Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
CROSS-LAMINATED ANC,
COMPOSITE GLASS-FABRIC-BASE
PLASTIC LAMINATES
July 1961
LOAN COPY
By
Abstract
Introduction
One of the advantages of laminates lies in the fact that the strength
properties may be varied by varying the orientation of the laminations, or by
combining laminations of differing properties in the same laminated panel.
This report presents the results of tests on three cross-laminated panels,
each made of a different fabric, and one composite panel, parallel-laminated,
with alternate laminations of two different fabrics.
MAteti41
Testing
Tension Tests
The tensile specimens used were 16 inches long and of the thick-
ness of the laminate. The maximum sections at the ends were 1-1/2 inches
wide and 2-7/8 inches long. The minimum section at the center was 0.8
inch wide and 2-1/2 inches long. The maximum and minimum sections were
connected by circular arcs of 20-inch radius tangent to the minimum
section.
Compression Tests
Bending Tests
Bending specimens were 1/2 inch wide, 6 inches long, and of the
thickness of the laminate. They were cut parallel to the two warp
directions of the cross laminates. The parallel laminate was cut parallel
and perpendicular to the warp direction. Specimens were tested under
center loading over a 4-inch span. Load was applied at a head speed of
0.078 inch per minute. Deflections were measured by means of a dial gage
supported in such a manner that the spindle touched the bottom of the
specimen at the center of the length. Load-deflection readings were taken
to failure.
1 i= n
E
Ea —A > EiA. (1)
• =
S1
1 +E2 A2 (2)
- A El
or (3)
=n
Sa A >
SiAi (4)
i = 1
The Properties for the cross laminates tested in the two direc-
tions are, for all except a few cases, essentially the same. This is to
be expected, since the same proportions of material are loaded parallel
and perpendicular to the warp direction regardless of direction of test.
It is not clear why the test results at 0.2 percent offset and ultimate
in compression for the 143-114 cross laminate are so different in the
two directions. The large differences in proportional limit for the
112-114 and 116-114 cross laminates in the two directions are probably
due in part to difficulty in accurately locating the proportional limit.
I
The formulas given on pages 11 and 12 of Forest Products Laboratory
Report No. 1803 4 were used for calculation based on the values derived
from tests of cross laminates and the composite laminate at 0° and 90°.
Values of Poisson's ratio for use in the equation for modulus of elas-
ticity were not available. Approximate values based on those given in
Reports 1803 and 1803-A. were used. In any event, the term involving this
property does not enter importantly into the calculations, so that small
errors will not seriously affect the results.
Ea . 1 > EiIi
n (5)
1
M = f1 (6)
c
or -r
M = f2 1 r 2 (7)
-7
2 4. T
=f [1 [--1 1 12
a 1 t T.- 7- (8)
f . f [I 1 r
or a 2 2
(9)
For the cases studied and for most cases involving more than a
few plies, the factor (1 - 2ff) will be nearly unity and can thus be
d
generally disregarded. For the composite laminate tested, for example,
the factor had a value of 0.975.
i=n
Fa 1 Fi (10)
I
i =1
Panel shear tests of plywood, where the stresses were applied along
two of the orthotropic axes, have indicated that the direction of the plies
(either parallel or crops plies) does not affect the properties so long as
the plies are the same._ This is to be expected since shear forces are
applied both parallel and perpendicular to the grain and each ply is stressed
in the same manner regardless of its grain orientation with respect to its .
neighbors. Similar relations are to be expected with glass-fabric laminates.
Where layers differing in properties are combined, their effects would be in
proportion to the area occupied. That is:
1 n
Fa = —A-- > FiAl
i
Where: Fa = property of cross laminate or composite laminate.
A = area of cross laminate or composite laminate.
Fi = property of ith ply.
Ai = area of ith ply.
Conclusions
with resin 21
•
Panel : Fabric :Direction : Total : Specific : Resin : Barcol
No. : : of : number : gravity : content : hardness
plies : of : .
plies?: :
Percent :
. •.. :
Fabric :Direc- : Modulus of Stress at
: tion : e1astioity t-
: of : : Proportional licit : Ultimate
: test : Initial Second-
: ary : Initial :Secondary :
:Degrees: I. 1 1,000 P.s.i. : P.s.i. : P.s.i.
