Neeranchal watershed Program?

NIC has developed an innovative service and shall launch S3WaaS i.e.‘Secure, Scalable and
Sugamya Website as a Service’ during the event. S3WaaS servicewas meticulously designed
and developed, which is a website generating framework to generate, configure, deploy
and manage secure, scalable and accessible websites without much effort and technical
knowhow.
.
The Financial Stability Board is an international body that monitors and makes
recommendations about the global financial system. It was established after the G20 London
summit in April 2009 as a successor to the Financial Stability
Forum.
Frnace and nhb --
Amrut scheme

Aqua Regia ("royal water" or "king's water") is a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid,
optimally in a molar ratio of 1:3. Aqua Regia is a yellow-orange fuming liquid, so named by
alchemists because it can dissolve the noble metals gold and platinum, though not all
metals. It is used to separate gold and silver.
v
AAAAAAAAAA
The Government of India (GoI) has entered into a legal agreement with the World Bank for a flexible financing arrangement to
accelerate research towards early development for biopharmaceuticals. A Statement issued by the government said the mission has
been approved a
The Government of India (GoI) has entered into a legal agreement with the World Bank for a flexible financing arrangement to
accelerate research towards early development for biopharmaceuticals. A Statement issued by the government said the mission has
been approved a
.
Spring tide: Full Moon and New Moon ⇒ Highest Tides or Spring tide
High tides helps in fishing as many more fish come closer to the shore during the high tide

Neap Tide: when the moon is in its first and last quarter, the ocean waters get drawn in
diagonally opposite directions by the gravitational pull of sun and earth resulting in low
tides. These tides are called neap tides

Grassland of Prairies was the home of American Indians, more popularly known
as
‘Blackfoot Indians’.
Extreme temperature: S ⇒ 20°C, W ⇒ -20°C
•
Granite is widely used as building stone is one of the hardest rocks found in
nature. It is
made up of three minerals - quartz, feldspar and mica. Gypsum is used in plaster
cast
which is used on broken arms or legs.
The lead in your pencil is made from graphite while crayons and paints are made
from
•
talc.
The fireworks are made from yellow-coloured mineral called sulphur, also used
for
• making matches and explosives, sulphuric acid, fertilizers, chemicals and dyestuff.
Copper is a good conductor of heat and electricity obtained from metallic mineral
called
•
chalcopyrite or copper pyrite. It so flexible that it can be rolled into flat sheets, wires,
and other shapes. Hence, copper is used extensively in various electrical appliances. It is
also used to make electrical cables and wires, switches, coins, cooking utensils and water
pipes. Copper is also used in plumbing, heating, roofing and construction.
• Iron is another very important metal that is obtained from minerals such as limonite,
hematite and magnetite. These minerals are called iron ores. Iron is mainly used to
manufacture steel. Iron and steel are used in almost all industries for manufacturing
ships, airplanes, cars, cycles, trucks and vans.
They are widely used in the construction industry to make building support and
structures. Iron is also used in the manufacture of computers, and office
stationery like
staples, nails and paper clips.
• The mineral manganese is a key component in the production of iron and steel.
Today,
the technique devised by the Hittites is called smelting of iron.
Aluminium is another very important metal that is obtained from its ore bauxite.
It is
•
•
used in the manufacture of automobiles and airplanes, and building and electrical
materials. It is also used in the bottling and canning industries; kitchen cookware and
foil, and personal product like deodorants and cosmetics.
Gold and silver are rare metals that are popularly used to make jewellery. They
•
are also
used to make medallions and coins, and in dentistry and medicine
nsolation: The energy trapped by the earth is called insolation. It is estimated at 480km above
the earth’s surface to be 1.968 cal/cm2/min. this is called solar constant. The amount of solar
radiation reaching any place during one day depends upon:

Katabatic winds or stroph( gravity drainage winds) : They are significant on a large scale
than mountain and valley winds under certain conditions. These winds are usually stronger
than mountain or valley windsCharacteristics of temperate cyclone:
1) The temperate cyclone moves counter clockwise in northern hemisphere and clockwise
in southern hemisphere.
2) It may be 1600km wide, thus a single cyclone may cover the whole Europe.
3) The isobars are elliptical in shape.
4) The cold air mass moves faster than the warm air mass.
5) These cyclones moves at a gentle pace of 5-25km per hour.
6) They give light showers which are highly beneficial for the crops and human health and
efficiency.
7) In the ending part of cyclone there is thunder and lightning.
8) Each cyclone is followed by a clear weather

Conditions conducive for tropical cyclone:

1) There should be continuous supply of abundant warm and moist air.
2) The sea temperature in lower latitude should be around 26-27oC.
3) Existence of weak tropical depression.
4) There should be presence of coriolis force.

