FINITE VERB FORMS

BASIC DERIVED
PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT AORIST Causative
Active Active Active Active Active Root with "heavy" stem
Indicative Indicative Indicative Indicative Indicative -aya-
Stem: Class I-X a- Stem: Root in Guna [Chapter 28,29] [Chapter 38] Ending: From Verb Form
Ending: Primary Active Stem: Class I-X -sya- / -iṣya-
Ending: Secondary Active Ending: Primary Active Desiderative
Reduplicated Root (Grade Varies)
Potential (Optative) Potential (Optative) -sa- / -iṣa-
Stem: Class I-X [Chapter 38] Ending: From Verb Form
-e-
Ending: Secondary Active Infinitive
Root in Guna
Imperative -i-
Stem: Class I-X -tum
Ending: Imperative Active Periphrastic Periphrastic
[Chapter 29] [Chapter 34]
Participle Participle Participle -ta Participle
[Chapter 25] [Chapter 25] [Chapter 25] Root in Zero Grade
-(i)ta-
Ending: Nominal Case

Absolutive
Middle Middle Middle/Passive Middle/Passive Middle/Passive Root in Zero Grade
Indicative Indicative Indicative Indicative Indicative -(i)tvā /-tya / -ya
Stem: Class I-X [Chapter 30,31] Stem: Root in Guna [Chapter 28] [Chapter 38]
Ending: Primary Middle -sya- / -iṣya- Gerundive
Ending: Primary Middle Root Usually in Guna
Potential -(t)ya- / -tavya- / -anīya-
[Chapter 30,31] Ending: Nominal Case

Imperative
Stem: Class I-X
Ending: Imperative Middle Periphrastic
[Chapter 34]
Participle Participle Participle
Stem: Class I-X Stem: Root in Guna [Chapter 35]
-(m)āna- -sya- / -iṣya- + -māna-
Ending: Nominal Case Ending: Nominal Case

Passive
Indicative
Stem: Root in Zero Grade
-ya-
Ending: Primary Middle

Participle
Stem: Root in Zero Grade
-yamāna-
Ending: Nominal Case