! f p.s.i. :
Contrp1S Parallel-laminated
112-114 : 0 : 2,690 : 2,390 : 11,800 : 29,500 : 42,700
: 45 • • 1,540 • • 3,76o : 20,60o-
: go : 2,640 : 2,240 : 9,800 : 27,000 : 38,700
116-114 : 0 : 3,570 : 3,010 : 6,820 : 29,300 : 47,000
: 45 :......-.: 1,830 3,740 : 22,800
: 90 : 2,950 : 2,640 : 8,200 : 33,100 : 46,700
143-114 : 0 :.........: 5,690 • 61,700 : 89,850
45 .... 1,66o .... 3 1 890 : 14,000
: 90 : 1,690 : 44o 2,650 : 8,46o : 10,750
Cross-laminated
112-114 : 0 : 2,450 : 2,120 : 10,700 : 23,700 : 39,150
: 45 • • 1,460 3,250 : 21,050
: 90 : 2,66o : 2,25o : 9,500 : 25,050 : 39,50o
116-114 o 3,060 : 2,76o : 91 860 : 29,250 : 45,30o
: 45 :.........: 1 1 690 • • 3,560 : 22,350
: 90 : 3,170 : 2,780 : 9,35o : 29,400 : 44,750
143-114 : o : 3,100 : 2,820 : 7,110 : 30,200 : 51,200
: 45 :...,.....:1,700 ..... 3,850 : 18,800
: 90 : 3,000 : 2,750 : 7,250 : 27,350 : 51,050
112-114, 143-114 Fabric Alternated; Parallel-laminated
112-114;: 0 • 5,070 :...... .... : 59,600 : 79,950
143-114 : 45 1,680 :,....,....: 3,560 : 16,500
: 90 2,190 : 990 : 3,130 : 14,350 : 18,650
Report 1821
Controls Parallel-laminated
112-114 : 0 2,820 23,250 36,850 : 36,850
90 2,630 21,600 32,900 : 32,900
116-114 : 0 3,200 : 17,950 28,900 • 28,900
90 3,120 : 17,650 : 26,450 26,450
Cross-laminated
112-114 : 0 2,830 : 23,350 38,600 38,600
90 2,890 18,250 37,050 37,050
116-114 : 0 3,370 14,550 : 28,900 28,900
90 3,220 : 19,300 : 29,200 : 28,900
• •
Controls Parallel-laminated
112-114 : 0 : 2,590 : 31,000 58,250 : 58,250
: 90 2,400 : 26,450 48,35o : 48,350
116-114 : 0 : 2,860 28,650 43,800 : 43,800
: 90 . 2,690 : 26,300 38,55o : 38,800
143-114 : 0 4,75o : 83,300 93,550 : 93,550
: 90 1,44o 5,62o 10,30o : 18,10o
Cross-laminated
112-114 : 0 : 2,510 29,950 51,450 : 51,450
: 90 : 2,530 : 27,300 51,450 : 51,500
116-114 : o : 2,86o 31,10o 43,20o : 43,200
: 90 : 2,86o 27,65o 41,150 : 41,150
143-114 : 0 : 2,910 32,450 51,400 : 54,650
: go : 3,160 34,000 60,400 : 61,100
112-114, 143-114 Fabric Alternated; Parallel-laminated
112-114;: 0 : 4,320 75,200
86,400 : 86,400
143-114 : 90 : 1,760 8,340 17,150 : 28,000
Report 1821
: .
Fabric : Modulus : Stress at --
. of :
: rigidity: Proportional : 0.2 percent : Ultimate
: : limit offset :
Controls Parallel-laminated
112-114 : 660 : 1,920 4,070 13,600
116-114 : 570 : 1,660 : 3,420 11,450
143-114 : 760 : 2,520 4,600 12,150
Cross-laminated
112-114 : 570 2,380 : 4,520 14,450
116-114 : 620 1,640 : 3,550 11,300
143-114 : 630 : 2,570 : 4,900 14,100
112-114, 143-114 Fabrics Alternated; Parallel-laminated
112-114;: 670 : 2,380 4,740 11,700
143-114 :
.0 al
nO If\
0 0.
t-- ON
ON ON
LIN
ON ON
C
8) 8
4-) 0 • 0 • • 0
0.) 1-1
00 00 oo •• he O• 0 0 00 o• 00 •• 00 bo 00
rCi
43
H
al H
0a 0a 0N
H 4Z 5
\c)
ON H
• •
H HH H
00 0 00 00 o• oo 0e o• P• •• ln 5 •• •o ee rd ''' '.