Characteristics of tropical cyclones:

1) The isobars are generally circular, and close to each other resulting into steep pressure
gradient.
2) They may be a thousand kilometers in diameter and about 15km in height

The central area is designated as an ‘eye’ of cyclone. The eye of cyclone is surrounded
by clouds so high and dense that the day time sky above looks dark. The central part of
the tropical cyclone has clear sky in which the air descends from the above.
4) They do not have fronts.
5) They derive their energy from the latent heat.
6) The cloud in the cyclone are cumulinimbus having vertical extension up to about 12-
15km.
7) They give torrential rainfall.
8) Majority of tropical cyclones dacay when they come over the land or when they recurve
northward over oceans.

Following conditions are required for ground surface

inversion:
• Long winter nights
• Cloudless calm skies
• Dry air and low relative humidity
• Calm atmosphere or slow movement of air
• Snow covered surface

Polar front jet stream: this is a thermally induced jet stream and it flows parallel to
surface fronts. They flows west to east in a sinusoidal fashion
Tropical easterly jet: they are seasonal jet streams flowing east to west. These are only
found in northern hemisphere and generates only in summer season. These are also
thermally induced

Tropical westerly jet streams: they also flow all round the year. They flow to conserve
the angular momentum in upper atmosphere. They are found at the poleward limit of
Hadley cell around 30oN and S latitude. It follows a more fixed pattern than polar jet
stream. It is strongest on Indian sub continent. The maximum speed can reach upto
300km/hr. the subtropical westerly jet do not seem to affect surface weather as much
as the polar fronts jets do.

Primary waves: P – waves are longitudinal waves. i.e. The motion of particles is in the
direction of the propagation of the wave. These waves are the fastest of the three and
are detected first. They have the shortest wavelength and highest frequency. They can
travel in solid, liquid and gaseous medium.
Secondary waves: They are transverse waves i.e. the motion of the particles is
perpendicular to the direction of the propagation of the waves. They are slower than P –
waves. They have relatively longer wavelength and lower frequency than P – waves.
These waves can travel only in solid medium

The earth has a dense core producing a shadow zone in which no seismic wave
are detected. Shadow zone of P- waves are detected from 103 to 143 degrees,
while shadow zone for S-waves is detected above 103 degrees as shown in the
figure.

Lithosphere: The top most solid layer is called lithosphere. It is up to 100 km deep
including crust and some portion of upper mantle.

Aesthenosphere: It is the second plastic layer under lithosphere. It stretches from 100
km to 400km.
3. Mesosphere: It is an intermediate layer lying from 400km to 700km in depth.
4. Pyrosphere: It includes semi soliS

mantle and outer liquid crust. Because of very

high temperature it gets its name. ‘Pyros’ means fire.
5. Barrysphere: It is the inner most solid core of the earth stretching from 5150km to
6371km

Endogenic Forces:
Endogenic forces are the internal forces which are responsible for the formation of new
undulations on the surface of the earth. Since they create new landforms they are also known
as the Forces of Construction.
They are the result of the convectional currents formed in the mantle. The source of this heat
is the primordial heat of the interior and radioactive decay of elements.

When there is tension the crust ruptures. One block is thrown upwards and the other
downwards. The upthrown block is called Horst while the downthrown block is called
Graben. The line along which the fault occurs is called strike. This fault is called normal
fault and is most common. In case of a normal fault, new surface is generated in the
form of scarp

Laccolith: Sometimes smaller injections of magma fom a lens shape that is intruded between
layers of rock. This then forces the overlying strata (layers of rock) to arch upawards, forming a
dome.

Lapolith: This is an intrusion of a saucer-shaped feature in between rock strata of sedimentary

rocks.

