4 = 980 Ω 𝑅4 = 1000 Ω 2%

𝑅5 = 1282 Ω 𝑅5 = 1300 Ω 1.4 %

𝑅6 = 1780 Ω 𝑅6 =1800 Ω 1.1 %

Current (I) Voltage (V) Power (P)

Ohm’s Law, KCL

𝑃1 = 17.4 mW
Ohm’s Law, KVL
𝑉1= 2.952 V 𝑃2 = 21 mW
Voltage Divider Rule
𝑉2= 3.576 V
𝐼1,2= 5.881 mA 𝑃3 = 18.1 mW
Superposition 𝑉3= 3.821 V
𝐼3,4 = 4.747 mA 𝑃4 = 22.1 mW
Current Divider Rule 𝑉4= 4.652 V
𝐼5,6 = 1.134 mA 𝑃5 = 1.65 mW
𝑉5= 1.454 V
Source
Transformation 𝑉6= 2.019 V 𝑃6 = 2.29 mW

Nodal Analysis

Mesh analysis

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 𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Percentage of error = * 100
𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Using the measured resistance values:

Measured Value Nominal Value Percentage of error

At R1 𝑉1= 3.01 V 𝑉1= 2.952 V

𝐼1 = 6.00 mA 𝐼1,2= 5.881 mA 1.9 %

At R2 𝑉2= 3.54 V 𝑉2= 3.576 V

𝐼2 = 5.82 mA 𝐼1,2= 5.881 mA 1.1 %

At R3 𝑉3= 3.90 V 𝑉3= 3.821 V

𝐼2 = 4.85 mA 𝐼3,4 = 4.747 mA 2.1 %

At R4 𝑉4= 4.96 V 𝑉4= 4.652 V

𝐼2 = 5.06 mA 𝐼3,4 = 4.747 mA 6.2 %

At R5 𝑉5= 1.40 V 𝑉5= 1.454 V

𝐼2 = 1.092 mA 𝐼5,6 = 1.134 mA 3.8 %

At R6 𝑉6= 1.91 V 𝑉6= 2.019 V

𝐼2 = 1.07 mA 𝐼5,6 = 1.134 mA 5.7 %

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Thevenin Theorem, Norton Theorem and Maximum Power transfer:

𝑉
I=𝑅

15−5
I=
502+608+1282+1780
= 2.4 mA

15 5
𝐼𝑆𝐶 = + = 15.2 mA
502+608 1282+1780

𝑉𝑂𝐶 = (15) - (2.4 𝑚𝐴 𝑋 (502 + 608)) = 12.336 V

𝑉 12.336
𝑅𝑇ℎ = = = 814.47 Ω
𝐼 15.2 𝑚𝐴

𝑉𝑇ℎ =𝑉608Ω = 1.4592 V

𝑉 𝐼 12.336 15.2 𝑚𝐴
𝑃𝑀𝑎𝑥 = ( ) ( ) = ( )( ) = 0.0467 W
2 2 2 2

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The errors of numbers were very small for many reasons. First of all, we used the measured
values of the resistors instead of the theoretical values. We tried to make the errors as small as
possible so we used answers with accuracy till 3 decimal numbers.

We noted that our best results were R1 and R2 with the all values of V, I and P which related to
it. Generally we found that the smallest the values of resistors the smallest error percentage we
have.

𝑉1= 3.01 V 𝑉1= 2.952 V

At R1= 502 Ω 𝐼1 = 6.00 mA 𝐼1,2= 5.881 mA 1.9 %

𝑉2= 3.54 V 𝑉2= 3.576 V

At R2= 608 Ω 𝐼2 = 5.82 mA 𝐼1,2= 5.881 mA 1.1 %

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 - Discussion:

There are many reasons for percentage of errors increasing which is a big problem and we can
consider is at a west of money and our electrical power sources so we need to control the error
percentage and make it as small as possible. To decrease the errors percentage we need to know
the error sources and try to fix it.

Error sources:

1- The other parts internal resistance.

2- The digital numbers error or inaccurate readings.
3- Numbers approximation errors.
4- Repeating errors.

So to increase the errors percentage we need to use accurate tools with repeating the process
many times ( 3 times at least ) and using numbers with high decimal numbers ( 3 digits at least ).

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 - References:

1- Alexander_sadiku_fundamentals_of_electric_circuits_4th edition.

2- Charles Alexander and Matthew Sadiku (2004). "Fundamentals of Electric Circuits".

McGraw-Hill.

3- Lecture notes.

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