0
rd -P
ON tel N- n.0 n1:7 CO cd 0 H
HH 0 0 HN pi 0% Cr,
-P rc1 . • H • •
a) HH i-I H H 0-1
t" X
MI
rd 00 o• •0 00 oo oo •• •• Co oe
f-IL 04. YO
r•r
0 rid 0 cu
0 0 r-I .4- -4. res Ha) 0 +.0
(1)
CD
.0
4-) al .4:-.1 N H rd
0\ Or
rci
H• alo Hcd 0 N
4) I) 11) H ri co a) e-i H k H
X +) 4-) -I:, CES
o:1 Cd Cd
00 00 Do 0 0 Z • ,..
00 00
H
• ..ri .,-1 nci
rid
O CO r-, .-I 0 .(J a.)
co H ,-1 eri r—{ 0.1 al H ON 1-1 +) al
O 1- 1 F i ad
r1 0 a) CO -4 rZI tot-1H coHal 0
4-3 •rq Z 12 co oa k
4-3 O O 0 CD
00 100 00 00 00 00 $.1 1.4 1.4 Jo oo +3 ••
0 rd CJ 0 0 •
ID
•
0
I-1
•• OD O• O• PO 60 .. 00 C• 00
co
a) 4-)
a)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
b0, ON ON ON
a)
A
0 0 nC) ON 0 \-0 1-1
a) tr1 ON ON ON ON 0 0\ ON 0
4-, • 0 0 • 0 •
o• •• oo oo 6• on 0 60 II 11.1 ••
r-I
0 On 0 Cr\ In
O\ Q1 0 CO
• One
4-) -0
of 4) a
0
W
a) 00 06 •0 00 •0 00 043 •• D• 95
$-1
4-)
0 c0 al 141 KN t-- --l• CV IA
dr:1 •-1 CO 0\ ON. ON. 1!1 H
. 0
ON 0.
4) . . o
0 HH
00 •• •• •e •• o• CV
rel cl)
4'
4-) 0 0 \ 0 If\ 01 ON nC) cC:)
g rg KN ON 0\ 0\ ON 0 CO On
a) 4-, 0 0 • o 0 0 •
o
Pi
a) 0
Z
a)
P 4
•• 00 00 OD 90 •0 •443 00 •51
CV
-• +5
a)
ri8
n.0 c0 CV re\
0 co A al 0\ 0\ 0\ ON 0 CO
4-8 +a • • • •
4-3 44 a) 'Cr
al 0 Z 11.)
4-1
o3 •• 00 00 00 34• 00 00 5.
co
a) '14
co P4 o CO N ern al al a)
0 -I-) A n-1 cO c7A c:0\ r.r\ 0
c0 4-) .