India geogrpahie
Tarai Plain: Tarai lies South of Bhabar. It is 15-30km wide with its width increasing from
west to east.
This is a zone of excessive dampness, thick forests, rich wild life and malarial climate. In most of
the northen states, from Haryana to Bihar, the tarai forests have been cleared and plains are
used for agriculture now.
Types of Rivers
• Antecedent- Himalayan Rivers which existed before upheaval of Himalayas. Eg. Indus,
Ganga, Tista, Brahmaputra etc
• Consequent - Follows direction of slope. Eg Peninsular Rivers
• Subsequent - Carve out their own path over a weak layer of rock. Meet other rivers at
right angles. Eg. Central Highland Rivers.

Jhelum - Verinag, Pir Panjal Range

o Chenab - largest tributary , called Chandrabhaga, originates near Bara Lacha
Pass
o Ravi - Rohtang Pass , flows through Chamba Valley and Kullu Hills
o Beas - Beas Kund, Rohtang Pass, meets Satluj at Harike Lake - Indira Gandhi
Canal
o Satluj - Rakas Lake , Mansarovar Rang

e , passes through Shipki La pass The primary science goals for the mission are to trace how
energy and heat move through the solar corona and to explore what accelerates the solar
wind as well as solar energetic particles.
robotic fleet at the Red Planet with the InSight Mars lander designed to study the interior
and subsurface of the planet

Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) will search for planets outside our solar system
by monitoring 200,000 bright, nearby stars. To continue the long-term record of how
Earth’s ice sheets, sea level, and underground water reserves are changing, NASA will also
launch the next generation of two missions – ICESat-2 and GRACE

GOLD and ICON will team up to explore the ionosphere, a boundary area between Earth and
the space where particles have been cooked into a sea of electrically-charged electrons and
ions by the Sun’s radiation. The Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD)
mission will be launched aboard a commercial communications satellite

world’s largest deep ocean volcanic eruption happened in New Zealand. Named as Havre, the deep
ocean volcanic eruption was first discovered in 2002. A solidified volcanic rock known as pumice raft –
400 square kilometres in size

NASA is conducting experiments on Kilopower – a small nuclear reactor that can generate a
reliable power supply. This pioneering space fission power system could provide up to 10
kilowatts of electrical power – enough to run two average households – continuously for at
least 10 years
Microsoft develops AI enabled ‘bot artist’, that converts text to images

Being able to match the structure and softness of body tissues means that these structures
could be used in medical procedures to form scaffolds that can act as a template for tissue
regeneration.

The aim of the Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk, or GOLD, mission is to study
the dynamic region where space and Earth’s uppermost atmosphere meet.

A volcano that’s been erupting for almost two weeks in the Philippines still appears to be
swelling with magma under the surface, scientists said Thursday. More than 74,000 people
are staying in dozens of emergency shelters as Mount Mayon continues to belch lava,

The routine calibration frame of the ‘Wishing Well’ galactic open star cluster, made by the Long
Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) on December 5 last year, was taken when New
Horizons was 6.12 billion kilometres from Earth, NASA said.

NASA's New Horizon's probe has set the record for capturing images
from the furthest distance, by shooting an image of the Kuiper Belt,
located 6.12 billion kms away.

Scientists have confirmed nearly 100 new planets outside our solar system, bringing the
total number of exoplanets found using NASA’s K2 mission to almost 300.

Scientists have built a self-aware, artificially intelligent (AI) Cyberslug – a virtual ocean
predator that behaves a lot like the original flesh-and-blood organism which it mimics. The
virtual creature reacts to food and responds to members of its own kind much like the
actual animal, the sea slug Pleurobranchaea californica, does.

‘Oumuamua’, the rocky object identified as the first confirmed interstellar asteroid, very
likely came from a binary star system, a study has found

National Water Informatics Centre (NWIC) has recently been created by Ministry of
Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation.
About NWIC:
▪ NWIC would be a repository of nation-wide water resources data and would work
as a Subordinate Office under the Ministry of Water Resources, River
Development and Ganga Rejuvenation.
▪ NWIC is expected to provide a ‘Single Window’ source of updated data on water
resources & allied themes; and provides value added products and services to all
stake holders for its management and sustainable development.
he centre would be headed by a Joint Secretary level officer.

It is listed by the IUCN as endangered on its red list of threatened species.

IUCN suspects the population size of the Indus river dolphins has reduced by
more than 50% since 1944.

