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Halogen derivatives of saturated hydrocarbons (Alkanes) Haloalkanes.
Halogen derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons (Arenes)Haloarenes.
General characteristics of HaloAlkanes.
(1) Organic compounds in which halogen atom (F , Cl, Br, I ) is directly linked with
saturated carbon atom are known as haloalkanes. General formula is
C n H 2n 2m X m ( X F , Cl, Br, I ) and m no.of halogen atom; n no.of carbon
atoms.
(2) Depending on the number of halogen atoms present in the halogen derivative, these
are termed as mono, di, tri, tetra, and polyhalogen derivatives.
� H H H H �
�CH4 ��� �CH3 X ��� �CH2 X2 ��� � CH X3 ��� � C X4 �
�
Methane X Mono X Di X Tri X Tetra �
(i) Monohalogen derivatives are termed as alkyl halides.
Monohalogen derivatives or alkyl halides are classified as primary (1°), secondary
(2°) or tertiary (3°) depending upon whether the halogen atom is attached to
primary, secondary or tertiary carbon atoms.
X
R C
|
R CX
|
R C carbon
|
X
H H R"
Secondary alkyl halide Tertiary alkyl halide
Primary alkyl halide
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(ii) The dihalogen derivatives are mainly of three types
Cl
CH3CH CH3 CBr2 CH3
Cl ; Isopropylidene bromide
Ethylidene chloride
(b) Vicdihalides : In these derivatives, the halogen atoms are attached to adjacent
(Vicinal) carbon atoms. These are also termed as alkylene halides.
(c) halides (Terminal dihalides) : In these derivatives, the halogen atoms are
attached to terminal carbon atoms. These are also called polymethylene halides.
(iii) The trihalogen derivatives are termed as haloforms
(iv) In tetrahalogen derivatives all the four halogen atoms are attached to the same
carbon atom in derivatives of methane.
In other derivatives, the four halogen atoms are attached to different carbon atoms,
CHCl 2
|
e.g., CHCl2
Acetylene tetrachloride or
1,1,2,2tetrachloroethane
(3) The common and IUPAC names of some halogen derivatives are listed here.
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Cl Ethylidene chloride 1,1Dichloroethane
CH3CH
Cl
Usually, the simple and lower members are called by common names and higher
members are given IUPAC names.
(4) Higher members of alkyl halides show following types of isomerism,
CH3
|
(i) Chain isomerism : CH CH CH CH X ���CH C H CH X
3 2 2 2 3 2
1Halo butane 1Halo 2methylpropane
H
|
CH3 C CH2CH3
|
Br
(2Bromobutane)
The total number of isomers in alkyl halides are: Propyl (C3H 7 X) has two
isomers, Butyl (C4 H 9 X) has four isomers, and Pentyl (C5H11 X) has eight
isomers.
General methods of preparation of Alkyl Halides.
(1) From alkanes
Cl 2
CH3CH2CH3 ����
UV light
� CH3CH2CH2Cl CH3CHCH3
Propane 1 Chloropropane (45%) |
Cl
2 Chloropropane (55%)
This reaction proceed through free radical mechanism.
The reactivity of the alkanes follows the order : 3°alkane > 2°alkane > 1°alkane.
hv
(ii) With sulphuryl chloride : R H SO2Cl 2 ���������
Organic peroxide(R ' CO2 )2
� R Cl SO2 HCl
Note : In presence of light and trace of an organic peroxide the reaction is fast.
(2) From alkenes (Hydrohalogenation)
This addition take place by two mechanism,
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Peroxide initiates free radical mechanism.
Markownikoff’s addition by electrophillic mechanism.
From alkyne we cannot obtain mono alkyl halide.
(3) From alcohols
(i) By the action of halogen acids
Anhy. ZnCl 2
OH H X �����
Groove’s process RAlcohol � RX H2O
300� C Haloalkane
3CH3CH2OH PCl 3 ��
� 3CH3CH2Cl H3PO3
Chloroethane Phosphorus acid
Note : Bromine and iodine derivatives cannot be obtain from the above reaction, because
PBr5 or PI 5 are unstable.
This method gives good yield of primary alkyl halides but poor yields of secondary
and tertiary alkyl halides.
(iii) By the action of thionyl chloride
Pyridine
(Darzan's process) CH3CH2OH SOCl 2 ���� �CH3CH2Cl SO2 HCl
(4) From silver salt of carboxylic acids (Hunsdiecker reaction, Decarboxylation)
CCl 4
R C O Ag Br Br ��� � R Br CO2 � AgBr �
(Free radical mechanism) || Decarboxylation
O
Not suitable for chlorination because yield is poor.
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In this reaction iodine forms ester instead of alkyl halide and the reaction is called
BirnbournSimonini reaction, 2R COOAg I2 �� � RCOOR� 2CO2 2AgI .
(5) From alkyl halide (Halide exchange method) :
Acetone
R X NaI ���� � R I NaX(X Cl, Br)
Reflux
Note : Alkyl fluorides can not be prepared by this method. They can be obtained from
corresponding chlorides by the action of Hg2F2 or antimony trifluoride.
(6) Other method
Zn Cu
(iii) Dihalide ����
HCl
� R X
X
(iv) RMgX �����
2
�
(v) PCl 5
ROR ����� �
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