4-) a) 0 I HH
cri Z oo
co oo co bo •• o• • ". 0
f•-n
rid
0 rrN
PcN ,N N
a) H HH
♦
.I 00 c• • 00
4-3
cO N-1 0 •4--, _1- al al K1
al N N
•
CN 0
co 0 +.1 0 •
co 0 a) H vs, —1 H
11)
4-, P4 041 06 00 00 • is•
cn 0
0 nD 041 KN reN 1-1 041 04-
• On Cv ON al I—I o;)0 ')
Pi • 0
OH ri H" it
•• 00 43 • 06 430 00 06 43, •• 00
4-1
0 -P
4-1 -* CO t-- LC-N
W
H
C3\
0
ON
0
ON ON
0 •
O
0 ON ON
ON ON
0 •
r-I 0 H
0 to
red (C1 c0
0 H
D• •• DO •• 049 044
0
DO 00 00 •44 50 • D c44 13.40
oa
al
a) 4)
F-1
a) g F-1 0 0 0 0 00 00 0
F-1 0 ON ON Pd
• ri a) a)
A 4-, 124
Ci
0 -I .4. N H C-- in
O A K1 0o 0 • *0 8 0 0 ON
0 0
0\
0
ON
$4 +, 0
a) I-1 i-4 I-1 H
Z
4
P 00 0• 00 0• 00 00 00 0• 00, 00 ca am
TrI
rd
cH as 0s co tes
O
Nn
4-)c0 O A CU 0 0
• 0
ON
•
0 0 0 1
0\ C--
0 0
4-)
(1) a)
ICI I-I H H HH
4-) 0 Z
1rel 00 Cl• 80 CO 00 c• 00 CIO -c ce 00 00 00 00
reo O rd
0 0:1 PCN t-- OD PeN
a) ,O 2-4 ON ON
ON0 a\0 ON 0 t-- \O
ti \O
00
0 • CU0
4-) 0
a) 0 H I-I
+)
Z
00 00 be 00 00 00 • De 00 00 •0 00 00 00 rd l 00 0•
0
'CI +D
0 8 C.-- CV
8a) -8
.0 r41 o 0
C0 •
8 a • ON
. N•
aH 3
4-2 a) H H H H H
Z
00 00 00 80 do o• o• 00 00 co p oo 00
0
FI rd
0 h ch ON CO eel ON ri rH N0
.0 al 00 4:::I1 0 o •--1 0 r 0\o t.'"-o
O +3 . •
a) r0 H 1-1 It/ •"4 rd l H H
a) a) CE)
1-) -P -i-D
a) 00 00 00 co •• •C al 50 . a C3
00 et. 00 00
rl
4-)
a)
co
O
4-I
I
I
r
4H
d
0
A .
-r-i
g giN tr:;N-
as
g
1
K t-
...
c0 0
• 0
4.) H
0 1 0 .--IN
ce 4-) Z co co co
I:4 a, co co co
0. 00 00 oo 0o .50 0 50 00 0 00 00 0 00 00 CO. 00
03
rig ;-4 ;•I F-t
C.) 0 C.-) t- H
0 UN OD ON H C.--
F.I A r41 -, a) p
h i th0rel 0 ON0teN
4-) -P 4-) a) 0 01 V •
tf) •ri -e-1 0 H 4-4 -r-I H H H
7-1 7-1 F-.
,II Z r0 ra
H 00 00 00 •• 03 a/ 00 cc) st Jo 00 00 •.-
I r*-1 N4
7t31 'g 0 0 -1- 0 -4 --I N-0 -CC)
O ..0 al HOHHONOHNOVD, ON r-
H .-I
H O 4-) HI 0 0
a) I H H a H u r:1 r-I
CV rs\
00 00 0 n'
H H
H ea ev
-4-
H , o . 00 •0
—I
a
O 'd
F-I 0 CV 0 N- li1
fl, ,0 H 01
0 0 0 ON
corn
co PCN0 '4'10 R
4-)
_a) 0 H 0 CV
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 a, 00 00 00 00 00 00
e l-i -P
O +-I 0 ON t*-- t-- NO CO
0 0 0 ON • ON ON 0 0• ON 0 %& ON
0) 4-1
O 4-) H H
H tO
riO
d i•-i03
OW
Z
00 00 00 00 00 CO 00 00 O• Oc :a 00 00 00 co 00
a
o
0a 0001 ON
00 001
ON
-1--1
La R
Table 9.--Ratios of computed shear properties to properties
obtained from test
Laminates Ratios
Modulus Stress at --
of :
: rigidity : Proportional : 0.2 percent : Ultimate
limit : offset :
Laminate patio
.