For the conservation of Indus dolphins – one of the world’s rarest mammals – the
Punjab government along with WWF-India are conducting the first organised census
on their population.

About Indus Dolphins:

▪ A blind species that communicates through echo like bats do, Indus dolphins are
one of the seven freshwater dolphins found across the world.

Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has given its approval for the Umbrella
Scheme, “Green Revolution – Krishonnati Yojana” in agriculture sector beyond 12th
Five Year Plan for the period from 2017-18 to 2019-20.
▪ The Umbrella scheme comprises of 11 Schemes/Missions.
Key objectives of the scheme:
▪ Betterment of agricultural base.
▪ Doubling of farmers’ earnings.
▪ Development of appropriate agriculture infrastructure.
▪ Adequate market for sale of produce.
▪
Algae Noctiluca scintillans:It is green algae which is behind the scintillating
phenomenon observed in oceans when they glow fluorescent blue at night. The
Noctiluca algae is often reported to occur in patches or blooms in the Northern
Arabian Sea. These striking green blooms often appear to glow at night due to a
special phenomenon called bioluminescence, earning them the nickname ‘sea
sparkle’.
Van Dhan Vikas Kendras initiative:
The initiative aims to promote MFPs-centric livelihood development of tribal
gatherers and artisans. It mainstreams the tribal community by promoting primary
level value addition to MFP at grassroots level. Through this initiative, the share of
tribals in the value chain of Non-Timber Forest Produce is expected to rise from the
present 20% to around 60%.

Implementation:
▪ The scheme will be implemented through Ministry of Tribal Affairs as Nodal
Department at the Central Level and TRIFED as Nodal Agency at the National
Level.
New Shepard system:
▪ The New Shepard system is a fully reusable vertical takeoff, vertical landing
(VTVL) space vehicle. The system consists of a pressurized capsule atop a
booster.

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On (GRACE-FO) mission,

a partnership between NASA and the German Research Centre for
Geosciences (GFZ

▪ The GRACE missions measure variations in gravity over Earth’s surface,

producing a new map of the gravity field every 30 days.
▪ GRACE-FO will carry on the extremely successful work of its predecessor while
testing a new technology designed to dramatically improve the already
remarkable precision of its measurement system.
▪ 1994, the United Nations to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) is the sole
legally binding international agreement linking environment and
development to sustainable land management.
▪ It is the only convention stemming from a direct recommendation of the Rio
Conference’s Agenda 21.
▪ To help publicise the Convention, 2006 was declared “International Year of
Deserts and Desertification”.
▪
The new UNCCD 2018-2030 Strategic Framework is the most comprehensive
global commitment to achieve Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) in order to
restore the productivity of vast expanses of degraded land, improve the
livelihoods of more than 1.3 billion people, and reduce the impacts of drought
on vulnerable populations to build.

Resource Prospector Mission:

▪ The Resource Prospector mission would have sent a rover to the moon’s polar
regions to learn about water and other deposits on and just beneath the lunar
surface.
▪ The Resource Prospector mission consisted of a lander and a solar-powered rover
equipped with a drill. The rover would have scouted the lunar surface, digging up
soil for analysis.

ESA’s Gaia mission has produced the richest star catalogue to date, including
high-precision measurements of nearly 1.7 billion stars and revealing
previously unseen details of our home Galaxy.

▪ Gaia is an ambitious mission to chart a three-dimensional map of our Galaxy, the

Milky Way, in the process revealing the composition, formation and evolution of
the Galaxy.
▪ The mission relies on a huge human collaboration to make sense of a large
volume of highly complex data. It demonstrates the need for long-term projects to
guarantee progress in space science and technology and to implement even more
daring scientific missions of the coming decades.

Orion (named after one of the largest constellations in the night sky) will take
us farther than we’ve gone before, including to the vicinity of the Moon and
Mars.

It will serve as the exploration vehicle that will carry the crew to space,
provide emergency abort capability, sustain astronauts during their missions
and provide safe re-entry from deep space return velocities.
BreatheLife is a joint campaign led by the World Health Organization (WHO),
United Nations Environment and the Climate & Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) to
mobilize cities and individuals to protect our health and planet from the
effects of air pollution. The BreatheLife Campaign seeks to achieve its
objective by

▪ Connecting cities
▪ Increasing monitoring
▪ Accelerating solutions and
▪ Empowering individuals.