ModUlus of ! stress at --
. elasticity
: Proportional : Ultimate
limit
: Method : Method :---•
: 1 : 2 : Method : Method : Method : Method
• • 1 : 2 : 1 : 2
112-114 fabric,: • ▪
• •
cross-laminated: 1.08 : 1.06 : 1.46 : 1.16 : 1.22 : 0.98
116-114fabric,: • •
cross-laminated: 1.07 : 1.08 ; .92 : 1.05 : .95 : 1.02
143-114 fabric,: • •
•
•
•
cross-laminated: 1.09 : .98 : 1.34 : 1.01 : 1.40 : .74
112-114, : -. .• .• -
143-114 fabrics: : : •. .- •
alternated, :
parallel- : •. .• •. •
laminated • .91 : .97 : 1.34 : 1.08 : 1.19 : .95
ZM 80082 F
ZM 80083 F
The following are obtainable free on request from the Director, Forest Products
laboratory, Madison 5, Wisconsin:
List of publications on List of publications on
Box and Crate Construction Fire Protection
and Packaging Data
List of publications on
List of publications on Logging, Milling, and
Chemistry of Wood and Utilization of Timber
Derived Products Products
U)
U)
• rd •
O ta q ca
1C 0 4) -P 4-1 SA 0• En .0 9A
0 1.-i 0 0.) 4- ,-0 *ei 0 -P 4-) 44 k
-PC q 0 Ca O SA 0 0) 0 4-I OD
Ea 0 0 r1:3 ,--, M 4A 4-) k d X 0 0
C H 0 rf H 4-) 0W 0 0 a) rd ------ La 4-1
i-I 0.1 W 0 • .1-1 a) 4) a) to
0j rd (24 GO H 0 m 4-) 9-1 ,--1 *di 4-) 3-4 CV 0 0 • 9--i 0 (1)
0 0 0 r.I H ;-.1 0 F-1 -P ):10 w m rd al cc i-I a) ») -p •r-1
r-I r4 $-.1 4-) Cd 0) -1-) 0 F-4 C 0:1 cd a) ,-i ,--1 SA 0 SA -P
I Pi pi E0 SA ci-i 0 0, 0 -,1 i-1 r-1 SA -p cd 0 4-) 0 s_i
ta 0 0 al 4-1 C 0 C:24 tn r PL1 f. i Ca ▪ ; 4-4 M Fl { al H
u) 4) rcj $..t 0 1:11 • H +I SA 0 0) 0 PIICn
O Li C 0 rd 0 0.1 $-A 0 tn al rd SA 0 pi 9-1 9-1 k 0 _
fA eJ 0 fr_i • al M pi s p., SA 0
0 ,0 4-) 0 .-I a) ,4 g'3 I? • al cd ial
In • P-I 4i .0 a) 4-) 0 .0 -p o H a) .-0
ck 0 cd U) N q 4-3 W -P .0 •H
O 9-/ 0) • 4-) 4-I 0 2 CI; 2.1 q In -f.) 1.) t1
N k • La 0 0 ti) O .1--1 (1) • U) 4
ta 4=1 p 4-1 4-) SA 0 0 0 I-e 1.4 • ca ,o1 0 LI)
w cd •• • V) .3--1 0 -,-1 0 rd O pc) rr-. 1--1 -P +3 1.-i 0 0 a)
..p .r-f Ii.-1 • • nk O 4-) a3 al) M •• • ca •-1 Q • n-f 0
p-p I 1=1 La
-P • +3 CI) 0 't:1 0 -P 9-1 4-4 • • 114 0) -I-)
a) 0 rd H
O FA ta H 171 rti 0 -i-i a) 4-) 4-) 1 CI La • 4-)
&Ag .--- 4-10 SA ."0 Q rf) 111 k-1 2 . ,-I . fr_i 48 ri 1 0 2
a.1 1
O C1 4:1 (1) WI 0) 7 N
@ 0 ri H ... P-1 F-4 4-5 S.-1 ,C1 -1-3
n r_i
.•
SA ho < 0 n0 •
Pi1.0 JF, .tril 0 p_I C:11 ,i
ci)
m 0
1 ril. Er-r
pi
o 15 2.,.59
a3
g :_.' 7,?0 0\74 • , t)i -P 4.P 113
'it cli tu 2 ,`2`1 ri cli Cial
+3 j. '.91
4, rr, •,-1 i , 10 a,,•
2 Pi TA •:18 ::.71 Tal 2 '5 `1-1 +ci) 1 A
C) -T-1 0 M Z k SA ,. 0 0 •• rt3 .‘ -r4 (t j1)1 -1) 1 1.- fq ri
$-, w 0 0
5 r2 -FI--) -}3) :‘ La 41-L)) E n Igi ' R4 2 Z Il. -, 0 a) •H r-I
O 0 • 0 P4 4-) 0 u •-1 0 r-1 H 4-) -P • m A-) ca 0 cl)
W 0 u C 1:1 SA SA 0 ri r-1 •, .0 0 0 • 0 Pi - cd ,
C ..1 1-1 c a r-!