The Blue House is the executive office and official residence of the South
Korean head of state, the President of the Republic of Korea, and is located in
the capital city of Seoul.

Learning:

▪ “Wolesi Jirga” refers to the Lower House of the bicameral National Assembly of
Afghanistan for which elections are due this year.
▪ “Capitol Hill” is a metonym for U.S. Congress.

International Consortium on Combatting Wildlife Crime (ICCWC)

The ICCWC partners are

▪ The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and

Flora (CITES) Secretariat,
▪ INTERPOL,
▪ the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,
▪ the World Bank and
▪ the World Customs Organization.
This powerful alliance was formally established in 2010 in St. Petersburg,
Russia
Trends.Earth is a land degradation monitoring tool which was produced as
part of the project “Enabling the use of global data sources to assess and
monitor land degradation at multiple scales”, funded by the Global
Environment Facility. Conservation International is the implementing agency of
the aforementioned project.

The Land Degradation Monitoring Project is a partnership of Conservation

International, Lund University, and the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA), and is funded by the Global Environment Facility
(GEF).
Scientists from NASA have conceptualised an asteroid deflector to deal with
asteroids heading for earth.
• Named HAMMER (Hypervelocity Asteroid Mitigation Mission for Emergency
Response vehicle), the deflector is nine metres tall and weighs more than
8000 kg.
• HAMMER can be used as a kinetic impactor (spacecraft at high speed to give
the push), or as a carrier for some other nuclear device which can do the
same job.

Unnat Bharat Abhiyan is a flagship programme of the Ministry of Human

Resources Development, with the intention to enrich Rural India.
* It was launched in Dec 2014.
* The knowledge base and resources of the Premier Institutions of the country
are to be leveraged to bring in transformational change in rural developmental
process.
* It also aims to create a vibrant relationship between the society and the
higher educational institutes,

The World Bank announced signing of a loan agreement with India for IBRD
credit of USD 125 million for the "Innovate in India for Inclusiveness Project".
* Objectives of the Project to
(a) Nurture indigenous innovation
(b) Foster local product development
(c) Accelerate commercialization process by bridging critical skill
Bhabha Kavach is made of boron carbide and carbon nanotube polymer
composite.
● It is the lightest and strongest bullet proof jackets that is available in India.
● The materials used have been indigenously developed at BARC and is a
spin-off from nuclear technology.
● Apart from being lighter, sturdier and more reliable, Bhabha Kavach will also
be cost effective.
● If the jackets pass various tests, Bhabha Kavach will be manufactured by
Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited, a defence public sector unit.

The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) chaired by the Prime

Minister Narendra Modi approved restructured Centrally Sponsored Scheme of
Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA).
• The restructured scheme will focus on training, building infrastructure,
stepping up initiatives for e-governance under e-Panchayat Mission Mode
Project (MMP) to deliver on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs

some important projects on biodiversity which have been approved and are being implemented by the
Ministry through NBA include: UNDP project on Biodiversity Finance Initiative (BIOFIN); ASEAN-India
Green Fund project in collaboration with ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity on “Capacity Building towards
Implementing the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing, the City Biodiversity Index and the
Strategic Plan for Biodiversity”; Indo-German ABS Partnership Project under Indo-German Biodiversity
Programme on ‚Capacity Development of Statutory Institutions for Effective Implementation of ABS
Mechanism in India’; and UNDP ABS global project on implementation of Nagoya Protocol.

‘Biodiversity Conservation and Rural Livelihood Improvement (BCRLI) Project’ is being implemented as a
Centrally Sponsored Scheme.

The BCRLIP is a blended Global Environment Facility (GEF) and International Development Agency (IDA)
activity using a Specific Investment Loan instrument aimed at strengthening biodiversity conservation
and improving rural livelihoods at landscape sites
Operation Wildnet: To encounter the menace of the illegal trade through e-commerce platform, WCCB
organized and coordinated an enforcement operation named “Operation Wildnet” to tackle illegal
Wildlife trade through internet using Social Media Platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Whatsapp,
Wechat etc. apart from various online classified sites and trade portals, websites and Blog Spots. T

India submitted its first Biennial Update Report (BUR) on Greenhouse Gas Inventory in January 2016. A
reduction of emission intensity of GDP by about 12% between 2005 and 2010. Well received by other
countries during review process in May 2017.