Fe-sI q .r 1 )l
4d) () d .51 `9 2 a .r i I 0 0 ' a) ° -11 41 t 0 • .F-4 " 1
0z0(4..Cw z E, g rd ,8 Pi -0 0.) a)
;.
CI) .
rd • rC)
• 0 • 0 0
O W •1-1 0 W ,0 •-I
rd OJ 4-) 4-) 4-1 F-I ro 0 A-) -P ck 4.4
O FA 0 0 0 4-i ,C a) k 0 a) 0 ck ,r)
43 C 0 03 +3 FA Z 0 0
OCI 0 al 9:1 W ci--i La CI-)
• H 0 ------ H 4-) a) w
9-4 4-) SA ,-I a.) 0 • 9-i a) 0 A
:A .rj c c.) tj P4 ..---- rai +OD • 4)4 a[n) 0
1E1 ca rd PA Cu r--) ca -P 1-1 r-i O ca rd PA GO 4-1 W cr) +5 "-1 .-I
cd cd 0 GO i-r k 0 a) sA 4-) W cd M a) 0) 11
,--I .-1 SA 4-) ri ad a) -P a) s-4 0 I-I 4-) '-I A a-l) a- sal 1-1
I 04 r.... La SA erA al o., 0 9-i
p .,,a „ev
„, a. 0 ci-A 0 0 P4 ti3
.,-, .i-, 5_, 0
I ill ill g
,f)
En 0 rd P
8
0
41--: '' PI) 1 N' Vo
•-1 i-1 0
rd n al S-I 0 O w 0 0 rd 0 Pi ;-1 0
2 2 g '1 O 0 pi k al c0 vr_i • cd cd Pi
O ,0 • q r-1 0 4. C.)JD 0 1--1 w
I v) • -P EH .0 0 4-'
„ ci, ,'q .3 46 `18 4, u) r., 21) tl
'ar .1 g u2 E-' " t,if +3 f, '1;1 0 •rf 0 • in +5
k
S 1-4
-1 LaSA ..0 0 10 • m A 0 ttO
La rd r_, • -P -P SA 0 0 0 W .-0 Pm' 54 -P -P SA q 0 a)
a) al , p-4 M -r1 0 9-1 0 rd O cd -, • vi 9-1 e.) -,A 0 rij
-P 9-1 4-r • • • 11) +3 O1 +3 H CHI • • PA 0 4-) Ed
4-) -4-) I Pi M a-P a) rd H 4-) 4-) I v) • -P 0 0 r175 rEr
a) SA en -ri .T. , rol a) 9-I 0
''') K 6' -1-1 • Cx 1* ti I)) CU . 4ri 5) (1)C9 '4)1 f111
,34 ilU)E.1 1 \71
;_i 0. ..---.. CI-8 F., 11 V, 'e3 T
2 '-tlIA Za \ZI • W8 5 +3 114 "CI fd >I to 0 • Ea 0 1-) 41 rCP w-
•• F14 0 ON En 4-1 cp-E ,9
IA P-I 0 2c ,:'4 ' ti t 417 19
g .!=1 ° '80g
al c.) 0 ...
1
,;4) '12i •H .. 51 Er) ri. Ri 0 L.)) V)
.3•i-I Fl cf-IES111
° rl 11i f) 9u-1 r-1 r .:1
0 M •-1 •• r
R .... >, •,-I (4: ;-1 --)
H .1-1 q La • ad 0 0 -1 0 crl $-,
-q aI 4111-) 49) : ' L a Ja) .1 "al '61 P13 2) ..' , +) 0 `' ' ' rill
nr00 0 • cli pi +3 cdo•rid
c."-cl 8 1 ,-,:$ "' N ''1 Vo 1 =I La 0 0 0 rd SA 3-4 0 9-I ba 1-I l
Cd
M 0 9-1 0 q Cx1 q • -1 $-1 cd Cd 0 g•rl F0) 0 Ckl 0 H $-4
a) rd 0 do 1 I:4 0 0) CD / -I 0 Oa H Pr ,0 w (3-/ k
1X, 'CIiLl 1 Cf14) M Th CEC-i r- ) C44 rti 41 1 p(L) M cif-4f3 4'9 )34