New categorization of industries done are based on relative Pollution Index scores and categorized as
Red, Orange, Green, White category. ‘White category’ contains 36 non-polluting industrial sectors which
do not need “Consent to Operate’’. This waiver of consent to operate has helped in establishment

e (“e-Eye”), using long range, intelligent thermal and infrared cameras, has been implemented in the
southern part of the Corbett Tiger Reserve for round the clock surveillance. This facility would be
extended to other Tiger Reserve
Common Trees of India
(Hint - more rainfall = softwood)
• Tropical Evergreen - Ebony, Mahogany, Rosewood, Rubber, Chinchona, Aini
• Tropical Dry Evergreen - Tendu (Beedi, coromandel coast)
• Tropical Deciduous -
o Moist deciduous (100-200 cm) - Teak (central and south India), Sal (foothills of
Siwalik), Shisham, Sandalwood, Mulberry, Bamboo, Amla, Mahua, Semul,
Kusum
o Dry deciduous - Peepal, Neem, Tendu, Amaltas, Bel, Khair, Babool
• Thorny - Cacti, Acacias, Euphorbias, Khair, Neem, Keekar
• Montane -
o Oaks, Chestnut (broad-leaved at lower altitude), Rhododendron
o Chir, pine, chinar (Kashmir handicraft), deodar (endemic specie of cedar),
spruce
o juniper, silver fir and birches (at altitude above 3600 m)
• Mangroves - Keora, Agar

Black
• Formed by lava flows (called 'regur' soil)
• Fine clay = moisture holding capacity (sticky in nature) = suitable for dryland farming
• Clayey, deep and impermeable
• Good for Cotton and Sugarcane
• Rich in potash, lime (Kankar), iron, magnesia and alumina
• Poor in phosphorous, nitrogen and humus
• Develops cracks in dry weather - 'self-ploughing' mechanism = require less tillage
• Forms 'Kankars' at some depth but less in quantity (a feature of soils rich in lime)
Red
• Developed on crystalline igneous rocks + metamorphic rocks (as they contain iron)
• Areas in low rainfall - suited for dry farming
• Fertile in lowland, thin and infertile in uplands
• Red colour due to ferrous ions, yellow colour in hydrated form
• Poor in nitrogen, phosphorous and humus
• Crops - tobacco, jowar, linseeds

Laterite
• High temperature and high rainfall [but also present in Chotanagpur region w
rainfall is not so high]
• Intense leaching = low humus + reddish colour
• Poor in phosphorous, nitrogen, humus
• Excess of Iron oxide and potash (as silica and lime is leached = acidic in natur
• Need manures and fertilizers for cultivation
• Used for making bricks
• Crops = Tea, Coffee, Tapioca, Cashew nut (TN, AP)
Arid
• Sandy and saline
• Low moisture = need irrigation for cultivation
• Rich in soluble salts like phosphate and nitrates
• Irrigation makes them fertile - coarse grains + oilseeds grown
Forest + Montane Soil
• Varies from loamy, silty to sandy
• Becomes coarser on upper slopes
• Fertile in valley regions
• Slopes are used for horticulture - apple peach, walnut, chestnut etc.
• In snow covered regions, soil is acidic and lacks humus
Saline Soils
• Contain large amounts of sodium, potassium and magnesium = infertile
• Dry Climate + poor drainage
• Occur in arid and semi-arid regions + swamp areas
• Also caused by over-irrigation (by canals) - brings minerals to soil surface
Western Gujarat, Deltas on eastern coast
• Gypsum is added to neutralize salinity
Peaty Soils
• Areas of heavy rainfall + high humidity
• High organic content
• Dark and Acidic, formed under conditions of submergence
• Northern Bihar, Uttarakhand, coastal areas of WB, Odisha and TN

Climatic conditions for optimum growth of rubber trees:

▪ Rainfall of around 250 cm evenly distributed (at least 100 rainy days per
year)
▪ Temperature range: About 20 to 34 °C
▪ High atmospheric humidity of around 80%
▪ Bright sunshine, amounting to about 2000 hours per year at the rate of six
hours per day throughout the year
▪ Absence of strong winds